In this paper, we first introduce and study the notion of [Formula: see text]-projective modules via strongly Lucas modules, and then investigate the [Formula: see text]-global dimension [Formula: see text]-gl.dim[Formula: see text] of a ring [Formula: see text]. We obtain that if [Formula: see text] is a [Formula: see text]-Noetherian ring, then [Formula: see text]-gl.dim[Formula: see text]-gl.dim[Formula: see text]gl.dim[Formula: see text]. Finally, we study the rings over which all modules are [Formula: see text]-projective (i.e., [Formula: see text]-semisimple rings). In particular, we show that a ring [Formula: see text] is a [Formula: see text]-semisimple ring if and only if [Formula: see text] (or [Formula: see text], or [Formula: see text]) is a semisimple ring, if and only if [Formula: see text] is a reduced ring with [Formula: see text] finite, if and only if every reg-injective (or semireg-injective, or Lucas, or strongly Lucas) module is injective.

This study examines the impact of globalization on divorce rates using panel data from 120 countries between 1970 and 2017. Drawing on Ulrich Beck’s risk society framework, it explores how globalization promotes individual autonomy and adaptive life choices while amplifying social and emotional uncertainties, destabilizing traditional family structures. Using a one‑way fixed‑effects model with country‑clustered standard errors, supplemented by robustness checks, the analysis considers economic, social, and political dimensions of globalization. The results show that social globalization has the strongest association with rising divorce rates, as cultural diffusion enhances individual autonomy, gender equality, and freedom of choice. Economic globalization also contributes by altering labor structures and household interdependence, while political globalization—through expanded personal rights—reinforces these effects more modestly. Globalization’s impact is greater in developed and Western societies, where greater financial independence and individualistic values facilitate marital dissolution. The implications, limitations, and future research directions are also discussed.

This research note introduces a scenario-based interview technique to investigate wildlife value orientations within China's distinct sociocultural context. Standard qualitative methods often struggle to elicit authentic insights in cross-cultural settings, especially where abstract concepts like “values” lack linguistic or conceptual equivalence. Through six carefully constructed, culturally resonant, and context-rich scenarios, the study revealed latent values underpinning human–wildlife interactions in China, highlighting culturally grounded orientations such as hierarchical harmony, pragmatic consumption, and deference to authority, dimensions often overlooked in Western-centric frameworks. Findings demonstrate that scenario-based techniques effectively capture latent value systems and illuminate participants' underlying reasoning processes. This methodological approach offers significant implications for conservation professionals and researchers seeking context-sensitive tools to inform culturally appropriate wildlife management and policy strategies, underscoring the necessity of culturally attuned methods in global human dimensions of wildlife research.

This study aims to analyze the pedagogical challenges in integrating the "Global Diversity" (Kebinekaan Global) dimension of the Pancasila Student Profile into Civics Education (PKN) learning within schools characterized by homogeneous student demographics (based on religion or ethnicity). The research employs a qualitative descriptive method with a case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with Civics teachers, classroom observations, and curriculum document analysis at a homogenous private school. The results indicate that the primary challenge lies in the "experience gap"; students possess cognitive knowledge of diversity but lack the affective and psychomotor skills to interact with different groups due to the exclusive school environment. Teachers face difficulties in contextualizing learning materials because of the absence of direct examples of diversity in the school ecosystem. Furthermore, there is a tendency for "in-group bias" which hinders the internalization of inclusive values. The study concludes that Civics learning in homogeneous schools requires intervention through digital-based learning media and inter-school collaboration programs to present a virtual experience of diversity, ensuring that Global Diversity is not merely a theoretical concept but a lived value.

