Electronic monitoring ('tracking') of individuals has been used in the UK criminal justice system for over three decades, and its use is increasing. Electronic monitoring has more recently been implemented in forensic psychiatric services, which has generated considerable debate about the appropriateness of its use in clinical settings, and about legal and ethical concerns. The purpose of this article is to formally address the ethical issues that arise from using electronic monitoring in forensic psychiatry. These issues are considered using the Four Principles approach to medical ethics, namely autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. We conclude that by adopting a patient-centred approach, where informed consent is sought, and the patient's best interests remain central to the decision-making process, electronic monitoring is both ethical and justifiable. More robust studies are required to develop standardised clinical guidelines for the use of EM in forensic psychiatry, and to apply the theory of patient-centred, consent-driven care to practice.

Extreme weather poses serious challenges to wildlife, often forcing animals to alter their behaviour with potential population-level consequences. Following contemporary climate change, the number and intensity of Arctic storms are increasing, but the responses of Arctic species to wind speed and episodic storms are poorly documented. We aimed to quantify behavioural responses (i.e. changes in movement modes and habitat selection patterns) of muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) to wind speed and to compare estimates from before, during and after storm to hurricane-level wind events (wind speeds ≥24.5 m/s on the Beaufort scale). Hourly positions of Global Positioning System (GPS)-collared adult muskoxen (N = 61) tracked in northeast Greenland between 2013 and 2024 were georeferenced with data on wind speed, precipitation class (with or without), elevation, terrain ruggedness and vegetation type. Statistical movement modes were estimated using unsupervised hidden Markov models, and habitat selection patterns were quantified using step selection functions for summer (June-August) and winter (September-May). Results showed that wind speed influenced the allocation of time between movement modes. Increasing wind speed reduced the amount of time spent in states characterized by intermediate step lengths and turning angles, suggesting a decrease in foraging activity. Changes in state-time budgets were most pronounced under wet conditions during summer, likely due to reduced fur insulation and increased thermoregulatory behaviour. Habitat selection patterns during calm conditions (e.g. selection for dense vegetation) were reinforced at increasing wind speeds. State-time budgets of muskoxen affected and unaffected by storms were comparable between days before and after episodic storm events. During storms, however, the allocation of time among movement modes shifted more towards states indicative of resting at the expense of states indicative of foraging and relocating, which differed from muskoxen unaffected by storms. Muskoxen adopt a simple energy conservation strategy of bedding down in dense vegetation habitat to buffer against negative impacts of high wind speed, without actively compensating for potential lost foraging opportunities during episodic storm events. However, as the Arctic climate continues to change, the energetic implications of increasing wind speed and frequency of storms on individual fitness and population performance represent a valuable area for future research.

ObjectiveTo examine physical activity and its spatial context after geriatric rehabilitation and to identify determinants of out-of-home activity in older adults with cognitive impairment.DesignCross-sectional observational study.SettingCommunity, following discharge from geriatric rehabilitation.Participants113 geriatric patients (mean age 82.1 ± 6.0 years; 76.1% female) with cognitive impairment following geriatric rehabilitation.Main MeasuresPhysical activity was assessed over 48 h using a body-worn accelerometer (PamSys®) and location-based tracking derived from the Global Positioning System (Qstarz BT-Q1000XT). Group differences between participants with and without out-of-home activity were analysed. Multivariable logistic regression identified predictors across physical, psycho-social, cognitive, environmental, financial, and personal domains.ResultsOnly 36 (31.9%) of the 113 participants (82.1 ± 6.0 years; 76.1% female) left their homes. Those with out-of-home activity accumulated significantly more daily steps, walking episodes, active time, and less sedentary time than those staying in-home (all p < .01). Receiver operating characteristic analyses identified thresholds of 2140 steps/day (area under the curve 0.81) and 29.6 s mean walking episode duration (area under the curve 0.73) for discriminating between participants with and without out-of-home activity. Physical capacity (OR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.02-1.65) and cognitive function (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.02-1.62) were independent predictors of out-of-home activity.ConclusionOut-of-home activity is infrequent after rehabilitation in older adults with cognitive impairment and closely reflects overall physical activity. It may serve as a practical marker of mobility and highlights the need for targeted interventions to support community mobility during this vulnerable phase.

