As mineral-resource security has become a pillar of global diplomacy and defence, Greenland has emerged as a focal point for Western efforts to diversify supply chains. The island’s unique geology contains 24 of the European Union’s 34 critical raw materials, including world-class deposits of rare-earth elements (REEs), graphite and platinum-group metals. However, the path to production is fraught with challenges. While the United States has displayed interest in territorial acquisition, including President Donald Trump’s 2026 suggestion of annexation, strategic partnerships and private-sector investments, such as in Greenland’s Tanbreez REE project, offer a more viable alternative to access the island’s resources. However, exploitation remains complicated by Greenland’s interest in its own resource sovereignty and strict environmental guidelines, alongside significant infrastructural challenges and harsh Arctic logistics. Ultimately, Greenland offers a high-reward but high-risk opportunity for Western mineral-resource resilience, one that must be balanced against the opportunities and challenges of extending domestic Western production elsewhere.

ABSTRACT All India Radio projected national identity through external music broadcasts. This study critiques Keskar’s AIR policy favoring Hindustani classical music, entrenching caste/class and religious hierarchies. The research question is how AIR calibrated its external broadcasts to different diasporic and foreign listeners according to caste/class hierarchies, diaspora status, and foreign policy priorities in the postcolonial period after India’s independence. The article contributes to post-colonial transnational and broadcast studies by revealing AIR’s stratified global diplomacy, differentiating diasporic and foreign listeners by class/caste and geopolitics beyond undifferentiated soft power. The theoretical framework adopted in this article is of Bourdieu’s cultural capital, intersectionality, and Appadurai’s mediascapes to frame AIR’s stratified broadcasts.

HRMARS - This study investigates how linguistic choices function as symbolic capital to construct political authority and shape global diplomacy in the national statements of Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines at 29th United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP29). Grounded in Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) focusing on lexical, rhetorical, and stylistic features, and informed by Bourdieu’s theory of language and power, and Hall’s model of contextual communication model, the study examines how Southeast Asian leaders navigate an English dominant ‘linguistic market’. A comparative analysis reveals distinct discursive strategies: Malaysia employed moral and diplomatic lexicon to establish moral authority; Singapore relied on technical and collaborative rhetoric to project pragmatic leadership; and the Philippines drew on cultural to assert empathetic authority. These linguistic strategies, functioning as language capital, shaped debates on climate finance and the Loss and Damage Fund. The study contributes to political discourse theory and diplomatic practice by demonstrating how non-native English-speaking leaders strategically convert their national habitus into diplomatic resource in English-dominated international forums.

Central to this study is an exploration of the multifaceted nature of India-Russia relations, encompassing four primary domains: political engagement, economic cooperation, defense collaboration, and energy security. Each of these pillars has witnessed significant developments, as well as constraints, against the backdrop of an increasingly multipolar world order and rising uncertainties in global diplomacy.

ASEAN plays a vital role in maintaining political stability in Southeast Asia, yet its effectiveness is often limited by policy implementation challenges. This study adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing literature review and policy analysis to assess ASEAN’s mechanisms for conflict resolution. Through case studies on the South China Sea dispute and the Myanmar political crisis, the research highlights ASEAN’s diplomatic limitations, the impact of political diversity among member states, and the constraints of its non-intervention principle. Findings suggest that ASEAN’s consensus-based model weakens its ability to address regional conflicts decisively. The study recommends strengthening policy enforcement mechanisms, enhancing international cooperation, and reconsidering the non-intervention policy to improve ASEAN’s conflict resolution effectiveness. Reforming ASEAN’s governance structure is essential to strengthening its role in regional stability and global diplomacy. Keywords: ASEAN; Conflict Resolution; Non-Intervention; Political Stability; Regional Security

The growing complexity of global diplomacy and ethical governance urges scholars to revisit Islamic legal reasoning as a moral compass in international relations. This study aims to analyze the 2024 Fatwa of the Indonesian Council of Ulama (MUI) on the Principles of International Relations through the framework of maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah. Using a qualitative normative approach, the research examines theological foundations, juridical arguments, and ethical implications by comparing the fatwa’s substance with classical Islamic legal sources and contemporary global ethics. The findings indicate that the fatwa operationalizes maqāṣidic principles such as justice, the preservation of life, and human dignity, affirming Islam’s compatibility with universal humanitarian norms. It further positions Islamic jurisprudence as a constructive partner in global governance through moral diplomacy grounded in compassion and fairness. The integration of maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah within diplomatic frameworks highlights its potential to guide ethical policymaking and promote global solidarity. Ultimately, the fatwa redefines the role of Islamic law in shaping inclusive and humane diplomacy, offering a normative model for ethical engagement in international affairs.

