Global Literature Research Articles

Prevalence of children's emotional and behavioural problems and parents' psychological distress in child and adolescent psychiatric clinic Hospital Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah.

There is a growing concern regarding the increasing trend of emotional and behavioural problems (EBP) in children, alongside rising mental health challenges among Malaysian parents. This study aims to delineate the prevalence of EBP in children attending the child and adolescent psychiatric (CAP) clinic at Hospital Sultan Abdul Aziz Shah and assess the levels of psychological distress in their parents. In this cross-sectional study, 125 parents assessed the severity of their children's EBP and their own mental health using validated self-administered questionnaires. The prevalence of EBP among children was 48.0%, while the prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress among their parents was 32.8%, 45.6%, and 32.8%, respectively. In line with global literature, this study emphasises the critical need to address the mental health of parent-child dyads via the implementation of integrated services that manage these intertwined issues.

The Contribution of Turkish Hematology to Global Literature - A Comparative Analysis.

The Contribution of Turkish Hematology to Global Literature - A Comparative Analysis.

Intellectual property and sustainable development goals (SDGs): Driver of innovation or obstacle to progress? An analysis of recent global literature

Objective. The objective is to analyze the relationship between intellectual property and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from the academic, scientific, and business perspectives indexed in Scopus to assess how intellectual property can boost or limit the achievement of the SDGs. Design/Methodology/Approach. The first research stage analyzes their performance and impact, while the second stage involves scientific mapping of the publications identified for both. This allows for studying the initial state of the topics from a common perspective to identify the relevant agents and issues in a given period. Results/Discussion. They show hierarchical and cross-cutting relationships between the clusters and highlight the centrality of the economic and regulatory approach, the relevance of environmental management and governance, and the growing role of digitization and the green economy. The thematic mapping offers a structured view of current knowledge and provides a strategic framework to guide future research and policy in the intersection between intellectual property and sustainable development. Conclusions. The analysis of the groups or clusters identified in recent literature reveals that this field of study is configured as an interdisciplinary, complex, and dynamic system, where intellectual property acts as an articulating axis of structural debates, practical applications, and emerging challenges. Originality/Value. The holistic approach to the intersection between the two concepts in various fields shows that while intellectual property can drive innovation, it can also hinder access to key technologies for developing countries. The analysis offers a crucial perspective for rethinking public policy and proposes aligning intellectual property protection with sustainability and social inclusion principles.

Researching Nigerian military widows of the Boko Haram conflict: a reflection on methodological approaches

ABSTRACT The military is an institution that closely guards its methods and operations from outsiders. This presents unique challenges for researchers interested in studying the institution and its members. These challenges are evident in the Nigerian military, which has been engaged in conflicts with the Islamist terrorist groups , Boko Haram and the Islamic State in the West African Province (ISWAP). The conflict has profoundly affected the Nigerian military community, resulting in a significant number of military widows and permanently disabled soldiers. This article provides comprehensive coverage of how the closed-off community of Nigerian military widows affected by the Boko Haram conflict was accessed and navigated. Accessing the Nigerian army and engaging with widows of the Boko Haram conflict involved a combination of formal and informal approaches. The author’s personal and social networks played a pivotal role in facilitating this access. These networks played a crucial role in facilitating engagement with the Nigerian military and overcoming the challenges commonly faced by researchers studying military institutions. The experiences and outcomes of the fieldwork resonate with the findings of other qualitative methodological studies on the military. Reflections on the methods and approaches used to access Nigerian military widows affected by the Boko Haram conflict contribute to the global literature on methodological issues in military social research. They emphasize the importance of researchers reflecting on their work while striving to produce critical and socially enlightening knowledge about the military. This method of critical reflexivity helps deepen our understanding of and engagement with the institution.