ABSTRACT Smart contracts (SCs), appended to a blockchain, protect digital environments and their resources, processes and structures, reducing mismatches between legal and actual rights and ownership. They enhance digital resilience by improving transparency, traceability and trust in digital transactions. Utilizing SCs requires businesses to adapt their models, revenue streams and customer relationships. For small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), SCs present challenges, requiring proactive decision‐making for their effective utilization and the trade‐offs involved. By employing the integrated multilayer ISM‐MICMAC‐SWARA framework (Interpretive Structural Modelling, Cross‐Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification and Stepwise Weight Assessment Ratio Analysis), we explain the complex interrelationships among the challenges and propose mitigating risk management strategies. We identify technical limitations and human errors as key drivers, confidentiality and manipulation as linkage challenges and fraud and hacking as dependence challenges. These findings highlight the interconnected nature of the challenges and their impact on SMEs, and we emphasize the need for targeted resilience strategies. Our research highlights the global dimension of SC adoption. When deploying SCs, SMEs must navigate international regulations, cross‐border transactions and cultural diversity. This global perspective informs smart contracts' strategic, business and organizational aspects. Our findings offer insights for academics, industry leaders, managers and policymakers seeking to understand the potential and risks of adopting SCs in SMEs.

Arguably, the European Union’s most basic good is its capacity to effectively deal with problems that have a European or global dimension. Whilst effective public policies depend on so much else than the existence of an appropriate constitutional framework, the constitutional design is an important contributing factor. The EU’s constitutional design displays a number of constraints limiting the EU’s capacity to act, such as the legal basis requirement or the unanimity rule on Council decision-making. Formal institutional reforms to preserve the EU’s capacity to act are difficult and politically unlikely, but the recent institutional practice shows that the EU’s capacity to act in the face of crises and new challenges can be preserved thanks to creative legal interpretations of the constitutional text.

Arguably, the European Union’s most basic good is its capacity to effectively deal with problems that have a European or global dimension. Whilst effective public policies depend on so much else than the existence of an appropriate constitutional framework, the constitutional design is an important contributing factor. The EU’s constitutional design displays a number of constraints limiting the EU’s capacity to act, such as the legal basis requirement or the unanimity rule on Council decision-making. Formal institutional reforms to preserve the EU’s capacity to act are difficult and politically unlikely, but the recent institutional practice shows that the EU’s capacity to act in the face of crises and new challenges can be preserved thanks to creative legal interpretations of the constitutional text.

This paper explores the concept of the green economy as a vehicle for sustainable development by integrating environmental protection, social equity, and economic growth. The global imperative to address climate change, resource depletion, and ecological degradation has brought renewed attention to the role of media, policy, and local practices in transitioning toward a green economy. The study investigates global policy challenges, environmental and economic dimensions of green economy practices, case studies of successful and failed transitions, and an in-depth analysis of Oklahoma’s experience across energy, agriculture, and infrastructure sectors. Lessons are drawn for Armenia’s policy future based on both global and subnational models. The paper concludes by emphasizing adaptive policy design, stakeholder engagement, and international support as cornerstones of successful green economy strategies.

The article examines the transformation of communication strategies of theosophical communities in the context of the evolution of the information environment from the late 19th century to the present day. The theosophical movement is viewed as a phenomenon that combines spiritual-philosophical, cultural, and communicative dimensions and acts as a mediator between Eastern and Western traditions. An analysis of the communicative forms of popularising theosophical knowledge allows us to trace how the ideas of universal unity, self-knowledge and spiritual improvement were adapted in the Ukrainian cultural environment, in particular how they were perceived, reinterpreted and integrated into the philosophical, artistic and educational space. The Theosophical movement has been constantly adapting its communication strategies to changes in the information space – from handwritten and printed publications to digital platforms and social media, from the activities of intellectual circles in the late 19th and early 20th centuries to contemporary cultural and educational initiatives. In the Ukrainian context, the continuity of theosophical ideas can be traced from the first centres in Odessa and Kyiv to contemporary forms of cultural and educational activity. This process demonstrates how the spiritual heritage of theosophy has become an integral part of Ukrainian humanistic culture and contributes to the formation of a dialogue between the past and the present, between the local and global dimensions of spiritual experience. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive analysis of the evolution of communication strategies of theosophical communities as part of the history of spiritual culture in Ukraine in the context of global integration processes. For the first time, an attempt has been made to reveal the role of the Ukrainian theosophical environment as an active participant in global cultural and information exchange and to combine historical, cultural, philosophical and communicative approaches in order to understand theosophy as a synergistic phenomenon of spiritual culture. The author’s priority is to formulate his own interpretation of theosophy as an open communicative system capable of ensuring intercultural and interreligious dialogue, as well as to highlight Ukraine's contribution to the development of the global theosophical movement and its contemporary transformation. The results of the study can be used for further analysis of spiritual and cultural movements in the context of the latest information technologies.

