Climate Global Warming Research Articles

Development of a Multi-Source Satellite Fusion Method for XCH4 Product Generation in Oil and Gas Production Areas

Methane (CH4) is the second-largest greenhouse gas contributing to global climate warming. As of 2022, methane emissions from the oil and gas industry amounted to 3.586 million tons, representing 13.24% of total methane emissions and ranking second among all methane emission sources. To effectively control methane emissions in oilfield regions, this study proposes a multi-source remote sensing data fusion method based on the concept of data fusion, targeting high-emission areas such as oil and gas fields. The aim is to construct an XCH4 remote sensing dataset that meets the requirements for high resolution, wide coverage, and high accuracy. Initially, XCH4 data products from the GOSAT satellite and the TROPOMI sensor are matched both spatially and temporally. Subsequently, variables such as longitude, latitude, aerosol optical depth, surface albedo, digital elevation model (DEM), and month are incorporated. Using a local random forest (LRF) model for fusion, the resulting product combines the high accuracy of GOSAT data with the wide coverage of TROPOMI data. On this basis, ΔXCH4 is derived using GF-5. Combined with the GFEI prior emission inventory, the high-precision fusion dataset output by the LRF model is redistributed grid by grid in oilfield areas, producing a 1 km resolution XCH4 grid product, thereby constructing a high-precision, high-resolution dataset for oilfield regions. Finally, the challenges that emerged from the study were discussed and summarized, and it was envisioned that, in the future, with the advancement of satellite technology and algorithms, it would be possible to obtain more accurate and high-resolution datasets of methane concentration and apply such datasets to a wide range of fields, with the expectation that significant contributions could be made to reducing methane emissions and combating climate change.

Multiple late Holocene glacier advances on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen (49°S) islands: Evidence from a 1200 yr sediment core from a glacial threshold basin

Southern Ocean (SO) climate is rapidly changing because of global warming and regional climate feedback loops like shifts of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) westerly winds (SHW) and related Southern Annular Mode (SAM). Over the past decades, the former has been persistently positive, shifting the latter southwards: the ensuing changes in temperature and precipitation are linked to the rapid retreat of mid-latitude mountain glaciers. Beyond the short instrumental period, the long-term impact of this coupled SHW-SAM system on regional glaciers remains poorly constrained. To help close this gap, we reconstruct glacier advances from an outlet glacier on the sub-Antarctic Kerguelen (49°S, 69°E), an archipelago that is strategically located in an under-investigated region of the SHW core belt. Based on alternations between relatively organic and minerogenic mud detected using a multiproxy approach on a 1200-year-long sediment record from a glacial threshold basin, we document glacier advances between 1150 and 850, 820–620, 500–250 and 160–90 cal yr BP. Coincident glacier advances in adjacent regions like sub-Antarctic South Georgia and southern Patagonia, suggest that SO glaciers responded symmetrically to climate forcings during the past 1200 years. We attribute this synchronicity to shifting SAM-like conditions and associated temperature changes. We suggest that cold and negative SAM-like conditions, favourable for glacier growth on the Kerguelen and other SO land masses, dominated during much of this period. Furthermore, the findings presented here support the growing consensus for a two-phased regional expression of the Little Ice Age (LIA).

Droughts of the early 19th century (1790–1830) in the northeastern Iberian Peninsula: integration of historical and instrumental data for high-resolution reconstructions of extreme events

Abstract. Drought represents a prevalent climate risk in the Mediterranean region. In the context of climate change, an increase in both frequency and intensity is anticipated over the next century. In order to effectively manage future scenarios where global warming overlays natural climate variability, a thorough analysis of the nature of droughts prior to the industrial age is crucial. This approach incorporates an extended temporal scale into the study of severe droughts, enabling the identification of low-frequency drought events that occurred before the instrumental period. The objective of this study is to examine the occurrence and magnitude of extreme droughts lasting over a year in the Spanish Mediterranean basin during the early 19th century (1790–1830). To achieve this objective, the research integrates the use of instrumental observations and information derived from historical documentary sources with daily to monthly resolutions (e.g., rogation ceremonies). The findings reveal that drought episodes were more frequent and severe during the early 19th century compared to the late 19th century. Moreover, drought episodes of similar severity were rare throughout the 20th century. Only in the current context of climate change, over the last 2 decades, has a pattern of high drought severity been identified that resembles the severity found during the early 19th century (especially between 1812 and 1825). This study underscores the presence of high variability in drought patterns over the last few centuries, justifying the need for intensified research on drought episodes with high temporal resolution for extended periods.

