Global Rice Research Articles

WITHDRAWN: Rice Pests and Diseases Around the World: Who, Where and What Damage Do They Cause?

Rice stands as one of the most important staple crops for nearly half of the world’s population. Its productivity is pivotal in ensuring global food security, yet pests and diseases are one of the most important constraints. Despite its paramount significance, a comprehensive overview of the primary pests and diseases affecting rice worldwide has not been previously undertaken. This systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines and drawing upon three online databases (PubMed, WOS, and CAB Abstract), enabled the identification of distribution patterns of these pests and diseases across the globe. From an initial pool of 13.983 articles, exclusion criteria were applied, resulting in 838 final articles. Given that rice cultivation primarily occurs in Asia and Africa, it's unsurprising that the majority of documented pests and diseases are found on these continents. In Africa, the genera Diopsis, Maliarpha and Chilo are the most important pests affecting rice productivity, while in Asia the most important are Nilaparvata, Scirpophaga, Sogatella, Chilo, Cnaphalocrocis, Sesamia, and Nephotettix genera, demonstrating different pests under a continent overview. Regarding diseases, in Africa, the fungi Pyricularia, the bacteria Xanthomonas and the virus Sobemovirus are the most significant. In Asia, the fungal genera Fusarium, Pyricularia, Rhizoctonia, Bipolaris, Curvularia, Ustilaginoidea, Alternaria, and Sarocladium, and bacteria Xanthomonas, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, and Burkholderia are the most frequently reported. These findings reveal distinct geographic patterns in the distribution of rice pests and diseases, implying the development of specific regional management guidelines. In terms of yield loss, the most severe fungi are Pyricularia and Bipolaris, responsible for blast and brown spot diseases, respectively. Both occur in Africa and Asia and affect different parts of the plant, with Bipolaris being more evident on the leaves. A big concern restricted to Africa is the Sobemovirus (causing rice yellow mottle virus), which can lead to yield losses of up to 100%, primarily affecting the leaves. This study significantly contributes to identifying global rice pests and diseases, assessing their current distribution patterns and evaluating their effects on future rice productivity. Furthermore, it highlights the overlooked reporting of studies in Africa, despite the region’s significance in rice cultivation and production.

Subtractive genomics study of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae reveals repurposable drug candidate for the treatment of bacterial leaf blight in rice

BackgroundXanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae is a plant pathogen responsible for causing one of the most severe bacterial diseases in rice, known as bacterial leaf blight that poses a major threat to global rice production. Even though several experimental compounds and chemical agents have been tested against X. oryzae pv. oryzae, still no approved drug is available. In this study, a subtractive genomic approach was used to identify potential therapeutic targets and repurposible drug candidates that could control of bacterial leaf blight in rice plants. ResultsThe entire proteome of the pathogen underwent an extensive filtering process which involved removal of the paralogous proteins, rice homologs, non-essential proteins. Out of the 4382 proteins present in Xoo proteome, five hub proteins such as dnaA, dnaN, recJ, ruvA, and recR were identified for the druggability analysis. This analysis led to the identification of dnaN-encoded Beta sliding clamp protein as a potential therapeutic target and one experimental drug named [(5R)-5-(2,3-dibromo-5-ethoxy-4hydroxybenzyl)-4-oxo-2-thioxo-1,3-thiazolidin-3-yl]acetic acid that can be repurposed against it. Molecular docking and 100 ns long molecular dynamics simulation suggested that the drug can form stable complexes with the target protein over time. ConclusionFindings from our study indicated that the proposed drug showed potential effectiveness against bacterial leaf blight in rice caused by X. oryzae pv. oryzae. It is essential to keep in consideration that the procedure for developing novel drugs can be challenging and complicated. Even the most promising results from in silico studies should be validated through further in vitro and in vivo investigation before approval.

