Climate change is affecting ecosystems, communities, and human health worldwide. These changes pose risks to global energy systems so there is a dire need to combat climate change and limit global warming to 1.5°C. This study undertake global energy systems and forecasted total energy consumption, production and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions worldwide for the study period 2021–2050 by taking the input data from 1970 to 2020 using the four algorithm’s namely, Holt Winter (HW), Exponential Smoothing (ES), Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), and Seasonal Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) implemented in Python. It is found that HW and ES have same forecast results globally with energy consumption of 236,285 TWh which can easily meet by 475,980 TWh generation until 2050. Renewables and fossil fuels contributed to 250,106 TWh units and 225,874 TWh units with 48 billion metric tons of GHG emissions until 2050. The global forecast of ARIMA model suggested that 232,878 TWh energy consumption is noticed which can easily meet by 446,126 TWh generation with 213,052 TWh share of renewables and 233,074 TWh of fossil fuels with 49 billion metric tons of GHG emissions produced until 2050. SARIMA model forecast is very much valuable for limiting global mean temperature to 1.5 °C. The global energy consumption is forecasted to be 231,022 TWh which easily meet by 350,054 TWh green energy generation potential with almost zero emissions until 2050 and it is found that SARIMA model has 98% of accuracy. • Python based algorithms are used to achieve clean energy targets globally (1970–2050). • Forecasted global energy consumption, production, and GHG emissions using holt winter, exponential smoothing, ARIMA and SARIMA. • By 2040, renewable energy is projected to 100% in global power mix under SARIMA model. • Global CO 2 emissions must decrease by 60% in 2035 and 100% in 2040 under SARIMA model. • The transition to sustainable energy system is expected to boost global GDP by 15% until 2040.

Building cooling and heating account for around 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions, with a rising trend. While the growing cooling demand is largely met by chillers, decarbonization and electrification efforts are boosting the adoption of heat pumps. Both technologies rely on electricity-intensive vapor compression cycles, which contribute to environmental impacts and place stress on power grids. To mitigate these effects, previous research has suggested improving the performance of vapor compression systems (VCSs) through optimization and fault detection. In this regard, digital twins (DTs) offer a promising approach by enabling real-time simulation with minimal manual effort. However, their adoption in the building sector remains limited. This paper presents a systematic literature review of modeling methods for VCSs, discussing their strengths and limitations in the context of DT applications. Additionally, it introduces a set of evaluation criteria to analyze the performance of DTs. The findings highlight that (i) model selection is highly dependent on contextual factors such as load and weather variations, (ii) commonly used modeling methods often face challenges when applied to DT scenarios, and (iii) focusing only on error-based metrics may overlook other aspects such as generalizability, resiliency, scalability, and interpretability which might be crucial in final applications. These insights facilitate the development and validation of VCS DTs and supports their adaptation in the building sector. • A systematic review of existing modeling methods for vapor compression systems (VCSs) is conducted. • Strengths and limitations of VCS modeling methods are discussed in the context of digital twinning. • A structured set of evaluation criteria for DT-oriented modeling is introduced. • The importance and role of each evaluation criterion are discussed in relation to practical DT applications. • A case study comparing seven commonly used modeling methods in terms of accuracy, reliability, robustness, scalability, and interpretability is provided. • Results suggest that model selection should consider multiple aspects beyond accuracy alone.

Strategies for decarbonizing printed circuit board supply chain.

The contribution of patient travel for phlebotomy to the carbon footprint of clinical laboratories.

The building sector is a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, positioning zero-energy home (ZEH) strategies as a critical pathway toward sustainable development. While the technical feasibility of zero-energy buildings has been widely studied, their successful implementation depends largely on residents' awareness, acceptance, and willingness to adopt such strategies. However, empirical evidence examining residents' perceptions of ZEH in the Middle East, particularly in Saudi Arabia, remains limited. This study investigates Saudi residents' perceptions of zero-energy homes, their awareness of passive and active ZEH strategies, and the key barriers hindering their adoption. A structured three-part survey was distributed across Saudi Arabia, yielding 411 valid responses. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to examine awareness levels, behavioral intentions, and current practices, while thematic analysis was applied to identify perceived obstacles. The findings reveal a substantial knowledge gap, with 45% of respondents unfamiliar with the concept of zero-energy homes. Despite this limited awareness, most participants recognized the environmental benefits of ZEH and expressed a willingness to invest in such homes. Passive strategies, including insulation and natural ventilation, were more widely recognized and adopted than active strategies such as photovoltaic systems and advanced HVAC technologies. Four primary barriers to adoption were identified: high initial costs, lack of technical expertise, insufficient public awareness, and inadequate infrastructure for retrofitting existing homes. This study contributes user-centric empirical evidence to the body of knowledge on zero-energy homes in a hot-climate, oil-dependent context and highlights the need for targeted policy interventions, public awareness programs, and industry capacity building.