Hybrid LSTM–Transformer Architecture with Multi-Scale Feature Fusion for High-Accuracy Gold Futures Price Forecasting

Amidst global economic fluctuations and escalating geopolitical risks, gold futures, as a pivotal safe-haven asset, demonstrate price dynamics that directly impact investor decision-making and risk mitigation effectiveness. Traditional forecasting models face significant limitations in capturing long-term trends, addressing abrupt volatility, and mitigating multi-source noise within complex market environments characterized by nonlinear interactions and extreme events. Current research predominantly focuses on single-model approaches (e.g., ARIMA or standalone neural networks), inadequately addressing the synergistic effects of multimodal market signals (e.g., cross-market index linkages, exchange rate fluctuations, and policy shifts) and lacking the systematic validation of model robustness under extreme events. Furthermore, feature selection often relies on empirical assumptions, failing to uncover non-explicit correlations between market factors and gold futures prices. A review of the global literature reveals three critical gaps: (1) the insufficient integration of temporal dependency and global attention mechanisms, leading to imbalanced predictions of long-term trends and short-term volatility; (2) the neglect of dynamic coupling effects among cross-market risk factors, such as energy ETF-metal market spillovers; and (3) the absence of hybrid architectures tailored for high-frequency noise environments, limiting predictive utility for decision support. This study proposes a three-stage LSTM–Transformer–XGBoost fusion framework. Firstly, XGBoost-based feature importance ranking identifies six key drivers from thirty-six candidate indicators: the NASDAQ Index, S&P 500 closing price, silver futures, USD/CNY exchange rate, China’s 1-year Treasury yield, and Guotai Zhongzheng Coal ETF. Second, a dual-channel deep learning architecture integrates LSTM for long-term temporal memory and Transformer with multi-head self-attention to decode implicit relationships in unstructured signals (e.g., market sentiment and climate policies). Third, rolling-window forecasting is conducted using daily gold futures prices from the Shanghai Futures Exchange (2015–2025). Key innovations include the following: (1) a bidirectional LSTM–Transformer interaction architecture employing cross-attention mechanisms to dynamically couple global market context with local temporal features, surpassing traditional linear combinations; (2) a Dynamic Hierarchical Partition Framework (DHPF) that stratifies data into four dimensions (price trends, volatility, external correlations, and event shocks) to address multi-driver complexity; (3) a dual-loop adaptive mechanism enabling endogenous parameter updates and exogenous environmental perception to minimize prediction error volatility. This research proposes innovative cross-modal fusion frameworks for gold futures forecasting, providing financial institutions with robust quantitative tools to enhance asset allocation optimization and strengthen risk hedging strategies. It also provides an interpretable hybrid framework for derivative pricing intelligence. Future applications could leverage high-frequency data sharing and cross-market risk contagion models to enhance China’s influence in global gold pricing governance.

Rupture of the superficial dorsal vein of the penis

This article presents a clinical case of one of the rarest pathologies in emergency urology, previously described only five times in the global medical literature — rupture of the superficial dorsal vein with penile deviation. Clinical diagnosis of this condition is quite difficult without the use of additional imaging methods, which may not be available in emergency settings. However, establishing an accurate diagnosis in the shortest possible time allows for the most appropriate treatment using conservative or surgical methods. The paper provides an analysis of the causes, differential and clinical diagnosis, management strategies, and therapeutic principles with clear indications for surgical intervention. Currently, there are no clinical guidelines for the management of patients with rupture of the superficial dorsal penile vein. Patient complaints and physical examination, as well as Doppler ultrasound imaging, which allows assessing the vascular network of the penis, including the superficial dorsal vein, can assist in establishing a diagnosis of this condition. Magnetic resonance imaging can help identify tunica albuginea rupture, vascular injury, and penile fracture. If there is any doubt regarding the diagnosis, surgical intervention should be performed, including exploration of the corpora cavernosa and the urethra.