The Influence of Waters of Lake Baikal on the Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Phytoplankton in the Irkutsk Reservoir

On a model natural object, the Lake Baikal–Angara River–Irkutsk Reservoir (IR), we studied changes in the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of phytoplankton communities over three seasons in 2023 depending on seasonal changes in habitat parameters. Of the 151 identified taxa, Chrysophyta (57), Chlorophyta (41) and Bacillariophyta (24) predominated in diversity. Over the entire observation period, the highest values of total biomass and total abundance were detected in the IR in June (hydrological spring) at a water temperature of 10.0–12.7 °C, and the lowest in August, despite the fact that the water warmed up to 20 °C. No mass blooms of Cyanobacteria were observed. Statistical analysis of species abundance profiles revealed that phytoplankton community structure varied across time and space. The direct effect of cold lake waters on the structure of phytoplankton in the reservoir was observed only in early June. In summer and autumn, the structures of phytoplankton in the lake and in the reservoir differed, even at the same water temperature. Low concentrations of phosphates and nitrates, high species diversity, the presence of cold-water species and species with a wide range of temperature preferences formed a dynamic spatiotemporal structure of IR phytoplankton, distinct from other temperate reservoirs, including Lake Baikal. The results obtained are important for understanding the mechanisms of formation of the flora of artificial reservoirs of temperate latitudes and for their monitoring, taking into account seasonal dynamics and the context of global climate warming.

Toward environmental sustainability: Is responsible consumption and production of natural resources amid green energy, green technology, and green finance achievable?

AbstractThe relentless devastating impacts of global warming and other climate change effects leading to incessant ecological damages have compelled governments across the globe to rethink the pattern of natural resource depletion. This has motivated policymakers, governments, international organizations, and research pundits alike to advocate for a transition to sustainable consumption and production of natural resources. Consequently, there is a growing call for sustainable production and consumption practices, as outlined in Sustainable Development Goal 12 (SDG‐12). This research probes how natural resource production and consumption facilitate or hinder environmental sustainability in G7 economies from 1996 to 2020. The empirical evidence incorporates green energy, green technology, green finance, environmental tax, financial development, economic growth, and population as control variables within the STIRPAT theoretical framework. Second‐generation estimating techniques are utilized for empirical verification. An outstanding contribution of this study among others is the estimation of the moderating effects of green energy in mitigating the ensuing impact of natural resources on environmental sustainability. The results indicate that both production and consumption of natural resources, particularly coal and oil negatively affect environmental sustainability. Furthermore, green technology, energy, and finance as well as environmental tax are found to play a crucial role in promoting environmental sustainability. Green technology plays significant part in subduing the deteriorating effects of natural resources on the ecosystem. The robustness analyses further buttress the main analyses. Policy recommendations are proposed based on the empirical results.

Assessing Radiative Feedbacks and Their Contribution to the Arctic Amplification Measured by Various Metrics

AbstractArctic amplification (AA), characterized by a more rapid surface air temperature (SAT) warming in the Arctic than the global average, is a major feature of global climate warming. Various metrics have been used to quantify AA based on SAT anomalies, trends, or variability, and they can yield quite different conclusions regarding the magnitude and temporal patterns of AA. This study examines and compares various AA metrics for their temporal consistency in the region north of 70°N from the early twentieth to the early 21st century using observational data and reanalysis products. We also quantify contributions of different radiative feedback mechanisms to AA based on short‐term climate variability in reanalysis and model data using the Kernel‐Gregory approach. Albedo and lapse rate feedbacks are positive and comparable, with albedo feedback being the leading contributor for all AA metrics. The net cloud feedback, which has large uncertainties, depends strongly on the data sets and AA metrics used. By quantifying the influence of internal variability on AA and related feedbacks based on global climate model ensemble simulations, we find that water vapor and cloud feedbacks are most heavily affected by internal variability.

