Global Environmental Issues Research Articles

How Capital Endowment and Ecological Cognition Affect Environment-Friendly Technology Adoption: A Case of Apple Farmers of Shandong Province, China.

Ever-increasing global environmental issues, land degradation, and groundwater contamination may significantly impact the agricultural sector of any country. The situation worsens while the global agricultural sectors are going through the unsustainable intensification of agricultural production powered by chemical fertilizers and pesticides. This trend leads the sector to exercise environmentally friendly technology (EFT). Capital endowment and ecological cognition may significantly impact fostering farmers’ adoption of environmentally friendly technology. The government also tends to change the existing policies to cope with ever-increasing challenges like pollution control, maintaining ecological balance, and supporting agricultural sectors substantially by employing ecological compensation policy. The study’s main objective is to explore the impacts of farmer’s ecological compensation, capital endowment, and ecological cognition for the adoption of EFT. The empirical setup of the study quantifies with survey data of 471 apple farmers from nine counties of Shandong province. The study used Heckman’s two-stage model to craft the findings. The results showed that 52.02% of fruit farmers adopted two environmentally friendly technologies, and 23.99% of fruit farmers adopted three forms of environmentally friendly technologies. At the same time, we have traced that the capital endowment, planting scale, family income, and technical specialization of fruit farmers significantly impact adopting EFT. The study also revealed that understanding ecological compensation policy has a significant positive effect on adopting environmentally friendly technology. Seemingly, ecological compensation policy has a specific regulatory effect on fruit farmers’ capital endowment and ecological cognition. Therefore, it is necessary to extend the demonstration facilities, training, and frequently arrange awareness-building campaigns regarding rural non-point source pollution hazards and improve the cognition level of farmers. The agriculture extension department should strengthen the agricultural value chain facilities to make farmers fully realize the importance of EFT. Government should promote and extend the supports for availing new and innovative EFT at a reasonable price. Moreover, cooperative, financial, and credit organizations need to lead for the smooth transition of EFT. The agricultural cooperatives and formal risk-taking networks should act responsibly for shaping the behavioral factors of farmers.

Metal oxides as electrocatalysts for water splitting: On plasmon‐driven enhanced activity

AbstractMany technological approaches have been searched in order to overcome the main challenges concerning the world energy crisis and global environmental issues. Among them, plasmon‐driven photoelectrochemical reactions towards water electrolysis attract great attention due to their capacity to efficiently harvest solar energy. Synergism between tunable optical features and catalysts active sites of plasmonic nanomaterials gives rise to a singular perspective for photochemical processes. Through resonant photonic excitation, hot carriers’ motion facilitates the charge transfer process on the catalyst surface for chemical reactions. In this minireview, recent experimental research with emphasis on water splitting reactions have been summarized with the purpose of understanding the mechanistic hot electrons generation and transfer on the plasmonic noble metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and transition metal oxides (MOs) heterostructures. Examples of plasmonic nanomaterials are highlighted and compared for both water electrolysis semi reactions. Finally, this work concludes by describing the remaining challenges and gives some perspectives regarding the promising future of plasmon‐driven reactions investigations.

Effect of dissolved biochar on the transfer of antibiotic resistance genes between bacteria

The spread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) is a global environmental issue. Dissolved biochar is more likely to contact bacteria in water, producing ecological risks. This study explored the effects of dissolved biochar on ARGs transfer in bacteria. Conjugative transfer efficiency was significantly different following treatment with different types of dissolved biochar. Typically, humic acid-like substance in dissolved biochar can significantly improve the transfer efficiency of ARGs between bacteria. When the concentration of dissolved biochar was ≤10 mg biochar/mL, humic acid-like substance substantially promoted ARGs transfer. An increase in dissolved biochar concentration weakened the ARGs transfer from humic acid-like substance. The inhibitory effects of small-molecule matters dominated, decreasing conjugative transfer frequency. At a concentration of 100 mg biochar/mL, the conjugative transfer efficiency of all treatments was lower than that of control. Compared with corn straw dissolved biochar, there were more transconjugants in pine sawdust dissolved biochar. Following treatment with 10 mg biochar/mL pine sawdust dissolved biochar, the number of transconjugants was at its maximum; approximately 7.3 folds higher than the control. We also explored mechanisms by which dissolved biochar impacts conjugative transfer. Due to the complex composition of dissolved biochar, its effects on the expression of conjugative transfer-related genes were also dynamic. This study investigates the ecological risk of biochar and guides its scientific application.