Dactyloctenium ctenioides (Poaceae: Chloridoideae: Dactylocteniinae): brief note on the taxonomy, distribution and a new record for North America

Dactyloctenium ctenioides, previously regarded as the species endemic to East Africa and the West Indian Ocean Islands, has now been identified in a residential landscape in Florida, USA. This study examines its taxonomy, identification, morphological affinities with allied species, and distribution, drawing on specimens housed at BR, K, NHN, P, PIHG, PRE, and US herbaria, majority of which originate from Africa and West Indian Ocean Islands, and relevant global literature. Detailed photographic plates are provided for accurate identification, along with an updated distribution map based on GBIF data. Some possibilities link to its introduction in Florida are discussed. A second-step lectotypification has been conducted to resolve nomenclatural ambiguity, building on the first-step lectotypification inadvertently established in the Flora of East Tropical Africa in 1974. The first key to the global species of Dactyloctenium has been provided to facilitate the precise identification. The authenticated specimen of D. ctenioides housed at the PRE Herbarium, along with the lectotype specimen preserved at the Paris Herbarium (P), are cited as key reference materials for the validation of this species’ identity from Florida, USA.

The Awareness Paradox: Why Better Knowledge of Digital Marketing Boosts Appreciation Without Reducing Skepticism

Background: Digital marketing has become a cornerstone of modern business strategies, particularly in rapidly digitizing regions like Kathmandu Valley, Nepal. With increasing internet penetration and smartphone usage, businesses leverage digital platforms for advertising, customer engagement, and sales. However, consumer awareness, perceptions, and the societal impact of digital marketing remain understudied in Nepal’s context. This research examines how digital marketing awareness influences individuals’ perceptions, focusing on its positive and negative effects, gender-based differences, and general opinions. Objective: The study aims to (i) Assess the level of digital marketing awareness among Kathmandu Valley residents. (ii) Examine the relationship between awareness and perceived positive/negative impacts. (iii) Evaluate general consumer opinions toward digital marketing. Methods: A quantitative research design was employed, using a structured questionnaire distributed to 200 respondents across various colleges and residential areas in Kathmandu Valley. Data was analyzed using SPSS, incorporating descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation, and hypothesis testing. Demographic variables (age, gender, education, internet usage) were examined, and relationships between awareness, perceived impacts, and general opinions were assessed. Findings: (i) Awareness and Positive Impact: A moderate positive correlation (r = 0.345, p < 0.01) was found, indicating that higher awareness leads to more favorable perceptions. (ii) Gender Differences: No significant correlation was observed between gender and awareness, positive/negative impacts, or general opinions (p > 0.05). (iii) Negative Impact: Awareness showed no significant link (p = 0.773) to negative perceptions, suggesting that informed consumers do not necessarily associate digital marketing with harm. (iv) General Opinion: Awareness had no meaningful influence (p = 0.887), implying that other factors shape overall attitudes. Conclusion: The study reveals that while digital marketing awareness enhances positive perceptions, it does not significantly affect negative views or general opinions. Gender plays a negligible role in shaping these perceptions. Businesses should focus on transparency, consumer education, and ethical practices to maximize trust and engagement. Policymakers may consider regulations to address privacy concerns without stifling digital growth. Novelty: This research provides first-hand empirical insights into digital marketing awareness and its societal impact in Nepal, a region underrepresented in global digital marketing literature. Unlike prior studies focused on Western markets, this work highlights localized consumer behavior, offering actionable strategies for Nepalese businesses and regulators.

MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG CAREGIVERS OF INDIVIDUALS WITH NEUROCOGNITIVE, NEURODEVELOPMENTAL AND MOOD DISORDERS: A QUANTITATIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAKISTANI ADULTS