Diplomatic interpreting is a highly sensitive form of mediated political communication in which linguistic choices are inseparable from power, ideology, and international relations. Drawing on speech act theory, this study examines Chinese-English interpreting during the 2021 China-US High-Level Strategic Dialogue, using the Chinese interpreters’ renditions as a qualitative corpus. By analyzing how locutionary and illocutionary force is rendered and strategically adjusted in interpretation, the study explores interpreters’ agency in conveying China’s diplomatic stance, managing confrontation, and shaping international discourse. The findings suggest that interpreters operate not merely as neutral transmitters of meaning, but as active discursive agents whose linguistic decisions contribute to the construction of diplomatic authority and national image. This study contributes to critical humanistic social theory by demonstrating how micro-level interpreting practices participate in broader structures of power and ideological contestation in global diplomacy.

Background. In today’s globalized world, Global Health Diplomacy (GHD) plays an increasingly vital role, as cross-border health threats demand coordinated, multilateral responses. For Ukraine—especially in the context of full-scale war and the challenges of post-war recovery—GHD serves as a key mechanism for integration into global cooperation frameworks, attracting international support, and building soft power through humanitarian and health-focused diplomacy. Modern GHD encompasses several interconnected approaches, each shaped by the nature of participating actors, strategic objectives, and the political context of engagement. Core models include classical diplomacy, multilateral diplomacy, and health security diplomacy, which often function in parallel and complement one another, depending on global and regional dynamics. Aim: To analyze the state of evolution and modern approaches to global diplomacy in the field of health, with an emphasis on its strategic importance for Ukraine in the context of pandemics, war, humanitarian crisis and post-war reconstruction. Research methods. Interdisciplinary systemic approach, combining the method of system analysis, comparative method, case analysis method, documentary analysis, and elements of SWOT analysis. Results. A SWOT analysis of GHD approaches highlighted both opportunities and challenges for Ukraine. In recent years, the country has intensified its involvement in global health initiatives, combining domestic reforms with international cooperation. Partnerships with WHO, UNICEF, GAVI, and the Global Fund were established, along with integration into the European health and financial space. Since the start of the full-scale war, GHD has become a key tool for responding to humanitarian and health crises. Scientific and mental health diplomacy have emerged as strategic directions, making GHD an important platform for international coordination and advancing Ukraine’s foreign policy goals through health-focused actions. Conclusions. Effective health diplomacy requires cross-sectoral coordination, professional capacity-building, and sustained political support. Ukraine has succeeded in mobilizing humanitarian aid, evacuating patients, and maintaining its healthcare system through active cooperation with international partners. GHD has emerged as a tool of soft power, enhancing Ukraine’s international image and creating opportunities for recovery through joint programs and participation in European health initiatives. In addition, scientific and medical diplomacy facilitates the integration of Ukrainian institutions into the European research space and strengthens the country’s engagement in global discussions on health, biosecurity, and ethics.

This study aims to identify and analyze the types of illocutionary speech acts used in the speech delivered by Indonesia's Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Anis Matta, at the Preparatory Meeting of the Extraordinary Summit of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and the Arab League, held in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, on November 10, 2024. The study employs a pragmatic approach based on John Searle’s theory of speech acts. This speech is fascinating to examine due to its use of Arabic in an international forum and its emphasis on the strategic issue of Palestine. The research method employed is a descriptive qualitative approach, utilizing observation and note-taking techniques for data collection. The research findings reveal five types of illocutionary acts based on Searle’s classification: 4 assertive acts in the form of complaints, conclusions, and affirmations; 6 directive acts in the form of invitations, questions, and prayers; 1 commissive act expressing commitment or intention; 2 expressive acts in the form of gratitude and empathy; and two declarative acts that aim to change political status. These illocutionary acts express political convictions, call for collective action, reaffirm Indonesia’s commitment, foster solidarity, and challenge international structures. In the context of global diplomacy, they function as strategic tools to shape narratives, influence opinion, and strengthen Indonesia’s role in supporting Palestine.