Life cycle assessment on automotive bumper: Scenario analysis based on End-of-Life vehicle recycling system in Japan.

In the last three decades, the increased use of plastics is rapidly becoming a global environmental issue, resulting in growing landfills, pollution of surrounding atmosphere, and possible greenhouse effect. The automotive industry, as a major demander of plastic materials, is starting to take responsibility on sustainable actions. Japan, as the world's top tier car manufacturing and dealing country, has been taking attempts to the proper dealings of used auto-plastic. This research aims to find out current situation of auto-plastic recycling industry after these attempts. Furthermore, this research compares pros and cons of each treatment and methods under treatment environmentally as well as economically from the point of recycling operators using life cycle assessment. Bumper is chosen as the target to represent auto-plastic because of their homogeneity of composition and relatively large share of weight among all auto-plastic parts. The result shows that material recycling amount is decreasing along with recent promotion demonstration. Top reason is that material recycling even reduces carbon emissions, costs far more than energy recovery, and that subsidy is given to energy recovery but not material recycling worsens the situation. Besides that, lack of cooperation between stakeholders on the demand of secondary plastic is impeding material recycling. Also, better scheme on how to separate auto-plastic and what kind would be separated should be noticed by the policymaker.

The sustainability assessment of CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) and the conversion of cropland to forestland program (CCFP) in the Water\u2013Energy\u2013Food (WEF) framework towards China\u2019s carbon neutrality by 2060

The global warming induced by the emission of greenhouse gases, especially the carbon dioxide, has become the global climate and environmental issues. China has been working in the CO2 emission reduction and carbon sinks with the purpose of becoming the carbon-neutral country by 2060. The CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) technologies and the reforestation technology represented by the Conversion of Cropland to Forestland Program (CCFP) have great potential for sinking CO2 emission. However, the trade-off among CCFP, CCS/CCUS and Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus are not well evaluated. In this paper, the remote-sensing data are collected and used to evaluate the sustainability of CCFP by analyzing the variation of land use and land cover (LULC), crop production, etc. The results show that 13.29% of the cropland in 2001 vanished and converted to grassland (8.3%), mosaic cropland (3%) and urban land (0.98%) in 2019, demonstrating that the CCFP is successful in both WEF nexus and carbon sink. The total crop production has increased around 50% between 2001 and 2019, implying that the CCFP will not lead to the food risk during the conversion of croplands into other types of land in China. A sustainable implementation of CCFP and other environmental Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) policies in 2019–2060 could reach an estimated total growth of 7.462 billion m3 in comparison of that in 2018 and the total plantation forest stock of about 10.852 billion m3 in 2060, with a corresponding minimum CO2 sink of 2.90 billion tons in 2060. The estimated peak of net equivalent CO2 emissions before 2030 is about 11.0 billion tons and could not be reduced to zero by 2060 without the large-scale application of the CCS/CCUS technologies as geological sequestration of CO2. Besides, the application of CCS/CCUS can be beneficial for WEF, e.g., through replacing the water by CO2 during energy production, especially in the shale gas production in the regions with high water risks in China. In one word, CCS/CCUS and CCFP are two decided pathways of carbon sequestration and should be systematically applied to achieve China’s carbon neutrality by 2060.

Solar Water Evaporation Toward Water Purification and Beyond

With the pressing global energy and environmental issues, solar water evaporation (SWE), which generates vapor using solar energy, emerges as a promising and sustainable approach, because of its diverse applications. Developing thermal- and water-management strategies through material and structural designs with novel functionalities has been demonstrated for improved performance of SWE-based systems. This Review summarizes the recent progress of SWE and its potential applications, ranging from water purification, to electricity generation, to steam sterilization, to evaporative cooling. Specifically, rational design principles of solar water evaporators are described from the aspect of energy management for high SWE rates. The material and system designs of the SWE-based water- and energy-related system are also discussed. Finally, we emphasize key challenges and opportunities both in fundamental research and practical applications for the future development of this promising technology.