The purpose of this study is to compare social studies books in the Sultanate of Oman and the Kingdom of Bahrain to identify the degree of inclusion of global citizenship values. A quantitative approach was used to analyze the curriculum, which depended on a content analysis card spread across six key values (belonging to humanity, respect for human rights, global peace, tolerance, dialogue, and maintenance of the global environment). The findings indicate a high degree of inclusion of global citizenship values in social studies curricula in both countries. (68.5%) in the Sultanate of Oman "global environmental conservation value" topped by a percentage (24%), while in the Kingdom of Bahrain (97.9%), the "value of respect for human rights" came to the forefront (41.8%). These findings are consistent with similarities in the two countries' interest in incorporating the values of global citizenship and the content of the two books focused on the value of maintaining the international environment, while the rest of the sub-values were as follows: (Solidarity and empathy towards issues with global impact, practicing religious observances, supporting the peaceful resolution of international conflicts, accepting the other citizen, listening carefully without interrupting). These results indicate some differences between the degree of inclusion and distribution across different main values. The values are higher in the Kingdom of Bahrain's book, whose book is titled "Citizenship and Human Rights". On the other hand, the Sultanate of Oman's book focused more on the global dimension. It is recommended that the curriculum focuses on the values of global citizenship in educational content and images, providing opportunities for students to integrate values into their lives as global citizens through educational and enriching activities. Keywords: Global Citizenship, Values, Social Studies Curriculum

ABSTRACT This paper examines the changing dynamics of diaspora policies, with a specific focus on comparing the policies of Türkiye and Kazakhstan. With globalisation enhancing human mobility, migration has become a critical aspect of international discourse, influenced by various factors including political turmoil and armed conflicts. This has led to the emergence of diasporas as significant actors in global politics, with increasing academic interest in state–diaspora relations. The research begins by drawing on the concept of diaspora up to this day. Subsequently, it examines Türkiye's approach to managing its diaspora, analysing the historical, legal and institutional frameworks that shape its interactions with Turkish nationals and descendants abroad. It then delves into Kazakhstan's diaspora strategies, offering a parallel evaluation of the government's engagement with Kazakhs living overseas. The study further investigates collaborative efforts between Türkiye and Kazakhstan, particularly within the framework of the Organisation of Turkic States (OTS) and its Turkic diaspora programme. By focusing on joint meetings, educational initiatives and shared experiences, this research highlights the global dimensions of Kazakh–Turkish partnership. The findings aim to contribute to the academic literature on diaspora policy and provide a foundation for future research on the changing nature of state–diaspora relations in the context of international politics.