The environmental impact of diagnosis and therapy in obstructive sleep Apnea: A systematic review.

The cement industry is a major contributor to global energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, motivating the development of sustainable cementitious materials through partial cement substitution. This study investigates the combined mechanical, durability-related, and environmental performance of mortars incorporating a 20% replacement of Portland cement by volume with different natural and waste-derived mineral additions, including natural pozzolan, brick waste, glass powder, recycled concrete powder, and calcined clay as pozzolanic or potentially reactive supplementary materials, while silica sand was used as an inert mineral filler. Mechanical performance was evaluated through compressive strength, while durability-related behavior was assessed using water absorption by immersion at 28 days. In parallel, a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was conducted to quantify the environmental impacts associated with climate change, acidification, eutrophication, photochemical oxidant formation, material resource depletion, and non-renewable energy consumption. The results show that mortars incorporating natural pozzolan and brick waste achieved compressive strengths comparable to the reference mortar, while maintaining low water absorption values, indicating effective microstructural densification. Glass powder also provided acceptable mechanical and durability-related performances, whereas silica sand, recycled concrete powder, and calcined clay exhibited reduced strength and increased absorption due to dilution effects, inherited porosity, or delayed pozzolanic activity. From an environmental perspective, all cement-substituted mortars demonstrated significant reductions across all assessed LCA impact categories, with decreases typically ranging from 15% to 20% relative to the reference mix. The most pronounced environmental benefits were observed for mortars incorporating waste-derived materials, particularly brick waste. Overall, the combined mechanical and environmental assessment demonstrates that a 20% cement substitution using supplementary materials can substantially reduce the environmental footprint of mortars without compromising essential engineering properties.

Using Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) as an alternative feedstuff for poultry: Effects on ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from excreta during storage.

Experimental evaluation of a R290 vapour compression refrigeration system hybridised with a thermoelectric subcooler

Greenhouse gas emissions and water-carbon cost-adjusted yield of drought-tolerant rice under varying irrigation amounts in the Jianghan Plain of China

Energy-system optimization for hydrogen-based green steel production from medium-grade iron ore

• Introducing a novel feature value substitution methodology to simulate potential energy consumption savings for specific retrofit options. • Quantifying energy-savings on large-scale real-world data and solving data scarcity issues by introducing a feature value substitution methodology. • Providing a retrofit index to the research community that combines energy savings, carbon emission reduction, retrofit costs, and local subsidies into a comprehensible measurand. • Mitigating the uncertainty of homeowners and energy auditors in the decision-making process to identify the most suitable retrofit option for individual residential buildings. • Scenario analysis for different retrofit budgets and energy prices to identify the retrofit measure with the highest energy saving potential. The global building sector is one of the main contributors to annual global greenhouse gas emissions, yet homeowners remain hesitant regarding specific retrofit measures to reduce carbon emissions. This is unsurprising as the link between retrofits that reduce energy consumption and corresponding economic and ecological benefits remains elusive. Therefore, this study addresses the intersection of building energy performance, carbon emission reduction, and financial subsidies by quantifying expected energy savings based on specific energy-related retrofits with a real-world dataset containing 25,000 German residential buildings. The simulated energy savings for specific retrofit measures are based on a novel feature value substitution methodology and three sophisticated machine learning models, namely XGBoost, CatBoost, and LightGBM. This study then combines potential ecological gains, household investment budgets, and expected local governmental subsidies into a single informative yet comprehensible retrofit index to overcome the uncertainty regarding retrofits. The results show that glazing is the most impactful feature for potential energy savings of residential buildings, followed by heating system changes from oil to electric heating pumps. In contrast to the neglectable impact of better facade conditions on building energy performance, roof and wall insulation improvements lead to significantly lower energy consumption. This study underscores potential ecological savings of targeted retrofit measures and enables practitioners to cut expenses and reduce the associated financial risks.