Urban green and blue infrastructure: A critical analysis of research on developing countries

This article reviews the current status of research on urban green and blue infrastructure (GBI) in developing countries. We critically analyzed a total of 283 papers addressing urban GBI in selected developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), published between 2015 and 2019. The review aimed to a) analyze publication trends and typologies of urban GBI; b) identify innovative problem-solving measures using urban GBI, and c) understand priorities, differences and similarities in the deployment of urban GBI between the regions. The article identifies a growing interest in the urban GBI concept in the Global South, with a focus on local sustainable development. Urban GBI aims to address issues of urban greenery, land use policies, food security and poverty alleviation. There is a large variation in the number of articles across regions, with Asia, and particularly China, as the subject having a much larger number of publications when compared to LAC and Africa. We found that the focus of research topics varied between regions, reflecting regional development needs, so that urban agriculture research predominated in Africa, and green spaces and parks in Asia and LAC. GBI is still not implemented as a low-impact development or innovative strategy, except in China, where researchers have examined several cases of systemic GBI use for addressing urban issues. More recently, studies began exploring the linkages between nature and cities in light of global environmental issues such as biodiversity loss and climate change. We conclude with recommendations to further examine empirical evidence of urban GBI deployment and its outcomes in the Global South, that could contribute toward conceptualizing natural resource management in a multi-scalar, multi-dimensional, and multidisciplinary framework.

Impact of public support and government's policy on climate change in China

Climate change is a global environmental issue that would damage the natural and biological systems. Although there are many controversies about climate change, the temperature rise has become more and more obvious in the world since the 1990s. It is worthwhile to understand whether the public supports the government's policy on climate change and how public support affects climate change. A case study of the first-tier cities in China is done to explore these questions through questionnaire surveys. 3468 valid questionnaires from four first-tier cities in China were screened out are used for individual behavior analysis. The results show that the respondents' perceptions towards climate change in China are laxer than those in other countries, meanwhile, they hope that the government would respond to climate change actively. The influencing factors mainly include the demographic characteristics and their perception of climate change. Demographic characteristics are about gender, income, marital status, age, and whether they have children. Moreover, respondents' perception of climate change has a significant impact on their attitudes towards the government's policies for mitigating climate change. The conclusions are drawn based on the comparative analysis of the survey results and suggestions are put forward for making climate change policies.

Influence of Eco-art and the New Technologies on the Formation of Eco-Consciousness

The article addresses the problem of the effectiveness of eco-art as an instrument for the transformation of consciousness in the era of environmental crises. A number of eco-art projects focusing on threats to aquatic biodiversity that use digital technologies and data-driven approaches in interaction with biological organisms are considered. The features of eco-art with the use of new technologies and its impact on the formation of eco-consciousness are the subjectof the research. The aim of the study is to identify the features of the impact of eco-art projects on the formation of eco-consciousness in order to fundamentally rethink the principles of human interaction with nature. The objective of the paper isto review and analyze eco-art projects that use digital technologies in interaction with biological organisms and act as a catalyst for socio-cultural transformations. The methodology includes theoretical and field research on the topic “Dead zones. Global Data and the Local Ecosystem” at the research residence of IMéRA — the Institute for Advanced Study (IAS) in Marseilles, in the framowork of “Exter” international exchanges program of the Ukrainian Institute. The main employed method is a complex and systematic approach to the theory development, systematization of some generalizations, and their contextualization. An analysis of sources on the theory of deep ecology and eco-art, collected interviews, and video documentation were also used in the study, as well as photometric methods, comparative analysis of concepts, of structure and technological features of artistic realizations. A brief overview of the works by David Rothenberg, Natalie Jeremijenko, Tiare Ribeaux, Oksana Chepelyk, and others is given. The practice of Ukrainian eco-art in the framework of the exhibitions “Where Do We Go From Here?” and “Emergent Tributaries” in the Izolyatsia. Platform ofCultural Initiatives in Kyiv in 2018 are analyzed. These projects reflected global environmental issues, such as the relationship between man and nature, future visions and consequences of the exploitation of natural resources. The contexts in which international projects and Ukrainian works of eco-art emerge are described. The specifics of influence of eco-art and the new technologies on formation of eco-consciousness is outlined.