This study examines how global service quality frameworks can be culturally adapted to the Philippine hospitality context through the integration of the Filipino Brand of Service Excellence (FBSE) 7Ms. Anchored in service quality theory and market orientation theory, the research addresses the limited cultural sensitivity of widely used models such as SERVQUAL, SERVPERF, and the Grönroos model when applied in culturally embedded service environments. A qualitative synthesis review design was employed, drawing on peer-reviewed journal articles, dissertations, and conference proceedings sourced from Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Using PRISMA-guided selection procedures, 61 relevant studies published within the last decade were systematically analyzed through thematic and content analysis. The findings reveal that empathy, emotional engagement, employee performance, and culturally grounded values are central determinants of customer satisfaction and loyalty in hotel services. Filipino service values—particularly Malasakit, Makatao, Masayahin, and Maka-kalikasan—were found to reinforce and enrich global service quality dimensions by adding relational depth, emotional authenticity, and ethical orientation. The synthesis further highlights the importance of balancing technological innovation with human-centered service delivery, especially in post-pandemic hospitality contexts where safety, resilience, and trust have become critical service quality expectations. The study concludes that integrating the FBSE 7Ms with global service quality frameworks results in a Filipino Global Hotel Service Quality Model that is both internationally competitive and culturally resonant. This model enhances customer satisfaction, loyalty, and brand differentiation while supporting policy-relevant and sustainable hospitality standards. The study aligns with SDG 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure), and SDG 12 (Responsible Consumption and Production) by promoting workforce professionalism, innovation balanced with human values, and environmentally responsible hotel operations. Overall, the research contributes to socio-economic, institutional, cultural, and environmental sustainability by advancing a culturally informed, resilient, and human-centered approach to service excellence in the Philippine hotel industry.

The study explores the interdependence between the level of emotional intelligence development and maladaptive personality traits in adolescents. The research sample consisted of 250 adolescents from Olt County, Romania. Descriptive results indicate a higher mean score for the global dimension of emotional intelligence in girls compared to boys, however, no statistically significant difference was found (U = 7177.000, p = 0.261). At the global level of emotional intelligence, no significant differences were observed in adolescents from different family types nor based on their environment of origin (urban or rural). Analysis of the results using the Spearman correlation coefficient revealed that all PID-5 personality traits have significant negative correlations with one or more dimensions of emotional intelligence. This result suggests that individuals with maladaptive personality traits tend to exhibit a reduced capacity for emotional regulation, understanding, and expression, affecting both intrapersonal and interpersonal dimensions.

Although many processes shaping the Polish capital's suburbs have more universal or even global dimensions, the sources of some phenomena can undoubtedly be found in historical factors and planning omissions, as well as in legislation that has not kept pace with evolving needs. Warsaw's neighbouring commune, Wiazowna, was selected for analysis as it is an interesting example of an area where suburbanization processes are evident. However, it should be emphasized that they are still in the initial phase. The authors of this paper conducted research, including a trial implementation of a Geographic Information System (GIS)-based management procedure, which could be used in the future as part of the planning process. The assumption is to introduce scientific University expert knowledge into the city's urban management process. The outcomes can be utilized by existing participants in the urbanization process and effectively support the activities of local self-government. The second element, the effectiveness of which was tested, is the choice of the focus areas as the desirable nodes of further spatial development. The conducted research has shown that to rationalize the development of Wiazowna and protect its values, investment areas should be strengthened so that they achieve nucleus status, initiating further development.

BackgroundHyperthyroidism complicates approximately 2.4% of pregnancies and is associated with adverse outcomes such as preterm birth, placental abruption, and fetal demise. However, its specific effects on fetal cardiac structure and function remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to quantitatively assess the morphological and functional changes in the fetal heart associated with maternal hyperthyroidism using novel fetal heart quantification (HQ) technology.MethodsIn total, 282 pregnant women were enrolled in this prospective study, of whom 197 had healthy pregnancies and 85 had hyperthyroid pregnancies. All the participants underwent detailed fetal echocardiography using a GE Voluson E10 system. The fetal HQ analysis was used to evaluate cardiac geometry parameters, such as the global sphericity index (GSI) and ventricular dimensions, and functional parameters, such as global longitudinal strain (GLS) and fractional area change (FAC).ResultsCompared with the healthy controls, the fetuses in the hyperthyroidism group had a larger left ventricular (LV) systolic area (2.68±0.14 vs. 2.27±0.11 cm2, P<0.001) and right ventricular (RV) systolic area (3.23±0.31 vs. 2.74±0.23 cm2, P<0.001), as well as increased diastolic areas (LV diastolic area: 3.86±0.35 vs. 3.21±0.29 cm2; RV diastolic area: 4.16±0.38 vs. 3.63±0.30 cm2; both P<0.001). The fetuses in the hyperthyroidism group also showed altered cardiac geometry, including a lower GSI (1.19±0.11 vs. 1.24±0.16, P=0.009), and impaired systolic function reflected by less negative LV GLS values (−21.8%±6.2% vs. −23.4%±5.1%, P=0.024) and reduced LV FAC (37.3%±7.9% vs. 39.7%±8.5%, P=0.027). The correlation analyses suggested potential associations between maternal thyroid hormone levels and fetal cardiac parameters.ConclusionsMaternal hyperthyroidism significantly affects fetal cardiac morphology and function. Fetal HQ provides valuable quantitative insights into these changes, supporting its clinical utility in the prenatal evaluation of at-risk pregnancies.