Healthcare contributes considerably to global greenhouse gas emissions, with operating theatres amongst the most energy-intensive hospital environments. While carbon footprints have been quantified for several surgical procedures, the environmental impact of hand surgery, characterised by high case volumes and short procedures, remains poorly studied. This study aims to quantify carbon emissions of hand surgery procedures. This single-centre observational pilot study quantified the carbon emissions associated with hand surgery procedures performed during two half-day theatre lists at a UK NHS hospital. Data was collected under the Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scopes and emissions calculated using UK Government greenhouse gas conversion factors. Data collected included theatre electricity and heating, anaesthetic use, staff and patient transport, waste incineration, supply-chain emissions, and instrument sterilisation. Five trauma hand surgery cases were analysed. Case-level emissions ranged from 8.32 to 22.56kg CO2. When combined at a list level, total emissions were substantial, reaching 311.36kg CO2 and 285.30kg CO2 per half-day list. Purchased electricity (Scope 2) was the largest contributor, followed by heating and anaesthetic gases (Scope 1). Scope 3 emissions were largely attributed to staff travel and single-use consumable supply-chain emissions, while waste disposal and reusable instrument sterilisation contributed comparatively little. Individual hand surgery procedures have a relatively low carbon footprint, but the cumulative emissions at list-level are large. Theatre energy use, heating and staff transport represent key targets for emission reduction. Interventions focusing on energy-efficient infrastructure, renewable energy, greener staff travel, and reduced reliance on single-use consumables may result in meaningful environmental benefits. Larger multicentre studies with improved energy metering are needed to refine estimates and guide sustainable surgical practice. Quantifying the carbon emissions associated with common hand surgery procedures may help hand surgery teams and healthcare organisations identify opportunities to reduce emissions.

Building capacity for sustainability transformations through transdisciplinary experimentation: Empirical evidence from a novel methodology deployed in 7 countries

Climate change poses the greatest threat to human health in the 21st century. The healthcare sector contributes approximately 5% of global greenhouse gas emissions and has a significant environmental impact. Although clinical trials are crucial for identifying effective and safe treatments and preventing disease, their environmental impact is poorly documented. Our study aimed to assess the environmental impact of a publicly funded, academic clinical trial by adapting life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology to clinical research. We performed a retrospective, simplified, full LCA using the EF 3.0 methodology on a prospective, double-blind, randomised controlled neurosurgery trial. The trial included 202 patients at 18 university hospitals throughout France. To identify hotspots of interest, 16 impact indicators and their combination into a single score were evaluated. The results showed that climate change (or greenhouse gas emissions) was the most important indicator, accounting for almost 30% of the single score. Greenhouse gas emissions were estimated at 31.6 t of carbon dioxide equivalent. The next most important were resource use of fossils (24%), resource use of minerals and metals (12%), and particulate matter emissions (8%). The main hotspots identified were patient transport and travel by clinical research assistants for source data verification. In conclusion, by using a full LCA approach, our study confirms that conducting a clinical trial has a substantial environmental impact, particularly with regard to greenhouse gas emissions. The main hotspots identified were related to patient transport and clinical research assistants' travel. Trial Registration: The SUCRE study (Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma by Corticosteroids: A Prospective Randomised Study)-clinicaltrials.gov identifier: NCT02650609.

Healthcare systems contribute substantially to global greenhouse gas emissions, with operating rooms representing one of the most carbon-intensive areas of clinical practice. Although awareness of environmentally sustainable practices in perioperative care is increasing, the extent to which knowledge and attitudes are associated with sustainable behaviors among operating room professionals remains unclear. This multicenter cross-sectional survey with national scope was conducted among healthcare professionals working in operating room-related settings across Türkiye. Participants were recruited using a convenience sampling strategy. A structured, self-administered online questionnaire (based on self-reported responses) assessed knowledge, attitudes, and self-reported behaviors related to environmentally sustainable operating room practices. Knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores were analyzed as continuous variables. Correlation analyses and multivariable linear regression models were used to identify individual, professional, and institutional factors statistically associated with each domain. A total of 213 participants were included. Mean knowledge, attitude, and behavior scores were 6.23 ± 2.44, 19.0 ± 6.0, and 22.0 ± 6.0, respectively. Knowledge scores were positively associated with anesthesiology-related affiliation and specific clinical exposures and inversely associated with age and years of professional experience. Attitude scores were associated with obstetric operating room experience, prior sustainability-related training, and peer- and literature-based information sources. Behavior scores were independently associated with both knowledge and attitude scores and with the reported presence of an institutional carbon footprint-related training program. The reported presence of a formal institutional carbon footprint policy was not associated with higher knowledge or attitude scores and showed a negative association with knowledge in adjusted analyses. Operating room professionals in this multicenter survey demonstrated limited-to-moderate awareness and generally favorable attitudes toward environmental sustainability; however, variability in self-reported sustainable practices was observed. Knowledge and institutional variables were statistically associated with behavior scores, although causal inferences cannot be made. Given the convenience sampling design and reliance on self-reported data, findings should be interpreted with caution. These findings highlight the complexity of sustainability implementation in anesthesia and perioperative care and support the need for further implementation-focused and longitudinal research.