Volumetric monitoring of airborne particulate matter concentration using smartphone-based digital holographic microscopy and deep learning

Airborne particulate matter (PM) has become a global environmental issue. This PM has harmful effects on public health and precision industries. Conventional air-quality monitoring methods usually utilize expensive equipment, and they are cumbersome to handle for accurate and high throughput measurements. In addition, commercial particle counters have technical limitations in high-concentration measurement, and data fluctuations are induced during air sampling. In this study, a novel smartphone-based technique for monitoring airborne PM concentrations was developed using smartphone-based digital holographic microscopy (S-DHM) and deep learning network called Holo-SpeckleNet. Holographic speckle images of various PM concentrations were recorded by the S-DHM system. The recorded speckle images and the corresponding ground truth PM concentrations were used to train deep learning algorithms consisting of a deep autoencoder and regression layers. The performance of the proposed smartphone-based PM monitoring technique was validated through hyperparameter optimization. The developed S-DHM integrated with Holo-SpeckleNet can be smartly and effectively utilized for portable PM monitoring and safety alarm provision under perilous environmental conditions.

Environmental Issue in the Caucasus Mountains: Prospects for Solving the Issue

The modern stage in the development of civilization is characterized by the growth of contradictions between society and nature. In this regard, the study, the assessment, and the protection of biological and current landscape diversity have become a serious global environmental issue. The search for solutions is not merely an item of theoretical significance, but also great practical importance. This is not only a matter of the increasing pressure on various components of the anthropogenic environment and even on an entire ecosystem. At the same time, particularly regarding reform, there has been a clear shortage of theoretical and experimental studies of ecological systems at the regional and local levels.
 The Caucasus is noted for its high biodiversity and is among 200 priority regions. The North Caucasus is an integral part of the whole Caucasus, and currently is one of Russia’s most densely populated and developed regions.
 The region is facing a serious problem of developing a set of measures to maintain biological diversity, preserve biological resources, as well as optimize environmental management. Contemporary international studies (for example, the Johannesburg Memorandum, 2002) do not provide adequate tools for achieving the ideals of sustainable development, especially from a regional perspective. Classical ecology makes it possible to identify and formulate problems that threaten biodiversity. However, realistic and constructive proposals for their implementation have not yet been developed.
 The purpose of the study is to assess the current state of the ecosystems of the Caucasus Mountains for the development of ecological networks as the basis for the conservation of biological diversity.

Perspective of Spirulina culture with wastewater into a sustainable circular bioeconomy

Spirulina biomass accounts for 30% of the total algae biomass production globally. In conventional process of Spirulina biomass production, cultivation using chemical-based culture medium contributes 35% of the total production cost. Moreover, the environmental impact of cultivation stage is the highest among all the production stages which resulted from the extensive usage of chemicals and nutrients. Thus, various types of culture medium such as chemical-based, modified, and alternative culture medium with highlights on wastewater medium is reviewed on the recent advances of culture media for Spirulina cultivation. Further study is needed in modifying or exploring alternative culture media utilising waste, wastewater, or by-products from industrial processes to ensure the sustainability of environment and nutrients source for cultivation in the long term. Moreover, the current development of utilising wastewater medium only support the growth of Spirulina however it cannot eliminate the negative impacts of wastewater. In fact, the recent developments in coupling with wastewater treatment technology can eradicate the negative impacts of wastewater while supporting the growth of Spirulina. The application of Spirulina cultivation in wastewater able to resolve the global environmental pollution issues, produce value added product and even generate green electricity. This would benefit the society, business, and environment in achieving a sustainable circular bioeconomy.

Promoting equity in the use of algorithms for high-seas conservation

Promoting equity in the use of algorithms for high-seas conservation

New frontiers in Japanese Forest Policy: Addressing ecosystem disservices in the 21st century.

Forests are a potential solution to numerous global environmental issues, and their restoration is widely pursued. Forty percent of Japan's forests are planted forests. This has caused the common occurrence of forest ecosystem disservices in the country, like-wildlife damage, pollinosis, and driftwood damage. Forest policy processes in Japan are characterized by incrementalism, central mobilization, and hegemony of career civil servants. Responses to forest ecosystem disservices have changed the central mobilization policy pattern. Punctuated equilibrium theory can be applied to several policy processes in Japan, but it provides only limited explanation for policy responses to forest ecosystem disservices. The responses are influenced by national governance and public administration traditions and cultures. It is relevant to expand research on policy responses to forest ecosystem disservices, recognizing that ideal responses may require unusual approaches not within traditional policy making or outside of established policy cultures.