Projected future changes in extreme precipitation over China under stratospheric aerosol intervention in the UKESM1 climate model

Abstract. Extreme precipitation events are linked to severe economic losses and casualties in China every year; hence, exploring the potential mitigation strategies to minimize these events and their changes in frequency and intensity under global warming is of importance, particularly for the populous subregions. In addition to global warming scenarios, this study examines the effects of the potential deployment of stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) on hydrological extremes in China based on the SAI simulations (G6sulfur) of the Geoengineering Model Intercomparison Project (GeoMIP) by the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) simulations. G6sulfur is compared with simulations of the future climate under two different emission scenarios (SSP5-8.5 and SSP2-4.5) and a reduction in the solar constant (G6solar) to understand the effect of SAI on extreme precipitation patterns. The results show that under global warming scenarios, precipitation and extreme wet climate events during 2071–2100 are projected to increase relative to the control period (1981–2010) across all the subregions in China. Extreme drought events show a projected increase in southern China. The G6sulfur and G6solar experiments show statistically similar results to those under SSP2-4.5 in extreme precipitation intensities of China in UKESM1. These results are encouraging. The efficacy of SAI in decreasing extreme precipitation events and consecutive wet days is more pronounced than that of G6solar when compared to SSP2-4.5. While both G6sulfur and G6solar show drying at high-latitude regions, which is consistent with our understanding of the spin-down of the hydrological cycle under SRM. Given the limitations of the current model and the small ensemble size, and considering that the hydrological effects are less beneficial than those indicated for temperature, it is recommended that further, more comprehensive research be performed, including using multiple models, to better understand these impacts.

Analysis of the Influencing Mechanism of Space-time Heterogeneity of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Agriculture in China

Agricultural greenhouse gas emission reduction plays an important role in addressing global climate warming. Researching and revealing the spatial and temporal characteristics, as well as the influencing mechanisms of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, is of great significance for achieving the goals of green and low-carbon development in agriculture. This study examines the agricultural greenhouse gas emissions from 31 provinces （municipalities, autonomous regions） in China from 2000 to 2020. Through the use of geographic detectors, spatial econometric analysis, and other methods, it explores the spatiotemporal evolution characteristics and driving factors of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. The results indicated the following： ① From 2000 to 2020, agricultural greenhouse gas emissions in China showed a development process of "slow increase - sharp increase - sharp decrease." ② The spatial heterogeneity of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions was significant, forming three high emission areas in space： the central high emission area centered on Henan, the southern high emission area centered on Guangdong, and the southwestern high emission area centered on Sichuan. The center of gravity showed a trend of shifting northward and westward. ③ Rural population, regional gross domestic product, and agricultural output value were the dominant driving factors causing spatial heterogeneity of agricultural greenhouse gas emissions. ④ Agricultural greenhouse gas emissions had spatial spillover effects. When formulating agricultural greenhouse gas reduction targets, it is necessary to adopt a coordinated control strategy among different regions.

Changes in the soil and vegetation cover of the Kochubey biosphere station under global warming in recent years

Objectives: The study and long-term observations of changes in the spatial structure of vegetation cover of pasture landscapes of the Kochubey Biosphere Station (KBS) due to global climate warming. Arid pasture landscapes, due to the peculiarities of their spatial structure (the presence of semi-desert vegetation groupings) are a good indicator of modern climatic changes. To achieve this goal, the spatial structure and the current state of the arid landscapes of the Northwestern Caspian Sea in the territory of the KBS have been studied. The analysis of the biological diversity of species was carried out. Also the characteristics of the common features of seasonal dynamics of landscapes were studied. Moreover, trends of climatic changes in the landscape structure of the territory and trends in anthropogenic transformation of arid landscapes of the region were identified. It has been revealed that the main reasons for the reduction of biodiversity are habitat fragmentation, the introduction of alien species, the settlement of native species outside the range, ecotonization and “islandization” of pasture ecosystems, and the displacement of range boundaries. Since the goal of preserving the components of vegetation biodiversity is to reduce the pressures caused by climate change, adaptation measures should be aimed at reducing the rate of fragmentation and degradation of pasture landscapes. Monitoring observations have shown that over the last 20-century period there have been rhythmically repeating changes in climate and soil and vegetation cover, which indicates high mobility of vegetation. It has been established that the contribution of anthropogenic land degradation to desertification is confirmed by a significant linear trend in interannual fluctuations in indicators of pasture digression in the region. It has been established that the contribution of anthropogenic land degradation to desertification is confirmed by a significant linear trend in interannual fluctuations in indicators of pasture digression in the region. Due to excessive pasture digression, “islands” of anthropogenic desertification are formed here, the lifespan of which is determined by human influence and precipitation fluctuations.