Background: Caregivers of individuals with chronic mental and neurological conditions often experience adverse mental health outcomes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where healthcare and psychosocial support systems are limited. While global literature has addressed caregiver burden, comparative data across neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive, and mood disorders remain sparse, especially within the Pakistani context. This study was conducted to explore the levels of depression, anxiety, and stress among caregivers in relation to the type of disorder being managed. Objective: To compare psychological distress—specifically depression, anxiety, and stress—among caregivers of individuals diagnosed with neurodevelopmental, neurocognitive, and mood disorders in Pakistan. Methods: A cross-sectional correlational study was conducted with 237 caregivers recruited through purposive sampling from Lahore, Islamabad, Rawalpindi, and Karachi. Participants had been providing care for at least one year and possessed a minimum intermediate-level education. Data were collected using the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21). Internal reliability was confirmed with Cronbach’s alpha values of 0.88 for depression, 0.82 for anxiety, and 0.90 for stress. Statistical analyses included Pearson’s correlation and one-way ANOVA, performed using SPSS version 27. Results: Significant positive correlations were observed among depression, anxiety, and stress (p < .01). Caregivers of individuals with mood disorders reported the highest distress levels: depression (M = 7.86, SD = 5.42), anxiety (M = 7.76, SD = 5.30), and stress (M = 7.86, SD = 5.42). Comparatively, caregivers of individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders reported moderate levels, while those caring for neurocognitive disorders reported the lowest. ANOVA confirmed statistically significant differences across all groups (p = .001). Conclusion: This study highlights the elevated psychological burden faced by caregivers, particularly those supporting individuals with mood disorders. The findings underscore the need for early screening, culturally appropriate interventions, and policy initiatives to support caregiver mental health in Pakistan.

Use of Artificial Intelligence Tools for Nepali Journalists: Opportunities and Challenges

Abstract: Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming the journalism industry worldwide, bringing forth new tools that can revolutionize how information is gathered, produced, and disseminated. AI’s ability to assist with data analysis, content generation, real-time transcription, audience analysis, and fact-checking has proven valuable in modern newsrooms. In the context of Nepal, a country with a vibrant yet resource-constrained media landscape, the integration of AI offers both immense opportunities and significant challenges. This study explores the various ways AI tools are impacting Nepali journalism and the ethical, professional, and infrastructural issues that come with it. Drawing from a survey of 200 journalists across Nepal and several qualitative interviews, the study outlines current AI usage, perceived benefits, and the barriers journalists face in embracing AI. A comprehensive review of global, regional, and local literature complements the analysis. The study concludes with practical recommendations for ethical and effective AI integration into Nepali journalism, underscoring the need for local innovation, journalist training, and strong regulatory frameworks.

Collaborative Parenting: Fatherhood and Motherhood Role Transformations Amidst COVID-19 Crisis and Implication on Child Well-being in Mukono District, Uganda

The major occurrences of COVID-19 in Uganda and their impact on parental roles in Uganda are not negligible. Using a qualitative phenomenological design, with in-depth interviews and thematic analysis, this study interrogated how collaborative parenting influenced motherhood and fatherhood role transformations amidst the COVID-19 crisis and its implication on child well-being in Mukono district, Uganda. While global literature documents these changes since the 18th century, empirical evidence in Africa, particularly Uganda, is limited. Conducted in the Nakisunga sub-county and Goma division, findings indicate that pre-existing parental role constructions influenced role evolution during the pandemic, affecting child well-being differently depending on whether parents fulfilled roles individually or collaboratively. The study highlights the importance of collaborative parental roles. Recommendations and implications of the theory are embedded

An assessment of record keeping practices at construction sites: Nepalese perspectives

Purpose This paper aims to present research findings that describe the current scenario of record keeping practices at construction sites and suggest possible measures. Design/methodology/approach Thirty ongoing construction projects were studied using a structured questionnaire survey. Sixty Web-based questionnaires were distributed to 30 clients/consultants and 30 contractors’ representatives through purposive sampling. The data was analyzed using MS Excel and the Relative Importance Index (RII). Findings The study reveals significant gaps in construction site records management, negatively impacting project efficiency and success. Key issues include reliance on outdated paper-based documentation, lack of awareness regarding records management frameworks, insufficient training and the absence of automated systems. Poor record keeping practices contribute to project delays, disputes, miscommunication and cost overruns. Organizational and cultural factors, including inadequate leadership and regulatory awareness, exacerbate these challenges. The findings align with global literature, highlighting the need for digitalization, standardized practices, capacity building and stronger policy enforcement. Research limitations/implications The study’s focus on Surkhet and a small sample size may limit its generalizability. It also does not assess the financial feasibility of digital adoption. However, the findings offer useful insights for policymakers, firms and researchers on improving record-keeping through digital infrastructure, training and regulatory reforms. Practical implications To enhance record keeping in Nepal’s construction industry, comprehensive training programs are essential for improving awareness of practices, legislative frameworks and modern tools. Companies should prioritize automated records management systems to replace outdated methods, ensuring accessibility and integration with management tools. These measures will address current challenges, enhance project management effectiveness and reduce issues such as delays, disputes and miscommunication in construction projects. Social implications Improved record-keeping in Nepal’s construction industry can enhance transparency, reduce corruption and promote accountability. Efficient project management will lead to better infrastructure quality, benefiting society with safer and more reliable public services. Originality/value This study offers new insights into construction site record keeping in Nepal, contributing new knowledge on practices in developing countries where millions of dollars are spent on construction.