A comprehensive assessment of yield loss in rice due to surface ozone pollution in India during 2005–2020: A great concern for food security

CONTEXTAbout 60% of the world population relies primarily on rice as their staple food, and India ranks second in terms of global rice production. Studies have shown the adverse impact of surface ozone pollution on agriculture, particularly the yield loss (YL) of major staple crops. OBJECTIVE(i) To assess the bias associated with ozone data used for YL estimation, (ii) to find the uncertainties in ozone exposure/crop-response methods applied for computing YL and (iii) to analyse the spatio-temporal variability of YL in rice due to surface ozone in India for the period 2005–2020 to assess food security of the country. METHODSWe use the Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer chemical reanalysis (TCR-2) surface ozone data and the ozone exposure/crop-response functions to compute YL in rice. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONSBy using the AOT40 crop-response method, we find a crop production loss (CPL) of about 7.39 million tonnes (Mt) of rice in 2005, which increased to 11.46 Mt. in 2020. The estimated average CPL for the study period is sufficient to feed about 233 million people per year. It also has incurred an economic loss of about $2.92 billion in 2020. SIGNIFICANCEAtmospheric pollution must be reduced to protect crop health and ensure food security, as evidenced by the two-fold rise of YL in rice due to ozone pollution during the past decade in India. This is also applicable to all agrarian economies of the world with high atmospheric pollution; reiterating the global significance of this study.

Genome-Wide Association Study Identifies Rice Panicle Blast-Resistant Gene Pb4 Encoding a Wall-Associated Kinase.

Rice blast is one of the most devastating diseases, causing a significant reduction in global rice production. Developing and utilizing resistant varieties has proven to be the most efficient and cost-effective approach to control blasts. However, due to environmental pressure and intense pathogenic selection, resistance has rapidly broken down, and more durable resistance genes are being discovered. In this paper, a novel wall-associated kinase (WAK) gene, Pb4, which confers resistance to rice blast, was identified through a genome-wide association study (GWAS) utilizing 249 rice accessions. Pb4 comprises an N-terminal signal peptide, extracellular GUB domain, EGF domain, EGF-Ca2+ domain, and intracellular Ser/Thr protein kinase domain. The extracellular domain (GUB domain, EGF domain, and EGF-Ca2+ domain) of Pb4 can interact with the extracellular domain of CEBiP. Additionally, its expression is induced by chitin and polygalacturonic acid. Furthermore, transgenic plants overexpressing Pb4 enhance resistance to rice blast. In summary, this study identified a novel rice blast-resistant gene, Pb4, and provides a theoretical basis for understanding the role of WAKs in mediating rice resistance against rice blast disease.

DECISION-MAKING FOR EFFICIENCY AND INNOVATION IN THE RICE PRODUCTION CHAIN

The main objective of this article is to conduct a systematic review within the rice sector's agri-business productive chain, focusing on aspects related to the decision-making process, innovation environments, competitiveness, and methodologies for measuring performance and differentiation. The article emphasizes the importance of the agribusiness and the need for a systemic approach to addressing challenges encountered within the production chain. It highlights that pursuing competitiveness can lead to reducing production costs and adding value, and gaining competitive advantages through differentiation strategies. Within the context of the rice sector, the significance of rice is highlighted as one of the most widely cultivated cereals globally, with significant social, economic, and environmental impacts. However, fluctuations in global rice prices can result in undesirable effects. Therefore, new strategies are needed to add value to products and expand consumption beyond the conventional markets.Given this context, the article contributes to the literature by identifying the decision-making processes applied in these agroindustries, as well as addressing aspects related to innovation environments, competitiveness, and methodologies for measuring performance and differentiation.

THE EFFECT OF EXPORT OF RICE ON THE ECONOMY OF INDIA

THE EFFECT OF EXPORT OF RICE ON THE ECONOMY OF INDIA

Compound Dry and Wet Extremes Lead to an Increased Risk of Rice Yield Loss

AbstractExtreme dry and wet events can result in significant crop yield losses. However, the impact of consecutive occurrence of dry and wet extremes on crop yield remains unclear. Here, we investigate the hotspots of compound dry and wet (CDW) extremes across global rice croplands and their impacts on rice yield. We identify a significant increasing trend in the frequency of CDW extremes during 1981–2016. The risk of yield loss caused by CDW extremes can be twice as high as the risk from individual wet and dry extremes. Furthermore, we find that global rice croplands face a 43% higher risk of rice yield loss due to dry‐to‐wet extremes compared to wet‐to‐dry extremes. Our findings provide new insights into the sustainability of global rice production and food security in the face of compound hydrological extremes.