Spaceborne optical sensors provide continuous Earth observation, but atmospheric interference still limits their practical reliability. On average, clouds cover 67% of the Earth's surface. This constant coverage degrades the data continuity needed for precision agriculture, disaster monitoring, and proactive Internet of Things (IoT) systems. Recent deep generative networks produce visually appealing cloud-free images. However, when faced with thick clouds ([Formula: see text] opacity), these models often hallucinate topologies. They synthesize statistical guesses instead of recovering the actual ground reflectance. For high-stakes telemetry, predictable failure is safer than an undetected hallucination. This paper introduces Thermo-Cloud Removal (Thermo-CR), a real-time cloud removal framework. It integrates Radiative Transfer inversion, weather-driven transmission estimates, geographic priors, and multi-scale fusion to restore optical imagery without requiring Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). Thermo-CR treats the cloudy atmosphere as a thermodynamic medium. By pulling live meteorological telemetry (Relative Humidity (RH) and Temperature (T)) through the Open-Meteo REST API, the system calculates optical depth and performs a deterministic inversion of the Radiative Transfer Model. Pure inverse models amplify noise under extreme occlusion ([Formula: see text]). To prevent this, we apply a Global Positioning System (GPS)-anchored multi-scale fusion with clear-sky temporal priors. We evaluated Thermo-CR on a synthetically occluded paired dataset covering varied topologies (Amazon, London, Seattle). The system degrades predictably under 90% cloud cover and avoids structural hallucination. It achieves an average Structural Similarity Index Measure (SSIM) of 0.9925 and a Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) of 55.94 dB in under 13 milliseconds per frame, outperforming standard Dark Channel baselines.

Stop-ball small-sided games (SSGs-SB) have been proposed as an effective scoring method to influence physical and physiological responses in young soccer player. The aim of present study is to examine the differences in external and internal load variables across U-13, U-14 and U-15 players during SSGs-SB. Ninety-six male soccer players (32 players in each group) from teams competing in Italian regional championship were involved. The experimental design consisted of a 4 vs. 4 played on a 25×20 m pitch, including 4x3' of work separated by 2 min of passive recovery. During SSG-SB, players were monitored using 18.18 Hz global positioning system devices (GPEXE® SYSTEM, EXELIO srl, Udine, Italy). Total distance, peak velocity, distance covered at high-speed running 13-18 km∙h-1, sprint running >18 km∙h-1, number of sprint, acceleration >2.5 m∙s-2, deceleration <-2.5 m∙s-2, maximal acceleration and deceleration, high metabolic load distance and rating of perceived exertion were measured. U-15 team exhibited greater physical demands compared with U-13 team (P<0.001 for all comparisons), whereas younger counterparts significantly (P<0.001) reported higher RPE scores than U-15 players. The present study suggests that SSGs-SB designs should be tailored according to chronological age to support an appropriate long-term development process in youth soccer players.