Segregated Supply of Sustainable Aviation Fuel to reduce Contrail Energy Forcing – Demonstration and Potentials

Aviation contributes about 4 % to net anthropogenic climate forcing, with contrails being the largest individual contributor to radiative forcing from aviation. One option to mitigate contrail-related climate impacts is using kerosene containing fewer or no aromatic components and thus showing a higher hydrogen content compared to conventional kerosene (i.e., fossil fuel-based). Such “low contrail” kerosene can be provided as a blend of conventional (crude oil-based) and synthetic kerosene or from hydroprocessing conventional kerosene.Low contrail kerosene reduces contrail lifetime and optical thickness and thus the magnitude of contrail climate forcing. However, market shares of such kerosene are presently very low. Simultaneously, a small fraction (< 10 %) of all flights globally accounts for the majority (> 80 %) of global warming contrail climate forcing. Hence, the targeted use of low contrail kerosene on those flights appears promising. But, such an approach would require additional operational efforts, such as a duplication of supply lines and storage tanks.This study evaluates the feasibility and operational efforts of a segregated supply of a 35 m-% SAF-blend (14.34 m-% hydrogen content) to 84 winter time demonstration flights to reduce contrail climate forcing. Between 17th January 2023 and 2nd February 2023, low contrail kerosene was supplied to commercial A320 type aircraft flights on the route between Stockholm and Copenhagen in northern Europe. The operational feasibility and related efforts to target flights with the highest contrail energy forcing as well as a large-scale application are described. The evolution of contrails is tracked using data from the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite. The contrail energy forcing is calculated for the corresponding flight trajectories assuming another, well-validated engine model (CFM56-5B4 for the simulations instead of LEAP1A-26 for the demonstration flights) using the Contrail Cirrus Prediction (CoCiP) model with meteorological input fields from European Reanalysis data (ERA5).For the first time, the experiment demonstrates the operational feasibility for a segregated supply of low contrail kerosene to medium range aircraft at Stockholm airport. The segregated supply of low contrail kerosene can be realized for short to medium range flights, which can be fueled by a refueller truck. Targeting individual flights via single line hydrant fueling systems seems impractical as of now. Operational efforts to target single flights with highest contrail energy forcing are almost identical to the efforts in this demonstration experiment.Simulations estimate that the segregated supply of the medium blend kerosene (14.34 m-% hydrogen content) can reduce contrail energy forcing by about 11 % assuming the use of a “Rich-Quench-Lean” (RQL) engine (CFM56-5B4). The contrail climate benefit increases to >20 % for a 50 % blend ratio (14.7 m-% hydrogen content). Also, the location and evolution of the demonstration flights’ 28 contrails calculated with CoCiP was tracked with satellite data.The uncertainty of absolute contrail climate forcing estimates is mainly limited due to meteorological data input and also by lacking information on fuel composition in terms of cycloalkane, mono- and polycyclic aromatics content. Contrarily, the uncertainty of relative changes in contrail climate forcing is subject to low uncertainty, since it compares the use of different fuels for an identical fleet and identical weather conditions.

Responses of Soil Respiration and Ecological Environmental Factors to Warming and Thermokarst in River Source Wetlands of the Qinghai Lake Basin.