The complexity of immigration administration regulations is a strategic challenge in maintaining state sovereignty while meeting the demands of globalization. Layered, overlapping, and asynchronous regulations between agencies often cause legal uncertainty, convoluted bureaucracy, and reduce the effectiveness of public services. This condition has an impact on declining public satisfaction, weakening institutional accountability, and opening up loopholes for maladministration and potential abuse of authority. In the context of globalization, cross-border human mobility is increasing, both due to economic, educational, tourism, and international migration factors, thus demanding simpler, adaptive, and responsive regulations. In addition, the complexity of regulations also has direct implications for national security aspects, especially in dealing with transnational threats such as terrorism, human trafficking, and abuse of residence permits. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach through literature studies and regulatory studies. The analysis shows that regulatory harmonization, the use of digital technology, and community involvement are key factors to reduce complexity while increasing the effectiveness of immigration governance. Regulatory reform is not just an administrative step, but a national policy strategy to strengthen public services, improve the image of global diplomacy, and maintain national security stability in the midst of increasingly complex global dynamics.

This article examines the 2001 Anthrax attacks as a turning point in US counterterrorism strategy, emphasizing how the event redefined biological threats as matters of national security. Using information from intelligence reports, how governments have responded to this, and a theoretical framework based on Michel Foucault's idea of biopolitics, this study looks at intelligence failures and the move from reacting to counterterrorism to being proactive. The securitization of health is explored as a means by which microbial threats can be transformed into strategic tools for state control, with consequences for civil liberties, global diplomacy, and public trust. The article argues that bioterrorism, particularly the anthrax case, should be understood not only as a security breach, but also as a political event that altered the way in which the state governs life. By doing so, the study contributes to a deeper understanding of how non-traditional threats can reshape security frameworks in the modern era concerning to the topic discussed.

This paper analyzed the Power Gap Paradox, the middle tier states’ perception of their power and their foreign policy success class disconnect. This study goes beyond traditional measures of power and incorporates material, institutional, and ideational power as described in the Asia Power Index (2024), Global Diplomacy Index (2024), V-Dem Democracy Report (2025), and Global Soft Power Index (2025). This research uses Germany, India, and Turkey as case studies and explores how strategic culture, domestic narratives and structural constraints influence the translation of power into influence. This study finds that middle powers politics lack the ambition to match their means, and thus underperformance is predictable: Germany lacks sufficient ambition in the face of power, India is caught in ambition whose means are bureaucratically organized and Turkey is overambitious and status-frenzied. From a quantitative perspective, misperceptions (overconfidence and underconfidence) in foreign policy significantly disconnected the outcomes from the real foreign policymaking capabilities. This study integrates the realist perspective of power as capability, and a constructivist perspective of power as identity, to build the relational, perceptive and performative theory of power and suggests that middle powers engage in institutional revision, strategic adaptability and outcome measurement to bridge ambition and means to convert symbolic prestige into sustained influence in a multipolar world.

This article examines the theoretical foundations of sociolinguistics and its significance in international diplomatic communication. It explores the interrelation between language, social structures, cultural identity, and power. The study also analyzes code-switching, multilingualism, the relationship between language and gender, and the role of English in global diplomacy from a sociolinguistic perspective. The article argues that language should be understood as a central construct shaping and reflecting social realities, rather than a neutral or autonomous system.

ABSTRACT This article examines how Palestinian national identity is discursively constructed in presidential speeches delivered at the United Nations between 1974 and 2023. Using Wodak ’s Discourse-Historical Approach, the analysis explores five interrelated themes adapted from De Cillia, Reisigl, and Wodak: national belonging, shared political history, common culture, political vision, and territorial identity. Focusing on the institutional voice of leadership through Yasser Arafat and Mahmoud Abbas, the study analyses the official English translations of their Arabic speeches as performative acts of identity construction in global diplomacy. The findings show that Palestinian presidential rhetoric draws on historical continuity, legal discourse, and collective memory to assert legitimacy and differentiate national identity from external forces. While Arafat emphasized revolutionary resistance, Abbas adopted a legalistic and diplomatic tone; both relied on constructive and perpetuation strategies to link past struggles with ongoing aspirations for statehood.

Abstract This response to the Manifesto for New Diplomatic History ( ndh ) endorses its critique of Eurocentrism and its calls for greater inclusivity and interdisciplinarity. However, as a geographer, I foreground the importance of geographical scale and caution against power-laden implications of concepts like global diplomacy. As diplomatic historians are increasingly drawn to the study of practices, informality, and subaltern voices, expanding the concept of diplomacy to more diverse actors and settings, the question arises as to where the limits of inclusion might lie. I suggest that diplomatic training is a useful place to explore the politics and mediation of the limits of diplomacy, and draw on my recent work in this area to outline new concepts, new sources and new methods that might serve to further extend ndh . It demonstrates how interdisciplinary methods can expose enduring hierarchies – such as linguistic divides in African diplomacy – and recover marginalized diplomatic histories.