Accelerating progress on the SDGs: Policy guidance from the global modeling literature

Accelerating progress on the SDGs: Policy guidance from the global modeling literature

Effectiveness of digital contact tracing interventions for COVID-19: A systematic scoping review.

Digital contact tracing (DCT) interventions have been deployed at unprecedented scale during COVID-19. However, no comprehensive appraisal of the evidence exists to date regarding their effectiveness. We aimed to systematically review the global literature for a holistic understanding of DCT effectiveness during COVID-19, and to identify factors that enabled or hindered its effectiveness. Systematic scoping review. We searched six databases for peer-reviewed literature relevant to the evaluation of DCT interventions during COVID-19 (January 2024) (CRD42021268586). We compiled implemented DCT interventions from grey literature. Effectiveness appraisals, different operationalizations, measurements, and definitions of DCT effectiveness, as well as associated factors were synthesized qualitatively. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. We followed Cochrane and PRISMA guidance. We identified 133 studies evaluating 121 different DCT implementations. Seventy-three (60%) studies found DCT to be effective, mostly when evaluating epidemiological impact metrics. Public trust emerged as crucial for DCT to be effective, which requires high and enforceable data safety and privacy standards, clear and transparent communication, high accuracy and reliability of the intervention, and an acceptance-enhancing implementation approach of other pandemic response measures by public health authorities more broadly. Most evaluations took place in high rather than low-resource settings. While technical performance matters, DCT effectiveness primarily depends on a relatively small number of non-technical drivers centred around public trust. DCT should only be implemented as integrated part of a broader public health framework. Our findings hold important insights for the design, implementation, and evaluation of other digital technology for pandemic response.

Identifying Knowledge Gaps on Ecotoxicological Assessment of Micro/Nanoplastics with Aquatic Keystone Species

The pollution of aquatic environments by micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs) has been a growing public concern in recent years. This situation has the potential to threaten and affect both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems simultaneously. Therefore, extensive research has been conducted over the past few years to determine the toxicity of M/NPs. This article investigated the global scientific literature on M/NPs’ toxicity on Daphnia magna by integrating social network analysis with bibliometrics. A total of 100 publications were downloaded and analyzed with the majority being academic journal articles. Network maps and graphics displayed the correlations between keywords, countries, and journals. Moreover, the type, size, and exposure time of M/NPs were also evaluated to expose current research trends. The results demonstrate that PS and PE are the primary polymer types employed in most toxicity studies. Researchers in China and Germany have provided a great contribution. The Journal of Environmental Pollution published the highest number of research articles. The top publishing countries and the top-cited publications and authors will likely pave the way for standardization in both microplastic and nanoplastic research.

Navigating the Current Landscape of Green Hydrogen, its Potential, and Challenges: A South African perspective.