Utilizing the Genetic Potentials of Traditional Rice Varieties and Conserving Rice Biodiversity with System of Rice Intensification Management

The genetic potentials of rice cultivars will need to be expressed to their fullest if global rice production is to be expanded enough by 2050 to meet the increased demand of the expanding population while the availability of land and water per capita dwindles. New and ‘improved’ rice varieties have contributed greatly to increased production over the past 50 years, but the rate of rice yield increase based on genetic changes has declined in recent decades compared with the early years of the Green Revolution. In fact, many rice consumers continue to prefer to consume ‘traditional’ rice varieties (referred to also as local, native, unimproved, or indigenous varieties) because of their taste, aroma, texture, and other qualities. Furthermore, many farmers prefer to cultivate these varieties because of their better adaptation to local climatic and soil conditions and their evolved resistance to endemic stresses. The practices that comprise the System of Rice Intensification (SRI), including transplanting rice seedlings at a young age, wide spacing between plants, keeping the soil well aerated rather than inundated, and enhancing soil organic matter, provide traditional rice varieties with micro-environments that are more favorable for the expression of their genetic and agronomic potentials. Interactions among rice plants, soil characteristics, water, energy, and other inputs improve the phenotypic and physiological performance of rice plants. This paper considers how the cultivation of traditional rice varieties with SRI methods can raise yields, reduce farmers’ costs of production, and generate higher incomes while contributing to the conservation of rice biodiversity.

The Future of Rice Farming: A Review of Natural and Eco-Friendly Practices

Recognizing rice as a staple for a significant global population, the review underscores the environmental challenges posed by traditional and conventional rice farming methods. It emphasizes the promise of sustainable rice cultivation, focusing on innovations like the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and climate-friendly techniques that mitigate environmental impacts. Furthermore, it delves into the benefits of crop rotation, sustainable water management, soil health preservation through mycorrhizal associations, companion planting, and the role of precision agriculture empowered by artificial intelligence. The abstract discusses the challenges, including climate change, water scarcity, soil health, and labor shortages, and proposes prospects involving innovation, sustainable practices, policy support, and collaborative partnerships. It highlights real-world successes in eco-friendly rice farming, such as initiatives, and emphasizes the importance of empowering farmers through education and training in eco-friendly methods. Ultimately, role of eco-friendly practices in ensuring the sustainability, productivity, and food security of global rice farming.

The Structure of Rice Stemborer Assemblages: A Review of Species' Distributions, Host Ranges, and Interspecific Interactions.

This review describes global rice stemborer assemblages based on published species distributions, apparent host preferences, and reported shifts in assemblage composition in response to environmental factors. At least 56 moth (Lepidoptera: Crambidae, Pyralidae, Noctuidae) and fly (Diptera: Diopsidae, Chloropidae) species have been associated with rice; however, only 21 species are of potential, large-scale economic importance with a further 2 species of localized concern; most of the remaining species' associations with rice are based on dubious records without economic impacts on rice production. A list of stemborer-host associations indicates that rice stemborers are largely oligophagous on grasses (Poaceae), but a few species are polyphagous (also attacking Cyperaceae, Typhaceae, and some Eudicotyledon plants). Total stemborer abundance is determined by rice cropping patterns and management. Assemblage species richness is determined by geographical location, surrounding habitat (particularly as regards secondary and occasional species), and season. Evidence suggests that stemborer assemblage structure is largely determined through conditional interspecific competition. Regional assemblages typically include a single dominant lepidopteran species (primary species) that is largely restricted to rice and for which the climate is optimal; one or more secondary species that vary based on the age of rice attacked, rice anatomy, and the proximity to other habitats (including other crops); and occasional species that probably spill over from adjacent grasslands. The co-occurrence of lepidopteran with dipteran rice stemborers requires further research attention.

Geographic differences and variation of functional components of brown rice in 690 mini-core collections from global germplasms

ObjectiveTo understand the geographic differences and variations in the functional components of brown rice cores collected from global rice germplasms. MethodsFour functional components, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), resistant starch (RS), total flavonoids, and alkaloids, in brown rice from 690 mini-core collections from 31 countries from five continents and the International Rice Research Institute, were analyzed using a spectrophotometry colorimetric method, and the results were statistically validated. ConclusionThe highest average amounts of functional components were obtained in Asian germplasms, except for GABA, and total flavonoids were highest in brown rice from Europe and Oceania, followed by Asia. The highest coefficient of variation for GABA was observed in Asia; that for RS and total flavonoids was observed in Africa, followed by Asia; and that for alkaloids was observed in America, followed by Asia. Overall, Asian countries were the most prominent and representative zones with the highest genotypic potential for functional components of brown rice. Forty-one rice accessions with enriched functional components originated mostly from biodiversity-rich areas in China, followed by those in the Philippines. Late sowing favored the enrichment of these components in brown rice. The current study provides a reference for rice breeding with enriched functional constituents, and guidelines for screening functional rice that could be used for human chronic disease research.