Abstract Background Numerous studies have demonstrated robust—albeit modest—associations between personality and cognitive ability, with a shared variance of 5–10%. Previous research has largely focused on global personality dimensions, such as the Big Five. Recent studies suggest that narrower personality facets may enhance our understanding of the personality–cognitive ability link. However, these studies typically rely on selective samples from single countries, limiting insights into populational and cross-cultural variation. Findings This study is the first to focus on the associations between personality facets and cognitive ability using comprehensive, population-representative data from 12 countries. We investigated the relationships between 15 Big Five facets and cognitive ability by analyzing shared variance and bivariate associations. Three main findings emerged: (1) Personality facets account for almost twice the variance (R 2 = 0.10). in cognitive ability compared to broad personality domains (R 2 = 0.06). (2) Facets provide a more nuanced picture of the personality–cognitive ability link and reveal differential associations masked at the domain level. (3) We could show for the first time that associations at the facet level differ across countries, with the strongest variation observed in facets of Openness. Conclusions Our findings underscore the added value of examining personality at the facet level. This more granular approach offers deeper insights into the interplay between personality and cognitive ability. Results highlight the importance of considering cultural variability in psychological research and pinpointing its origins.

The article analyzes the language policy of higher education institutions (HEIs) in the European Union (EU) within the context of internationalization processes, understood as the integration of international, intercultural, and global dimensions into the goals, functions, and delivery of educational services. The methodological framework of the study is based on the concepts of J. Knight, H. de Wit, and R. Villares, as well as on EU legal and policy documents. The article employs methods of systemic, comparative, and discourse analysis to identify the interrelation between language policy, internationalization, and the quality of higher education. It is established that language policy serves as a key instrument for implementing internationalization strategies, as it defines the languages of instruction, communication, administration, international programs, and the provision of language support for participants in the educational process. The analysis of EU countries’ experience (Spain, the Netherlands, and Italy) demonstrates that the development of English-medium programs, policies supporting multilingualism, and the formation of linguistic competence among staff and students are the main directions of university language policies. At the same time, attention is drawn to the risks associated with the dominance of the English language, which may lead to the marginalization of national languages and the loss of cultural specificity. The paper outlines the main functions of language policy: ensuring access to education for international students, supporting mobility and international cooperation, shaping the university’s image as a globally oriented institution, and promoting multilingualism and intercultural interaction. It is shown that effective language policy enhances the competitiveness of HEIs, improves the quality of teaching and research, expands opportunities for academic mobility, and fosters inclusion. The conclusions emphasize that a successful language policy of EU higher education institutions should balance global and local values, ensuring equilibrium between internationalization and the preservation of national linguistic identity. It should be integrated into universities’ strategic documents, supported by appropriate resources, language assistance, and systematic monitoring of outcomes. Language policy is thus viewed not merely as a regulatory tool but as a catalyst for global openness, academic excellence, and sustainable institutional development.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in China has evolved from reproducing Western-centric frameworks to engaging with the institutional and political particularities that shape how CSR is reconfigured and practiced. Yet few studies have critically reviewed this growing body of literature to capture the core characteristics and mechanisms of state-corporate coordination in China. This paper fills this gap by reviewing 112 peer-reviewed English-language studies published between 2007 and 2025, synthesizing how CSR in China is conceptualized, embedded, and operationalized across cultural, economic, political, and global dimensions. This review identifies three institutional logics structuring Chinese CSR: (1) moral–cultural framing rooted in Confucian ethics and socialist collectivism; (2) economic coordination under state-led capitalism and selective neoliberalism; and (3) political signaling through Party-state governance and legitimacy negotiation. It also outlines six major research themes—CSR as a legitimacy strategy, CSR reporting, CSR in Chinese multinational enterprises, CSR’s link to financial performance, environmental CSR, and civil CSR—highlighting the mechanisms underlying each. Findings show that CSR in China is different from the managerial-stakeholder framework (e.g., explicit/implicit CSR, pyramid model or integrative model). Instead, it operates as an adaptive political technology within state-led capitalism, reinforcing moral legitimacy and political conformity as firms—especially SOEs and politically connected private enterprises—align with state-defined priorities. Through a comparative perspective, this review demonstrates how China’s CSR model fundamentally recalibrates corporate agency toward political negotiation rather than stakeholder responsiveness, offering a distinct configuration that challenges the presumed universality of Western CSR theories.