Abstract The main aim of this paper is to give an overview of the current landscape of the Green Hydrogen (GH2) developments in South Africa and delve into possible barriers and opportunities. With this intention, a detailed overview of GH2 production, storage, and its application was integrated. This is done through detailed assessment of the global and local literature and other key documents such as research reports, policy documents and other documents associated with GH2 economy. As global communities' transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, GH2 is identified as a key solution to decarbonize hard-to-abate sectors such as the transport, chemical industry, and agriculture. Green hydrogen is produced using renewable energy sources such as solar and wind; with the application of electrolysers which split water into hydrogen and oxygen. With South Africa endowed with wind and solar power generation resources, the country is earmarked as one of the potential frontrunners of the GH2 economy. Despite its potential, it is argued that South Africa still lacks financial resources, technology, and labour force of the correct skills to rapidly peruse the GH2 economy. Currently, there are 24 GH2 projects proposed with one hydrogen valley across three provinces. As a country with one of the highest unemployment rates, the paper highlights socio-economic prospects and details the government's intentions to reskill and upskill labour force to address the identified skills deficit for the GH2 economy. Furthermore, South Africa possesses critical minerals such as platinum and iridium, which are essential to produce electrolysers and fuel cells. With this immense potential of the GH2 economy in South Africa, the paper also delves into potential challenges such as water requirements, increased demand of critical minerals, energy security concerns, financial implications, as well as environmental and biodiversity impacts. Furthermore, the paper provides strategic recommendations pertaining to technological advancement and cost reduction through research and development (R&D), investment and financial mechanisms, public-private partnerships (PPPs) and development of government policy and regulatory support to accelerate the GH2 economy that enable a national just transition.

EXPLORING GROWTH OF RESEARCH TRENDS IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE: A BIBLIOMETRIC STUDY

Bibliometric analysis is one of the major techniques applied to measure the literature output on research in any subject. This study identifies the global literature output on ‘Artificial intelligence or AI-related’ research based on data retrieved from ‘DOAJ’ indexing database over a longitudinal period 1950-2024. Classification of data has been done using a spreadsheet package. Quantitative analysis to evaluate the trends in AI-related research has been undertaken using bibliometric statistics of open access publications. It is observed from the research output that the AI-related research began with research in Robotics followed by growth in Neural Network(s) and Natural Language Processing. The exponential growth in AI-related research is observed in the last ten years. The significant findings show that out of total 134025 Artificial Intelligence and AI-related open access publications available during the period 1950-2024, the publications of AI research with focus on Machine Learning are the highest (28.97%) followed by Neural Networks (27.86%) and Deep Learning (22.13%). Deep Learning has been the fastest growing research area since its origin as compared to other AI-related areas of research.

Policy Shaping and Capacity Building for Sustainable Community-Based Tourism in Thailand’s Eastern Economic Corridor

Background and Objectives: Community-Based Tourism (CBT) has emerged as a sustainable strategy for economic empowerment and workforce development, especially in rural and emerging tourism markets. In Thailand’s Eastern Economic Corridor (EEC), CBT offers a means to balance economic growth with cultural preservation. However, skill gaps, financial inaccessibility, and policy misalignment continue to constrain its long-term potential. This study aims to: (1) examine the effects of CBT participation on economic outcomes and human capital development through training effectiveness and government support; (2) explore stakeholder perspectives on capacity-building challenges and opportunities; and (3) propose policy recommendations for strengthening human capital and capacity-building mechanisms that support sustainable CBT. Methodology: A mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with qualitative thematic analysis using NVivo. A survey of 400 CBT practitioners across the EEC assessed the direct and mediated effects of CBT participation on income stability, workforce readiness, training effectiveness, and policy support. Additionally, semi-structured interviews with 33 stakeholders—including entrepreneurs, tourism workers, and policymakers—offered deeper insights into training gaps, operational constraints, and governance inefficiencies. Thematic analysis identified recurrent economic, educational, and institutional barriers, contributing to a holistic understanding of CBT’s structural limitations. Main Results: The SEM results confirmed that CBT participation positively influences workforce development (β = 0.37, p < 0.01) and economic outcomes (β = 0.41, p < 0.001), with training effectiveness as a key mediator (β = 0.52, p < 0.001). Government support positively moderates training effectiveness (β = 0.28, p < 0.05), yet access to funding remains limited due to bureaucratic inefficiencies and centralized policy structures. Qualitative findings revealed critical challenges including seasonal income instability, outdated training content, and a lack of community-managed financial mechanisms. Discussions: The findings support global literature on CBT’s socio-economic benefits while underscoring persistent institutional barriers. Although integration with commercial tourism has been proposed, this study emphasizes that cultural and operational autonomy is essential for sustainability. A shift toward experiential, skills-based training—emphasizing digital marketing, financial literacy, and multilingual services—is recommended. Additionally, a transition to decentralized, community-managed funding models could enhance financial accessibility and local ownership. Conclusions: CBT holds strong potential to advance economic resilience and workforce development in the EEC. However, structural constraints related to training and governance must be addressed. A transformative policy approach—centered on localized training, inclusive governance, and decentralized financial support—is essential to ensure CBT’s long-term competitiveness and sustainability in Thailand’s evolving tourism sector.