(Invited) Highly Active OER Electrodes Derived from Fe-Doped Ni Oxyfluoride Formed by Anodizing of NiFe Electrodeposits

Because of the limited availability of fossil fuels and pertinent global environmental issues, hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting using renewable resources is an important alternative for future energy economies. For efficient alkaline water electrolysis to produce hydrogen, we need to develop highly active and durable electrocatalysts, particularly for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) because of high overpotential. Anodizing of metals and alloys is a promising means of directly fabricating an OER electrocatalyst on a metallic current collector. Binder-free electrocatalysts are readily formed by anodizing. Since Fe-doped Ni oxyhydroxides and hydroxides are recently reported as highly active OER electrocatalysts in alkaline media. Here, we report anodizing of NiFe electrodeposits in fluoride-containing ethylene glycol electrolyte and the conversion of resultant nanoporous Fe-doped Ni oxyfluoride to highly OER active hydroxide during OER (1).NiFe alloy films containing 7.2 – 21.1 at% Fe were obtained by electrodeposition on Ni substrate. Then, the alloys were anodized at 10 V in ethylene glycol electrolyte containing ammonium fluoride and water. The anodizing developed a porous layer consisting of crystalline NiF2 phase. XPS analysis revealed the presence of Fe and O as well as Ni and Fe. Thus, porous Fe-doped Ni oxyfluoride was developed by anodizing. The as-anodized NiFe alloys were initially less active for OER in 1.0 mol dm-3 KOH, but during potential cycling to OER potential, the OER activity was gradually enhanced. The enhancement was dependent upon Fe content, and the highest activity was obtained for the Ni-11.8 at% Fe. After activation, the porous layer was converted to amorphous hydroxide, and the fluoride content was highly reduced. Thus, anodically formed Fe-doped oxyfluoride on the NiFe electrodeposits is a suitable precursor of highly active OER electrocatalyst. The galvanostatic durability test exhibited the stable overpotential, disclosing the high durability of this electrocatalyst.Reference N. Yamada, S. Kitano, Y. Yato, D. Kowalski, Y. Aoki and H. Habazaki, ACS Applied Energy Materials, in press, doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.0c02362.

Coupling of quantile regression into boosted regression trees (BRT) technique in forecasting emission model of PM10 concentration

Air pollution is currently becoming a significant global environmental issue. The sources of air pollution in Malaysia are mobile or stationary. Motor vehicles are one of the mobile sources. Stationary sources originated from emissions caused by urban development, quarrying and power plants and petrochemical. The most noticeable contaminant in the Peninsular of Malaysia is the particulate matter (PM10), the highest contributor of Air Pollution Index (API) compared to other pollution parameters. The aim of this study is to determine the best loss function between quantile regression (QR) and ordinary least squares (OLS) using boosted regression tree (BRT) for the prediction of PM10 concentration in Alor Setar, Klang and Kota Bharu, Malaysia. Model comparison statistics using coefficient of determination (R2), prediction accuracy (PA), index of agreement (IA), normalized absolute error (NAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) show that QR is slightly better than OLS with the performance of R2 (0.60–0.73), PA (0.78–0.85), IA (0.86–0.92), NAE (0.15–0.17) and RMSE (9.52–22.15) for next-day predictions in BRT model.

Current trends in global nursing: A scoping review.

AimThis review aimed to elucidate research trends in global nursing in international literature.DesignA scoping literature review of the PRISMA was used to guide the review.MethodsPubMed was used to search for English articles published in academic journals between 2016–2018. The search keywords were “global/international/world nursing.” We used thematic synthesis to analyse and interpret the data and generated topics for global nursing literature.ResultsIn total, 133 articles were analysed. Six topics emerged: (a) conceptualization of global nursing, (b) environmental health, (c) infectious diseases, (d) security efforts, (e) global shortage of nursing personnel and (f) diversification of study abroad programmes. The results of this review reflect today's serious international health, labour and global environmental issues. Based on these latest global nursing topics, it is necessary to develop new strategies, nursing models and environment‐related theories to create and maintain a healthy environment.