The emergence of Pantoea species as a future threat to global rice production

The emergence of Pantoea species as a future threat to global rice production

Modeling saltwater intrusion risk in the presence of uncertainty

The Mekong Delta is one of the most productive rice-producing regions in the world, exporting approximately one-fifth of the global rice traded annually. Previous studies note that saltwater intrusion is a serious concern, and the intensity of saltwater intrusion is primarily driven by sea level rise, land subsidence, anthropogenic sediment starvation, and upstream hydro-infrastructure developments. However, these studies often rely on scenario-based approaches instead of an integrated approach to assess the possible impacts of saltwater intrusion. Using an integrated hydrodynamic-statistical-economic model, we investigate how and the extent to which these drivers may impact the saltwater intrusion. We also examine the costs and returns of two popular saltwater intrusion control policies, i.e., hard-engineering structural and soft-land use planning. When comparing the baseline scenarios, the findings indicate that anthropogenic forces lead to a four times greater saltwater intrusion intensity than the climate change-induced sea level rise. The results further reveal a 50 % or less chance that annual saltwater-affected areas would exceed 1.93 million ha for the baseline, but the likelihood is highly likely to be 100 % with a sea level rising of 22 cm. Under the combined effects of sea-level rise, land subsidence, and riverbed incision, our model shows that the probability of annual saltwater-affected areas staying above 2.30 million ha is almost equal to one. This finding implies that a large share of the current rice-planted areas of the Delta could be wiped out of production for at least one season a year. The findings show that a combination of hard and soft policies would be a more sustainable and cost-effective strategy to lower the intensity and risks of saltwater intrusion. Therefore, there is an urgent need for better coordination of governance and investments among regions within the Delta and counties in the whole Mekong River Basin.

Expression pattern of candidate genes and their correlation with various metabolites of abscisic acid biosynthetic pathway under drought stress in rice

AbstractDrought hampers global rice production. Abscisic acid (ABA) plays versatile roles under different environmental stresses. While the link between drought and ABA is known, its effect on ABA biosynthesis genes and metabolites is unclear. This study explored the impact of drought on various metabolites, namely beta‐carotene, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin, neoxanthin, and candidate genes viz. zeaxanthin epoxidase (ZEP) and 9‐cis epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase (NCED) of ABA biosynthesis pathway in rice cultivars (N22 and IR64) at anthesis {65 DAT (Days after transplanting)} with different stress levels. In stressed plants, zeaxanthin significantly increased (92%), while the concentration of beta‐carotene, antheraxanthin, violaxanthin and neoxanthin decreased as drought stress progressed. The concentration of metabolites in roots was notably lower than in leaves in both genotypes. The ZEP expression was upregulated in roots (8.24‐fold) under drought stress. Among five NCED isoforms, NCED3 showed significant upregulation (7.29‐fold) in leaf and root tissue. NCED1 was significantly downregulated as stress progressed and was negatively correlated with ABA accumulation. NCED2, NCED4 and NCED5 showed no significant change in their expression. Drying and rolling of rice leaves was observed after imparting drought stress. The findings revealed that drought stress significantly influenced the expression of candidate genes and the concentration of metabolites of the ABA biosynthesis pathway. There was a significantly higher accumulation of ABA in N22 leaves (47%) and roots (30%) compared to IR64. The N22, a drought‐tolerant genotype, exhibited significantly higher concentrations of intermediates and demonstrated increased expression of ZEP and NCED3, potentially contributing to its resilience against drought.