Purpose: This study investigated whether exploratory behavior affords the emergence of creative actions in small-sided games (SSGs) among youth soccer players. Study Sample: Forty-eight male outfield players Under 14, Under-15, and Under-16 from Brazilian club participated in GK4 vs. 4GK protocol. Data Collection: Exploratory behavior was quantified using Global Positioning System (GPS)-derived metrics, including stretch index, spatial exploration index, and players' major range area. Creativity was evaluated through notational analysis, categorizing players' actions as fluency, versatility, originality, and attempts according to the Creative Behavior Assessment in Team Sports (CBATS) protocol. Data Analysis: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was adopted to select the variables that represented the variance of exploratory behavior dimensions. Additionally, players were clustered into high and low exploratory behavior groups using Cluster Analysis. Afterwards, the effects of exploratory behavior and game position on creative measures were obtained through Generalized Linear Models (p < .05). Results: The results indicated that exploratory behavior did not significantly increase creative actions across game positions (p > .05). However, a significant interaction (p = .04; η2 = 0.13) showed that defenders with higher exploratory behavior performed more unsuccessful non-standardized attempts (mean = 5.2 ± 1.1 vs. 3.4 ± 0.9). No significant effects were found for fluency (mean = 8.1 ± 2.3 actions), versatility (mean = 4.7 ± 1.6 actions), or originality (mean = 2.2 ± 0.9 actions), with all comparisons yielding non-significant results (p > .05). Conclusion: Findings suggest that while exploratory behavior does not universally enhance creative performance in SSGs, encouraging higher exploratory behavior in defenders may increase their engagement in offensive actions.

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 viruses of clade 2.3.4.4b have caused widespread mortality in wild and domestic birds globally. Colonial breeding seabirds have been severely affected across Europe, the Americas and Antarctica since 2021. Despite extensive outbreaks, most reports have been limited to morbidity and mortality, while less is known on behavioural effects of infection. We monitored six colonies of black-headed gulls (Chroicocephalus ridibundus) throughout an outbreak during the 2023 breeding season (confirmed as H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, EA-2022-BB genotype), combining field observations, global positioning system (GPS)-tracking, virological and serological analyses to assess the epidemiological and behavioural impacts of the disease. Die-offs were observed in five of the colonies, resulting in more than 90% chick mortality and substantial adult losses. Serological analyses of samples taken 1- and 2-years post-outbreak revealed high neutralizing antibody titres against HPAI viruses in surviving individuals. Movement data from GPS-tagged birds confirmed a high adult mortality in affected colonies, reduced daily speed and earlier onset of migration. Our findings emphasize the severity of HPAI in seabirds with effects not only on direct mortality but also on behaviour. Integrating mortality, behavioural and immunological information is therefore crucial to improve surveillance and mitigation strategies for future wildlife disease events.

Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is an invariably fatal prion disease that impacts cervid populations and wildlife management across North America. Infected cervids often remain asymptomatic for months and movement-based anomaly detection from Global Positioning System collaring data offers a potential tool for understanding early and late stage CWD-based behavioral changes. Here we evaluate whether deep learning behavioral anomaly detection models such as autoencoders (AE) and conditional autoencoders (cAE) can effectively identify anomalous movement changes in free-ranging mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) that may have been associated with CWD infection. Unsupervised AEs achieved ≥ 84% accuracy and 89% precision irrespective of whether the model was trained using only CWD- or a 60/40 split of CWD+ / CWD- individuals. Important movement features in distinguishing between CWD+ and CWD- animals included metrics related to velocity, direction, and sinuosity. In contrast, supervised cAEs only achieved 54-77% accuracy and ≤ 53% precision across models trained with incidence rates of CWD+ individuals ranging from 10 to 40%; the models also had inconsistent results reducing their generality. Finally, using the best fitting model (AE trained using only CWD- animals), we found that early-stage animals exhibited reduced space use, whereas late-stage individuals presented more pronounced declines in velocity and altered directional patterns. These findings indicate that AEs can accurately identify CWD-related behavioral anomalies using movement data and that variation in what movement metrics matter depends on the stage of the disease.