The global diplomacy of governing military artificial intelligence

The current foreign policy of the Government of India, led by Prime Minister NarendraModi is a significant shift from the past, both in manner as well as in essence. This is denoted by a more positive and confident strategic perspective with the objective of positioning India as a major global force or as a “Vishvabandhu” (friend of the world). The fundamental doctrine is often summarized as “Multi-Alignment”—based on issue-based convergence, not following a single force, but rather creating strategic partnerships with several countries. The current foreign policy of the Government of India is practical, insistent and dynamic. This has enabled India to transfigure from its periphery into a nation playing a highly significant role in global geopolitics. Having practiced multi-alignment proficiently, India has overseen critical steps to establish relations with all major powers, while simultaneously rigorously defending its own strategic independency. The eventual purpose is clear: to create an external environment that favors India’s economic growth, provides its position as a major force, and gets its due respect in the multipolar world. In this context the present research paper seeks to initiate a qualitative enquiry into India’s stance on the ongoing geopolitical conflicts which have been making headlines globally like the Russia-Ukraine War, the Gaza Conflict and the Israel-Iran War. This paper presents the strategic viewpoint of India on the current international tensions which can act as a guide for other nations aspiring to emerge as an influential force in global diplomacy.

In the political confrontation between the Emperor Frederick II and Pope Innocent IV, both sides sought allies not only in the West but also in the East, and the search was not fruitless. A comparative analysis of contemporary Latin, Rus, and Mongol sources shows that the split and confrontation between the Holy Roman Empire and the Church took place while the Mongols were making preparations for a new campaign of conquest against the West. Alarming rumours about Frederick’s readiness to take assistance from Mongol forces based in Rus reflected the diplomatic preparations for a new Western campaign, announced by Güyük Khan. In addition to the Holy Roman Emperor and the pope, the Latin emperor of Constantinople, Baldwin II, King Louis IX of France, King Béla IV of Hungary, and the Rus prince Daniel Romanovich were also tied into the wide diplomatic network of the Mongols, whose aim was to intensify the divisions between the rulers of the West and pressure them into peace agreements on their terms.

This study analyzes Indonesia's legal efforts against the violation of diplomatic immunity due to the wiretapping of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia (KBRI) in Yangon, Myanmar in June 2004. The incident violated Article 22 and Article 27 of the 1961 Vienna Convention, as eavesdropping devices were found in the Ambassador's office and diplomatic communication cables, which undermined the principles of inviolability and freedom of communication. This study uses a descriptive qualitative research method used with a juridical-normative approach based on literature studies from primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings show that Myanmar has neglected to carry out its diplomatic protection obligations, so the recipient country is obliged to be held internationally responsible through compensation, apologies, or improvement of security procedures in accordance with the provisions of the International Law Commission Draft Articles on State Responsibility and the Principle of Responsiveness The Indonesian State chooses a settlement through peaceful diplomatic channels, including formal negotiations and protests, in accordance with the spirit of ASEAN and Article 33 of the UN Charter. However, its effectiveness depends on Myanmar's good faith to improve the protection system of diplomatic facilities and provide assurance that similar incidents do not recur. This study confirms the importance of strengthening international legal mechanisms in maintaining the integrity of bilateral relations and the reputation of global diplomacy.

China, one of the world's oldest civilizations, has undergone a remarkable transformation from an agrarian society to a global superpower. This article provides a comprehensive overview of China's cultural foundations, historical progression, and contemporary realities. It traces the origins of Chinese civilization along the Yellow River, highlighting the influence of early dynasties, philosophical traditions like Confucianism and Daoism, and the intertwining of religion and governance. The article explores China's cultural richness and regional diversity, encompassing language, cuisine, art forms, and literature. It chronicles the major dynastic eras, from the unifying Qin Dynasty to the cosmopolitan Tang, innovative Song, and the last imperial Qing Dynasty. The 20th century brought profound upheavals, including the fall of imperial rule, the rise of the Communist Party, and the far-reaching reforms of Deng Xiaoping. China's modern identity is characterized by rapid urbanization, technological advancement, and environmental challenges. The article also examines China's social structure, global diplomacy, and prospects, emphasizing the balance between tradition and innovation. Understanding China requires appreciating its cultural depth, recognizing its modern transformation, and acknowledging its growing global influence as it shapes its destiny and the world around it.