Central Role of Nitrogen Fertilizer Relative to Water Management in Determining Direct Nitrous Oxide Emissions From Global Rice‐Based Ecosystems

AbstractThe increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) concentration stems from the development of agriculture. However, N2O emissions from global rice‐based ecosystems have not been explicitly and systematically quantified. Therefore, this study aims to estimate the spatiotemporal magnitudes of the N2O emissions from global rice‐based ecosystems and determine different contribution factors by improving a process‐based biogeochemical model, TRIPLEX‐GHG v2.0. Model validation suggested that the modeled N2O agreed well with field observations under varying management practices at daily, seasonal, and annual steps. Simulated N2O emissions from global rice‐based ecosystems exhibited significant increasing trends from 0.026 ± 0.0013 to 0.18 ± 0.003 TgN yr−1 from 1910 to 2020, with ∼69.5% emissions attributed to the rice‐growing seasons. Irrigated rice ecosystems accounted for a majority of global rice N2O emissions (∼76.9%) because of their higher N2O emission rates than rainfed systems. Regarding spatial analysis, Southern China, Northeast India, and Southeast Asia are hotspots for rice‐based N2O emissions. Experimental scenarios revealed that N fertilizer is the largest global rice‐N2O source, especially since the 1960s (0.047 ± 0.010 TgN yr−1, 35.24%), while the impact of expanded irrigation plays a minor role. Overall, this study provides a better understanding of the rice‐based ecosystem in the global agricultural N2O budget; further, it quantitively demonstrated the central role of N fertilizer in rice‐based N2O emissions by including rice crop calendars, covering non‐rice growing seasons, and differentiating the effects of various water regimes and input N forms. Our findings emphasize the significance of co‐management of N fertilizer and water regimes in reducing the net climate impact of global rice cultivation.

The relative infection potential of Meloidogyne incognita and M. graminicola in the basmati rice cultivar PB1121

AbstractRoot‐knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are considered one of the major biotic constraints for global rice production. Although the role of Meloidogyne graminicola in root‐knot disease progression is well investigated, negligible research has been performed to understand the damaging potential of M. incognita in rice. In this study, the comparative infection biology of M. incognita and M. graminicola was investigated in the basmati rice cultivar PB1121 growing in Pluronic gel medium and soil. Intriguingly, M. incognita laid eggs outside the galled root, whereas M. graminicola egg masses were deposited inside the galled root. This differential egg‐laying pattern can be correlated with their specific adaptations in irrigated and upland rice production systems. Although M. incognita induced a greater number of galls than M. graminicola, M. graminicola gall sizes were comparatively larger than those of M. incognita. The greater reproductive success of M. graminicola than M. incognita did not cause any difference in their yield reduction potential in PB1121. PB1121 was equally vulnerable to M. incognita and M. graminicola in terms of reduction in plant height, tiller numbers per plant and grain yield per plant. Our research suggests that M. incognita also causes economic damage to rice, and nematode management tactics must consider the damaging potential of both nematode species.

Biological control of Magnaporthe oryzae using natively isolated Bacillus subtilis G5 from Oryza officinalis roots.

Rice blast, caused by Magnaporthe oryzae, is a major threat to global rice production causing significant crop losses and impacting grain quality. The annual loss of rice production due to this disease ranges from 10% to 30%. The use of biologically controlled strains, instead of chemical pesticides, to control plant diseases has become a research hotspot. In this study, an antagonistic endophytic bacterial strain was isolated from the roots of Oryza officinalis using the traditional isolation and culture methods. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S RNA and whole-genome sequencing identified isolate G5 as a strain of Bacillus subtilis. This isolate displayed strong antagonistic effects against different physiological strains of M. oryzae. After co-culture in LB medium for 7 days, the inhibition rates of the mycelial growth of four strains of M. oryzae, ZB15, WH97, Guy11, and T-39800E were 98.07 ± 0.0034%, 98.59 ± 0.0051%, 99.16 ± 0.0012%, and 98.69 ± 0.0065%, respectively. Isolate G5 significantly inhibited the formation of conidia of M. oryzae, with an inhibition rate of 97% at an OD600 of 2. Isolate G5 was able to provide 66.81% protection against rice blast under potted conditions. Whole-genome sequencing revealed that the genome size of isolate G5 was 4,065,878 bp, including 4,182 coding genes. Using the anti-SMASH software, 14 secondary metabolite synthesis gene clusters were predicted to encode antifungal substances, such as fengycin, surfactin, and bacilysin. The G5 isolate also contained genes related to plant growth promotion. These findings provide a theoretical basis for expounding the biocontrol mechanisms of this strain and suggest further development of biogenic agents that could effectively inhibit rice blast pathogen growth and reduce crop damage, while being environmentally friendly, conducive to ecological development, and a sustainable alternative to chemical pesticides. This study also enriches the relevant research on endophytes of wild rice, which proves that wild rice is a valuable microbial resource bank.