ABSTRACTEnergy budgets are a fundamental constraint on animal movement, shaping both spatial use and behavioral strategies. When energy is plentiful and risks are low, animals often benefit by investing more in movement. Yet, how movement patterns shift under extreme energetic limitations remains poorly understood. In this study, we used the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), a species with pronounced energetic constraints, as a model to examine movement adaptations under the dual challenges of dietary specialization and very low energy utilization efficiency. We tracked eight reintroduced pandas with global positioning system (GPS) collars over 474 days. Principal component analysis of 10 movement parameters revealed two independent behavioral axes: an Exploration–Exploitation axis (51.48% of variance) and a Tortuosity‐Consistency axis (21.25% of variance). Both axes showed significant initial repeatability (R = 0.16–0.26) that diminished over time and stabilized near 0.2. Notably, initially exploratory individuals gradually reduced their space‐use range, while exploitative individuals maintained more consistent space use, leading to decreased among‐individual variation during the early acclimation period after release. This pattern aligns with the panda's bamboo diet and low energy expenditure reported in previous studies. Building on this, we propose a conceptual “Diet‐Energy Utilization Constraint” hypothesis to guide future research into how dietary specialization and energy efficiency influence movement adaptation post‐release.

Coleman, E, Honeycutt, S, Humphries, H, Gao, D, and Bunn, JA. Comparison of weekly training loads in Division I lacrosse athletes using hormonal contraceptives versus nonusers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Approximately half of female collegiate athletes use hormone contraceptives (HC), but little attention has been paid to see if there are effects of HC use on performance. This study explored workload differences among Division I, female lacrosse players' objective performance during the competitive season for those using HC (n = 16) and those not (n = 8). Data were collected on all training days and game days during the 16-week competitive season via global positioning system units. The workload variables used included total distance (m), maximum speed (km·h-1), number of accelerations and decelerations completed at >3 m·s-2, metabolic equivalent distance (m), and meters sprinted at >90% maximum sprint speed (zone 5 distance). Weekly sums for each variable were tabulated for each athlete and used for comparisons. A Bayesian hierarchical linear regression model was used to determine group differences. The results showed no group differences in weekly summed workload across any of the weeks assessed (all p > 0.05). These data suggest that workload differences are not solely related to the use of an HC or not. These results differ from previous literature, warranting more exploration in the role of HC use with athlete performance. An individualized approach to understanding performance differences with HC use is warranted.

This article explores how older adults experience relocation and adjust to life amid processes of urban renewal. Transformations in their physical and social surroundings can unsettle established routines and weaken place attachment, a disruption often compounded by age-related physical and cognitive constraints. Even so, the relocated participants exhibit adaptive resilience, developing new mobility patterns that allow them to engage with affective atmospheres and social infrastructures across different settings. The research project employed a qualitative geographic information systems approach, integrating sedentary and go-along interviews with Global Positioning System tracking techniques. It involved forty-one older adults living in Dawson, a housing site in Singapore where former residents of a mature estate, Tanglin Halt, were relocated under Singapore’s Selective En Bloc Redevelopment Scheme. These older adults participate in diverse affective atmospheres and modes of place-making during adaptation, which this article argues are not reducible to place attachment and belonging alone. Rather, their explorations across neighborhoods cultivate autonomy and evoke affective responses such as nostalgia, curiosity, and wonder—feelings that broaden and enrich the experience of aging. By highlighting the interconnections between affective atmospheres, mobility practices, and social infrastructures in later life, the study offers deeper insight into aging and urban renewal.