Effects of drift algae accumulation and nitrate loading on nitrogen cycling in a eutrophic coastal sediment

The permeable (sandy) sediments that dominate the world's coastlines and continental shelves are highly exposed to nitrogen pollution, predominantly due to increased urbanisation and inefficient agricultural practices. This leads to eutrophication, accumulation of drift algae and changes in the reactions of nitrogen, including the potential to produce the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O). Nitrogen pollution in coastal systems has been identified as a global environmental issue, but it remains unclear how this nitrogen is stored and processed by permeable sediments. We investigated the interaction of drift algae biomass and nitrate (NO3−) exposure on nitrogen cycling in permeable sediments that were impacted by high nitrogen loading. We treated permeable sediments with increasing quantities of added macroalgal material and NO3− and measured denitrification, dissimilatory NO3− reduction to ammonium (DNRA), anammox, and nitrous oxide (N2O) production, alongside abundance of marker genes for nitrogen cycling and microbial community composition by metagenomics. We found that the presence of macroalgae dramatically increased DNRA and N2O production in sediments without NO3− treatment, concomitant with increased abundance of nitrate-ammonifying bacteria (e.g. Shewanella and Arcobacter). Following NO3− treatment, DNRA and N2O production dropped substantially while denitrification increased. This is explained by a shift in the relative abundance of nitrogen-cycling microorganisms under different NO3− exposure scenarios. Decreases in both DNRA and N2O production coincided with increases in the marker genes for each step of the denitrification pathway (narG, nirS, norB, nosZ) and a decrease in the DNRA marker gene nrfA. These shifts were accompanied by an increased abundance of facultative denitrifying lineages (e.g. Pseudomonas and Marinobacter) with NO3− treatment. These findings identify new feedbacks between eutrophication and greenhouse gas emissions, and in turn have potential to inform biogeochemical models and mitigation strategies for marine eutrophication.

Treatment-level impacts of microplastic exposure may be confounded by variation in individual-level responses in juvenile fish

Microplastic (MP) pollution is a key global environmental issue and laboratory exposure studies on aquatic biota are proliferating at an exponential rate. However, most research is limited to treatment-level effects, ignoring that there may be substantial within-population variation in responses to anthropogenic stressors. MP exposure experiments often reveal considerable, yet largely overlooked, inter-individual variation in particle uptake within concentration treatments. Here, we investigated to what degree treatment-level responses to MP exposure may be affected by variation in MP ingestion rates in the early life stages of a marine fish, the Gilt-head seabream, Sparus aurata. First, we tested whether MP ingestion variation is repeatable. Second, we assessed to what degree this variation may determine individual-level effects of MP exposure on fitness-related behavioural performance (i.e., escape response). We found that consistent inter-individual variation in MP ingestion was prevalent and led to differential impacts within exposure treatments. Individuals with high MP ingestion rates exhibited markedly inferior escape responses, a result that was partially concealed in treatment-level analyses. Our findings show that the measured response of populations to environmental perturbations could be confounded by variation in individual-level responses and that the explicit integration of MP ingestion variation can reveal cryptic patterns during exposure experiments.

Electrospinning fabrication of polystyrene-silica hybrid fibrous membrane for high-efficiency air filtration

The development of new materials for air filtration and particulate matter (PM) pollution is critical to solving global environmental issues that threaten human health and accelerate the greenhouse effect. In this study, a novel electrospun polystyrene-SiO2 nanoparticle (PS-SNP) fibrous membrane was explored by a single-step strategy to obtain the composite multi-layered filter masks. In addition, the air filtration performance of this fibrous membrane for PM was evaluated. The effects of SiO2 on the composition, morphology, mechanical property, and surface wetting of PS-SNP membranes were studied. Allowing SiO2 to be incorporated into the PS polymer was endowed with promising superhydrophobicity and demonstrated excellent mechanical properties. As-prepared PS-SNP membranes possess significantly better filtration efficiency than pure PS membrane. Furthermore, a three-layered air filter media (viscose/PS-SNP/polyethylene terephthalate) used in this study has considerable performances compared to the commercial masks. Since this air filtration membrane has excellent features such as high air filtration and permeability, we anticipate it to have huge potential application in air filtration systems, including cleanroom, respirator, and protective clothing.