Agricultural diversification promotes sustainable and resilient global rice production.

Rice is a staple food for half of the human population, but the effects of diversification on yields, economy, biodiversity and ecosystem services have not been synthesized. Here we quantify diversification effects on environmental and socio-economic aspects of global rice production. We performed a second-order meta-analysis based on 25 first-order meta-analyses covering four decades of research, showing that diversification can maintain soil fertility, nutrient cycling, carbon sequestration and yield. We used three individual first-order meta-analyses based on 39 articles to close major research gaps on the effects of diversification on economy, biodiversity and pest control, showing that agricultural diversification can increase biodiversity by 40%, improve economy by 26% and reduce crop damage by 31%. Trade-off analysis showed that agricultural diversification in rice production promotes win-win scenarios between yield and other ecosystem services in 81% of all cases. Knowledge gaps remain in understanding the spatial and temporal effects of specific diversification practices and trade-offs.

Understanding Global Rice Trade Flows: Network Evolution and Implications.

Rice holds a significant position as one of the world's most important food crops, and international trade plays a crucial role in regulating rice supply and demand. Analyzing the structural evolution of the global rice trade from a network perspective is paramount for understanding the global rice-trade supply chain and ensuring global food security. This study utilizes international rice-trade data from 2000 to 2021 and employs various network analysis methods to depict the spatial and temporal patterns of the global rice trade, examines the network topologies of the global rice trade, and reveals the impacts of its evolution on food security. The research findings are as follows: (1) Global rice-trade scale has increased over time, indicating a relatively stable development with the gradual formation of complex rice-trade networks. Since 2000, the global rice-trade networks have shown increasing density characterized by Asia as the primary export source and Africa as an important import market. (2) Network analysis indicators demonstrate a growing trend in the size and density of the global rice-trade networks, along with increasingly optimized network structures and improved network connectivity efficiency. Core positions in the networks are occupied by Thailand, Vietnam, India, China, Pakistan, and the United States, while import partners in European and American countries, such as Germany, France, UK, Canada, The Netherlands, and Belgium, show greater diversification. Asia, Europe, and North America form agglomeration regions for rice-exporting countries. Additionally, importing and exporting countries in the global rice-trade networks exhibit certain geographical concentrations. (3) The network backbones of the global rice trade are continuously evolving and being refined, characterized by dominant large rice-exporting countries in Asia and prominent developed countries in Europe and North America. The backbone structures revolve around India as the core, Thailand and Pakistan as the second cores, and critical nodes represented by Italy, the United States, China, and Vietnam. Regional backbone networks have also formed in Asia and Europe. Based on these findings, this paper clarifies the complex network characteristics of the global rice trade and offers insights to promote international rice-trade cooperation and safeguard global food security.

Assessment of Burkholderia glumae control in rice (Oryza sativa) FEDEARROZ 67, using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) under greenhouse conditions

Bacterial panicle blight, caused by Burkholderia glumae, represents a significant threat to global rice production, jeopardizing future food security. The severity of this seed-borne disease has been amplified by shifting environmental conditions, yet effective control strategies and fully-resistant rice varieties remain elusive. This research was conducted with the FEDEARROZ 67 rice variety sourced from Agua Clara, Cucuta municipality, and tests were undertaken under controlled greenhouse conditions at Universidad Francisco de Paula Santander. Our objective was to assess the potential of electrochemically synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) for controlling B. glumae. We employed a completely randomized design with five treatments: preventive, curative, positive control, negative control, and absolute control. Variables analyzed included the number of chlorotic leaves, plant height, and weight. Statistical analyses encompassed variance analysis and Tukey's mean comparison tests using XLSTATS version 2018. Our findings revealed that the preventive treatment with AgNPs at a 5 ppm concentration exhibited significant phytoprotective effects against B. glumae. Plants under this treatment showcased fewer chlorotic symptoms and greater heights and weights compared to controls. These findings underline the potential of nanotechnology as a groundbreaking tool for combating bacterial diseases in essential crops such as rice, thereby contributing to a sustainable future for global agriculture.