Mukandi, I, Turner, A, Bishop, C, Beato, M. Neuromuscular and subjective recovery responses to day and night fixtures during congested and noncongested microcycles in professional soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study investigated and compared the impact of day and night fixtures during congested and noncongested microcycles on countermovement jump (CMJ) performance and subjective self-reported measures 40 hours postcompetitive match play in professional soccer players. Twenty-eight players completed CMJ baseline assessment during preseason. Assessment 40 hours postmatch was limited to players who played ≥60 minutes. Baseline measures for subjective self-reported measures were collected 24 hours prematch. Congested microcycles were classified as 3-5 days between fixtures and noncongested microcycles ≥7 days between fixtures. Across all 4 fixture contexts, significant reductions (p < 0.05) with small-to-moderate effects (δ = -0.47 to 0.30) were observed for all CMJ metrics, except for eccentric mean force that showed nonsignificant, trivial effects for congested microcycles and night fixtures. Statistically significant reductions in sleep quality, mood, muscle soreness, and a composite score of all 3 measures were observed for both congested and noncongested microcycles as well as day fixtures (p < 0.05) (δ = -0.59 to 0.11). For night fixtures, nonsignificant changes were observed for sleep quality and mood. No significant differences were observed between day and night fixtures as well as congested and noncongested microcycles for all CMJ metrics. For subjective self-reported measures, significant trivial to small differences with a bias toward night fixtures were observed for muscle soreness, mood, and composite score. No significant differences were observed among the global positioning system metrics between congested and noncongested microcycles. Significant differences were observed between high-speed running and sprint distance between day and night fixtures with a bias toward day fixtures, while nonsignificant differences were found for total distance, distance per minute, accelerations, and decelerations. Monitoring both objective and subjective self-reported measures provides a holistic approach to understanding player fatigue and recovery, allowing for informed decision making in congested periods.

GPS tracking reveals complex resource acquisition strategies of pastoralists in East Africa

Assessing the validity and reliability of geotracking devices in urban settings of Nairobi, Kenya.

GPS/INS integration via covariance matching adaptive Kalman filter

Accurate relative pose estimation between unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and marine vessels is critical for autonomous UAV operations in ocean environments, including ship-based launch and recovery, as well as aerial data collection. Traditional visual-based and Global Positioning System–based systems often suffer from occlusion, lighting variability, and signal degradation over water. This paper proposes a novel approach to estimate the six-degree-of-freedom relative pose of a UAV with respect to a vessel using a single light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor. This method leverages the attention-based mechanisms of the point transformer architecture to capture both local and global geometric features from sparse and noisy point clouds acquired in marine conditions. We constructed synthetic and real-world datasets that incorporate ocean-specific noise profiles and validated our model across multiple trajectories and demonstrated robust performance even with partial scans. It is shown that the proposed architecture significantly outperforms traditional point-based baselines in both accuracy and robustness, enabling reliable pose estimation for autonomous maritime UAV operations.

Horlock, CF, Allen, LE, Jagim, AR, Jones, MT, and Fields, JB. In-season assessment of dietary intake and match demands of men's collegiate Rugby Sevens players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Limited research has examined the external workload demands and dietary intake of collegiate men's Rugby Sevens players. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to (a) quantify match demands in Division 1-AA collegiate Rugby Sevens across a competitive season, and (b) assess players' dietary intake relative to sport-specific nutrition guidelines. Division 1-AA men's collegiate Rugby Sevens players (n = 13; age: mass: 87 ± 14 kg; body fat %: 20 ± 4%) wore a global positional system device during all matches (n = 17). External load metrics were total distance (TD) (m), sprint distance (>20.1 km·h-1), high-intensity distance (>18.1-20.0 km·h-1), meters per minute (m·min-1), acceleration efforts (#), deceleration efforts (#), sprint efforts (#), high-speed efforts (#), player load (PL) (arbitrary unit [AU]), PL per minute (AU/min), and estimated energy expenditure (EE) (kcal). Dietary intake was assessed at the start of the season using a 4-day food log. Linear mixed models examined changes in workload parameters across tournament matches. Spearman's rank correlation and linear regression assessed relationships and predictability of EE and external workloads. One-samples t test compared dietary intake relative to established guidelines (p ≤ 0.05). No significant differences in workload metrics were observed across individual matches. Total distance (r = 0.968, p < 0.001), m·min-1 (r = 0.973, p < 0.001), PL (r = 0.912, p < 0.001), and PL/min (r = 0.855, p < 0.001) had the strongest correlations with EE. Players significantly underconsumed calories (p = 0.028) and carbohydrates (p < 0.01). Monitoring external workloads and assessing dietary intake can provide coaches with strategies to optimize sports performance and nutrition support to prepare players for competition demands.