Global climate warming has led to the deepening of the active layer of permafrost on the Tibetan Plateau, further triggering thermal subsidence phenomena, which have profound effects on the carbon cycle of regional ecosystems. This study conducted warming (W) and thermal subsidence (RR) control experiments using an Open-Top Chamber (OTC) device in the river source wetlands of the Qinghai Lake basin. The aim was to assess the impacts of warming and thermal subsidence on soil temperature, volumetric water content, biomass, microbial diversity, and soil respiration (both autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration). The results indicate that warming significantly increased soil temperature, especially during the colder seasons, and thermal subsidence treatment further exacerbated this effect. Soil volumetric water content significantly decreased under thermal subsidence, with the RRW treatment having the most pronounced impact on moisture. Additionally, a microbial diversity analysis revealed that warming promoted bacterial richness in the surface soil, while thermal subsidence suppressed fungal community diversity. Soil respiration rates exhibited a unimodal curve during the growing season. Warming treatment significantly reduced autotrophic respiration rates, while thermal subsidence inhibited heterotrophic respiration. Further analysis indicated that under thermal subsidence treatment, soil respiration was most sensitive to temperature changes, with a Q10 value reaching 7.39, reflecting a strong response to climate warming. In summary, this study provides new scientific evidence for understanding the response mechanisms of soil carbon cycling in Tibetan Plateau wetlands to climate warming.

Synthesis of highly transparent and fast-responding photochromic coating by template method with space-limited domains

The persistent global high-temperature weather warns us that improving energy efficiency and reducing CO2 emissions are urgent. Controlling the solar energy input in buildings using photochromic smart coating can effectively reduce the energy consumption required for cooling. However, it remains a challenge to achieve high transparency and fast photoresponse in organic–inorganic hybrid photochromic smart coating. Herein, we utilize space-limited domains to design a template polymer that facilitates the formation of amorphous WO3 nanodots, thereby enhancing the polymer network structure through hydrogen bonding and dipole–dipole interactions, which endow the smart coating with excellent adhesion strength up to 13 MPa. Notably, the photochromic smart coating with amorphous WO3 nanodots exhibits higher transparency (96.8 %) than conventional glass (91 %), and a wide visible light modulation range of 96.8 %-4.8 %. Based on this, the cooling efficacy of the smart photochromic coating was assessed within a model residence under actual environmental conditions. The inner temperature of the model house was reduced by up to 13 °C, which decreased indoor heat absorption by 25.8 %, significantly improving energy efficiency. This work provides an important and attractive strategy for achieving energy-efficient building materials and addressing global climate warming.

Impact of Climate Change on Peach Fruit Moth Phenology: A Regional Perspective from China.

It is widely recognized that the phenology of insects, of which the life activities are closely tied to temperature, is shifting in response to global climate warming. This study aimed to investigate the impacts of climate change on the phenology of Carposina sasakii Matsumura, 1900 (Lepidoptera: Carposinidae) across large temporal and spatial scales, through collecting and systematically analyzing historical data on the pest's occurrence and population dynamics in China. The results showed that for overwintering adults, the first occurrence date in eastern, northwestern, and northern China has significantly advanced, along with the population peak in eastern and northwestern China. At the provincial level, the population peak date in Shandong province has also moved significantly earlier, as well as the population peak date in Shandong and Shaanxi and the end occurrence date in Ningxia. However, the population peak date in Jilin has experienced a delayed trend. For first-generation adults, the first occurrence date in northeastern, eastern, and central China has notably advanced, while the first appearance date in northwestern and northern China has significantly delayed. Additionally, the population peak in northwestern China has experienced significant delays, along with the final occurrence in northeastern and northwestern China. At the provincial level, the first occurrence date in Liaoning, Shandong, and Shanxi has significantly advanced, while Hebei has demonstrated a significant delay. The population peak time in Gansu and Shaanxi has displayed significant delays, and the end occurrence date in Liaoning, Shanxi, and Shaanxi has also shown significant delays. Furthermore, these findings integrated with the Pearson correlation results reveal spatial heterogeneity in C. sasakii's phenological responses to climate warming at both regional and provincial scales. The phenology of C. sasakii and their changing patterns with climate warming vary by geographical location. This study provides valuable information for the future monitoring, prediction, and prevention of peach fruit moths in the context of climate warming.