Problem Statement. In the current context of war and European integration, Ukrainian universities face the challenge not only of preserving their educational and scientific functions but also of redefining their societal role becoming institutions capable of ensuring resilience, solidarity, and humanitarian support. The traditional model of the university as a center of knowledge is being replaced by the concept of a “university that serves”, where the third mission – social, cultural, and civic engagement – becomes a systemic mechanism for social recovery and human capital development. The comprehension and practical implementation of this mission determine a new paradigm for the development of higher education in Ukraine. Purpose of the Study. The purpose of the study is to theoretically generalize and practically comprehend the implementation of the third mission of universities under the conditions of war and European integration, using the National Aerospace University “Kharkiv Aviation Institute” as a case study, and to define its role as a factor of resilience, social cohesion, and the development of the innovative potential of higher education in Ukraine. Object of the Study. The third mission of the university as a mechanism for ensuring the sustainable development of higher education in the context of war and European integration. Methods Used in the Study. Systemic, synergistic, axiological, and activity-based approaches; case study method, content analysis, comparative analysis of European and Ukrainian practices, and analytical generalization. Main Hypothesis of the Study. Institutional resilience of the university is formed through the integration of educational, scientific, and social functions, where the third mission becomes a practical mechanism of service to society and implementation of European values. Presentation of the Main Research Material. The evolution of the university’s third mission from social responsibility to the paradigm of service has been analyzed. A model of a sustainable-type university is proposed, combining value-based, operational, and global dimensions of activity. Examples of practical implementation of the third mission in education, humanitarian support, inclusion, digitalization, and international partnership are presented. Originality and Practical Significance of the Study. For the first time, an integrated concept of the university’s third mission as a mechanism of sustainable development under wartime conditions has been developed. The results can be used to design university development strategies, improve internal quality assurance systems in higher education, and elaborate ESG-related policies. Conclusions and Prospects for Further Research. The third mission is a key factor in ensuring institutional resilience, humanitarian cohesion, and the European integration-driven development of universities. Further research should focus on developing indicators for assessing the social impact of universities and modeling the effectiveness of third mission implementation in higher education.

This paper takes The Concert for Bangladesh, helmed by George Harrison and Ravi Shankar in New York City in 1971, as a springboard to examine the politics and mediatisation of disaster as it travelled from South Asia to North America. Scholarship has rarely focused squarely on the concert, despite growing literature on the global dimensions of Bangladesh’s emergence as an independent nation-state. As a corrective, I foreground the concert and offer the analytic of ‘global circulatory celebrity capital’ to account for the complexities marking its declaration of Bangladesh (then East Pakistan) as a site of disaster, beginning with the Bhola cyclone in 1970, and leading up to its imminent independence. Adding nuance to the orientalist reading of Harrison and Shankar’s role in this spectacularisation, I consider them as celebrity ‘go-betweens’, translating musical traditions and fundraising across geographies, yet largely detached from the local politics to which they were ostensibly responding.