Talpey, SW, Haintz, L, Drake, M, Mundy, PM, Rayner, R, James, LP, O'Grady, M, Gabbett, TJ, and Gardner, EC. The utility of the countermovement rebound jump for the assessment of neuromuscular status in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I American football players. J Strength Cond Res 40(6): 682-688, 2026-The purpose of this study was to explore the sensitivity of the countermovement rebound jump (CMRJ) for assessing neuromuscular status after National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I American Football games. Twenty-nine male NCAA Division I American football players completed CMJ and CMRJ assessments 24 hours pregame, and at 24 and 72 hours postgame across 2 competitive matches. Jump testing was performed using dual force plates, and total PlayerLoad was recorded during games via Global Positioning System tracking. Linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effects of time, match load, and game on CMRJ and CMJ metrics. Significant findings were followed by post-hoc pairwise comparisons and calculation of effect sizes. Significant time-dependent decrements were observed in CMRJ average power ( p = 0.001, d = 0.67), RSImod ( p = 0.03, d = 0.49), and jump height ( p = 0.046, d = 0.46) at 24 hours postmatch, with recovery evident in average ( p = 0.002, d = -0.63) and peak power ( p = 0.004, d = -0.60) by 72 hours. Countermovement jump height increased significantly by 72 hours ( p = 0.02, d = -0.49). Match load significantly mediated recovery trajectories for CMJ RSImod ( p = 0.004) and time to take-off ( p = 0.016), with higher loads associated with impaired recovery. The CMRJ appears to be more sensitive to acute fatigue. Whereas certain CMJ metrics were more sensitive to detecting how recovery trajectories were moderated by game load. The CMRJ offers practitioners a time-efficient and informative tool to assess the presence of acute fatigue after competition.

From distance to context: GPS-derived life-space mapping in older adults with and without dementia.

Vicens-Bordas, J, Colomar, J, Altarriba-Bartés, A, Yeto-Jiménez, A, Jiménez, A, Carrera-Prat, J, García, F, Peña, J, and Beato, M. Comparison of external load demands across three competitive tiers in Spanish football: A three-season single-club study. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this study was to compare the match external load demands experienced by a football team competing for 3 consecutive seasons across various competitive tiers (fourth, third, and second) of Spanish football. Independent variables included player position, match location, and match outcome. A total of 747 individual official match observations from 47 male players were recorded using 10-Hz global positioning system devices. External load metrics (relative to minutes played) included total distance, high-speed running (HSR > 21 km·hour-1), sprint distance (>24 km·hour-1), high metabolic load distance (HMLD > 25.5 W·kg-1), accelerations (>3 m·second-2), and decelerations (<-3 m·second-2). Linear mixed models (significance level set at p < 0.05) assessed the effects of competitive level, position, location, and result, including interaction effects. Cohen's d was also calculated with 95% confidence interval. Results showed that HSR and HMLD differed across competitive levels, with professional (second tier) matches requiring higher HSR demands (medium effects), and fourth tier greater HMLD demands than third tier (small effect). Positional differences were present in all metrics except accelerations, with wide roles (wingers and wide backs) being exposed to greater demands than central positions (medium to large effects). Match location had limited influence, though total distance was slightly higher at home matches (small effect). Winning was consistently associated with higher physical demands, particularly in the second tier, where players covered more distance at high intensities (HSR and sprinting) than when drawing or losing (small to medium effects). Interaction effects indicated that competition level modulated the influence of player position, match location, and result on physical demands. These findings suggest that professional football imposes higher physical demands (although not for all parameters, e.g., accelerations) than semiprofessional football. Coaches and practitioners should consider competition level and contextual factors when designing training and recovery strategies, particularly for wide-position players and during high-stakes matches.