The maritime industry, responsible for over 80% of global transport and around 3% of global greenhouse gas emissions, faces mounting pressure to decarbonise, increasing the need for sustainability education in Maritime Education and Training. Maritime education is crucial for equipping future professionals with the knowledge and skills to address environmental and social challenges. This study examines maritime educators’ commitment to sustainability principles, their awareness of sustainability issues in port services, and the integration of behavioural change approaches into teaching. A quantitative study, guided by the Capability, Opportunity, Motivation=Behaviour (COM-B) model, was conducted using an online survey completed by 86 maritime educators from various countries. The findings indicate that educators are motivated to integrate behavioural change approaches, but need to strengthen their capability through training and resources and have limited opportunities, such as real case studies and interactive learning methods. The study also explores differences across demographic characteristics and offers implications that underscore the role of educators in fostering awareness and adoption of sustainable behaviours among maritime professionals, contributing to environmental and economic sustainability.

Animal agriculture has disproportionate environmental impacts relative to other forms of food production and accounts for at least 16.5% of all global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Many of the largest meat and dairy companies are aware of these environmental concerns and have responded by making explicit environmental statements and commitments. In this study, we isolated the environmental claims made in the most recent sustainability reports and websites (2021–2024) of 33 of the world’s largest meat and dairy companies. We identified 1,233 environmental claims, of which 68% (841) were climate-related. Of the 1,233 claims, 38% (467) were unverifiable future projections such as “achieve carbon neutrality by 2030” or “enable the restoration of 600 billion liters of water in water-stressed regions by 2030.” Of the 33 companies, 17 have now made net-zero commitments, but as with oil and gas companies, the commitments appear to rely on plans to offset carbon emissions rather than to decarbonize. Companies provided supporting evidence for 356 (29%) of the 1,233 claims and provided scholarly scientific evidence to support only three of these claims, two of which were climate-related. We also examined each of the 1,233 environmental claims using a greenwashing framework and found that 98% (1,213) could be categorized as greenwashing, such as “produce net climate-neutral dairy by no later than 2050.” Meat and dairy companies, which produce disproportionate amounts of pollution relative to other kinds of foods, have prioritized climate change in their sustainability initiatives. They make many promises and provide very little supporting evidence. Like the fossil fuel industry, which has used greenwashing over the last several decades to delay meaningful climate action, the meat and dairy industry may be misleading consumers and investors regarding whether and to what extent they are addressing environmental impacts, including climate change, with even less time to spare.

Freight transportation is one of the most important contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. This study analyzes and compares how sustainability targets and practices are being implemented in road freight across three key regions: Europe, China, and North America. The aim is to evaluate the challenges, opportunities, and lessons learnt. Multiple approaches were applied: (1) a comprehensive literature review of sustainability regulations and technological trends; (2) secondary data collection from sustainability reports in the automotive industry; and (3) a primary survey distributed to international forwarders and service providers. The results indicate that Europe is mainly driven by regulatory decarbonization with strong commitments to electrification and intermodal freight, though infrastructure gaps remain. China demonstrates fast and strong progress in electrification and digital logistics platforms but faces challenges in implementation across regions. North America shows slower regulatory adoption but strong industry-driven initiatives in efficiency and alternative fuels. Results from the questionnaire indicate that cost pressures, service reliability, and infrastructure readiness are the most well-known challenges, while collaboration and digital transparency tools are seen as key points toward sustainability.The study outlines a potential strategic route that can give direction to political decision-makers and to industry leaders for creating strong procurement strategies and a stable base for creating and implementing sustainable solutions within the local and global supply chains. It is confirmed within the study that even though each region takes a different path, the key drivers of success are similar: using new technologies, working together across industries, and keeping government rules in line with market needs.

The construction sector accounts for a substantial share of global greenhouse gas emissions, making effective strategies for the reuse and recycling of building materials indispensable. However, relevant information may be lost over the relatively long use phase of buildings. Digital Product Passports (DPPs) offer a standardized means of preserving and communicating product information across the life cycle and may therefore also be applied in the construction sector to facilitate reuse and recycling of building components, even after service lives exceeding 50 years. This paper presents the results of a first, interdisciplinary study that (i) develops a DPP for concrete elements using the Asset Administration Shell (AAS) and (ii) experimentally evaluates how DPP-presented information shapes consumer perceptions of recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) versus natural aggregate concrete (NAC) stair elements. In a scenario-based vignette experiment (N = 83), participants evaluated eight DPP mock-ups in which material (RAC vs. NAC), environmental impact (low vs. high), and structural performance (high vs. low) were systematically manipulated. Participants indicated their willingness to pay, perceived environmental value, perceived functional risk and product preference for each DPP. Repeated-measures ANOVAs showed robust main effects of material and environmental impact on perceived environmental value, and main effects of material and structural performance on perceived functional risk. Willingness to pay and product preference were higher for RAC than NAC, for low versus high environmental impact, and for high versus low structural performance. Overall, RAC was perceived as more environmentally valuable but also as riskier than NAC, even when objective environmental and structural indicators were held constant. The results indicate that DPP design should account for target-group-specific interpretation and potential biases in processing technical and sustainability information, to better support resource-efficient decision-making in the construction sector.