A rainfall prediction model based on ERA5 and Elman neural network

The heightened frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall, brought about by global climate warming, significantly affect various regions. Rainfall prediction plays a pivotal role in ensuring societal security and fostering development. There has been limited exploration of the impact of input parameters on the accuracy of rainfall predictions. Despite the advantages of Elman neural network models in handling non-linear relationships and spatiotemporal data, their application in weather forecasting is restricted. This paper assesses the accuracy of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) with a dataset from meteorological stations. It introduces a novel rainfall forecasting model based on the Elman neural network and ERA5 reanalysis data. The study also identifies optimal input parameters through factor correlation analysis. Experimental results showcase the precision and stability of ERA5 across various rainfall conditions. Meteorological parameters, such as Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV), exhibit noticeable correlations with temporal variables and precipitation volume. The seven-factor model, including PWV, Zenith Tropospheric Delay, temperature, relative humidity, day-of-year, and hour of day, outperforms in precision evaluation. It achieves a mean critical success index of 57.06 %, a correct forecast rate of 91.39 %, and a false alarm rate of 39.48 %. This rainfall forecasting model introduces a novel approach and empirical research to enhance predictive accuracy, holding significant implications for the amelioration of meteorological alert systems, risk mitigation, and the safeguarding of life and property.

Climate warming effects on temperature structure in lentic waters: A bibliometric analysis from the recent 20 years

Global climate warming and intensified summer heatwaves have exacerbated thermal stratification in inland lakes and reservoirs, leading to increased issues of deep-water hypoxia and harmful algae blooms. This study aims to systematically review the developments, barriers, and future directions of thermal phenology in freshwaters under warming conditions through a visualized meta-analysis. According to the Web of Science Core Collection database, we retrieved 3262 articles published between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2023, using an advanced search query that included terms related to global warming, temperature stratification, and freshwater bodies. The data was then analyzed via bibliometric visualization tools to create comprehensive visual maps, highlighting research hotspots and development trends. Key findings include a significant upward trend on this topic, in the annual number of published articles post-2015, in which China and the USA are leading in the publication output. Keyword co-occurrence analysis identified climate change, global warming, and temperature as central themes, with specific environmental issues linking to lake eutrophication and runoff being prominent as well. The study also delves into the collaboration networks among researchers, institutions, and countries, revealing strong international partnerships primarily between China, the USA, and European nations. Based on the analysis, we recommend future research should focus on integrating machine learning and advanced modeling techniques to better predict and mitigate the impacts of climate warming on thermal dynamics of inland waters. By upscaling the research from traditionally local (or regional) to global perspective, our work is vital, not just for science, but also for management of the aquatic systems under rapidly changing climate conditions.

Preface

The International Symposium and Workshop on Sustainable Buildings, Cities and Communities (SBCC) 2024 provides a platform to share ideas, research, and studies on how to mitigate global warming and tackle climate change. SBCC 2024 is organized by the Architecture Study Program, Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, with sponsorship from BeCool Indonesia and Tatalogam Group Inc. The initiative entails the Kampung BeCool project, which involves the painting of cool roofs on 20 houses to improve the microclimate of the neighborhood. It also includes the installation of three solar reflective houses to demonstrate low-carbon materials and energy-efficient housing solutions. The SBCC 2024 conference featured an array of speakers, encompassing professionals in the field of building and construction, scholars, decision-makers, and representatives from the industry. This symposium served as a genuine collaboration among stakeholders, aiming to tackle global challenges at both the macro and micro levels of execution. The event also showcased the efforts of architects, who have been instrumental in the development of “Building Low Carbon Future: Decarbonising with Impact,” while fostering partnerships with sustainable industries. The success of these endeavors is crucial in establishing connections and harmonizing the interests of all parties involved to attain the ambitious goal of the Enhanced Nationally Determined Contribution (E-NDC), which aims to reduce CO2 emissions by 32% or 912 million tonnes by 2030. List of Tributes to Colleagues, Sponsor and Funding Acknowledgements, Full List of Committee Names and Affiliations, Conference Details are available in this pdf.