ARABIC LITERATURE AND ITS ROLE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF GLOBAL CULTURE

Arabic literature is considered an intellectual and cultural beacon that has shaped the identity of Arab civilization over the centuries. It has excelled in documenting history, transmitting knowledge, and shaping human thought globally. Its influence was not limited to the Arab world but extended to other civilizations through translation and cultural exchange, contributing to the development of global literature and arts. This article explores the origins and development of Arabic literature throughout the ages, its role in spreading science and thought, and its influence on European literature, along with the contributions of Arab writers to global culture. It also examines the importance of translation and cultural interaction in enhancing the status of Arabic literature worldwide, with recommendations for supporting and promoting it in the modern era.

Knowledge of alarm signs of stroke among caretakers of stroke patients and first contact healthcare providers at two tertiary referral hospitals in Uganda

BackgroundStroke is a leading cause of disability and mortality worldwide and existing global literature suggests that public knowledge of stroke symptoms is generally poor. Algorithms that encompass stroke alarm signs and partly address this knowledge gap of stroke symptoms in the public like FAST (Face, Arm, Speech, Time) and BE- FAST (Balance, Eyes, Face, Arm, Speech, Time) have been developed. However, the diagnostic value of BE-FAST in acute ischemic stroke has been found higher than in FAST. Although acute stroke recognition algorithms like BE-FAST are widely accepted, applied and generally easy to administer, their utility in Uganda is unknown. This study therefore intended to describe how well the alarm signs and symptoms of stroke summarized in the BE-FAST algorithm are known by acute stroke patients’ caretakers (PCs) and first contact stroke healthcare providers (HCPs) at the two major stroke referral hospitals in Uganda and how this knowledge by the PCs affects time of arrival of their stroke patients for rapid stroke intervention services.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional survey study design using data collected over ten weeks by structured questionnaire based in-depth interviews of autonomously consented adult study participants. Data analysis was performed using the IBM SPSS statistics package, version 27.0.1.0. Descriptive variables were compared using Fisher’s exact tests and statistical analyses for correlation were performed using Kendall’s tau-b or tau-c as appropriate. Of the total 120 respondents interviewed (60 first contact HCPs and 60 PCs), 10 caretakers were excluded because they achieved less than Uganda’s primary seven level of education leaving 110 respondent entries to eventual statistical analysis.ResultsFemales comprised the majority of the first contact HCPs (55%) and PCs (68%). Majority of the first contact HCPs were medical interns (38.3%) allocated to either the neurology ward or the emergency ward of a study site hospital. The PCs had a median age of 31.5 years (IQR 25.0–41.3) and only 9% had been through university level education, the majority having made it only to secondary school (52.0%). Of the 60 healthcare worker respondents, only 20 (33.3%) were familiar with the BE-FAST algorithm and none of the PCs knew or had heard about it. Half (50%) of the caretakers had their patients arrive to hospital beyond 24 h from their patient’s time last known well for stroke treatment (between 2 and 5 days). Because caretakers had no knowledge of the BE-FAST algorithm, its correlation to their acute stroke patients’ hospital intervention arrival time could not be tested.ConclusionKnowledge of acute stroke recognition aids like BE-FAST was poor amongst first contact HCPs and was non-existent amongst caretakers of acute stroke patients at the two largest stroke referral hospitals in Uganda. This calls for focused integration of acute stroke recognition modules in the curricula of HCPs in Uganda at all levels and facilities of their training and for education in knowledge of acute stroke alarm signs to the country’s general public, through media and community outreach programs, using understandable local dialects.