The Cooling Effect of Oasis Reservoir‐Riparian Forest Systems in Arid Regions

AbstractIn arid regions with limited water resources, numerous reservoirs have been built to support economic and social development. However, how the construction of reservoirs interacts with the surrounding ecosystem to affect temperature remains unclear. Spanning 2018 to 2022 in the Shiyang River Basin, we collected surface water and precipitation, as well as stem and soil samples. Using isotopic methods, we quantified how evaporation in the oasis reservoir‐riparian forest system affects the local climate. Our findings show that the latent heat released by evapotranspiration from the reservoir and riparian forest system reduces the daily maximum temperature and daily temperature range by 7°C and 6°C respectively, compared to downstream areas with sparse vegetation around artificial lakes. Additionally, it enhances local moisture recycling, increasing precipitation. This study reveals regional cooling effect due to interactions between water bodies, the atmosphere, and vegetation. We propose that establishing reservoir‐riparian forest systems can positively impact local climate regulation and serve as an effective strategy for adapting to global climate warming.

Analysis of geographical origin of solar terms based on the STTMD method

The 24 solar terms are a significant component of traditional Chinese culture. Amid global warming climate change, research on the Solar Terms has gained increasing prominence. Identifying the geographical origins of the Solar Terms not only provides evidence for studies on the origins of Chinese agricultural civilization but also serves as a critical foundation for the innovative utilization of traditional culture in the modern era. Previous research has primarily relied on historical records, literature review, and field investigation, often challenged by the vast and complex data, the difficulty distinguishing authenticity, the time-consuming nature of the work, and the need for direct scientific evidence. The STTMD (Solar Terms Typical Meteorological Day) method was used for typifying solar term meteorological data sequences, supplemented by isothermal estimation and clustering analysis. This approach was further validated using key crop germplasm sites, phenological indicators, and phenological observation contour maps. The results derived from statistical methods are cross-referenced with historical documents to infer the geographical origins of the 24 Solar Terms. The findings indicate that: (1)On a larger spatial scale, the Solar Terms originated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River; (2)On a smaller spatial scale, the "Luoyang-Zhengzhou-Anyang" triangle is the most probable origin area; (3)The core area of origin is hypothesized to be in present-day Xingyang, Henan Province, or slightly further north. These results are consistent with historical literature and phenological records of crops, offering a novel analysis and transformative insights into the knowledge of Solar Terms. The study provides valuable evidence or methodological inspiration for historical agricultural research in China and offers references for agricultural production and the environmental impacts of global warming.

Recent Advances and Implications for Aviation Emission Inventory Compilation Methods

With the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization in China, civil aviation plays an increasingly important role in the transportation industry. However, pollutants and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from civil aviation are becoming an increasingly concerning environmental problem. In order to mitigate the resulting environmental pollution, such as air quality deterioration, regional and global climate warming, and declining human health, more and more efforts have been devoted to reducing both pollutants and GHG emissions. Among these efforts, emissions inventories from civil aviation provide a basis for quantifying pollutants and GHG emissions, establishing evaluation standards of environmental impact, and formulating management policies for both air quality improvement and climate change mitigation. In this paper, we reviewed both compilation approaches and data collection methods for civil aviation emissions inventories, introduced several typical calculation methods for aviation emissions inventories, and analyzed specific cases of actual application based on typical methods of inventory compilation. We also described in detail the activity level and emission index calculation methods of several pollutants and greenhouse gases. Furthermore, based on the above research methods, four typical application cases were investigated, including a specific airport, the landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle of a nation, the entire period with the LTO cycle and the climb–cruise–descent (CCD) phase of a country, and global emissions inventories from civil aviation. The results suggest that, in addition to quantifying the emissions of both pollutants and GHG produced by civil aviation, the selection of inventory compilation methods is likely to be important for improving aviation emission inventory accuracy and for further reducing the environmental, economic, and health impacts resulting from aviation emissions. Moreover, this paper can also provide a reference and theoretical basis for the development of aviation emission inventory compilation methods in the future.

An approach to the prevention of global warming impact on human health

Global climate warming leads to an increase in eye, somatic and mental diseases, but the trigger of these processes is unknown, so treatment is ineffective. The author's hypothesis is that the trigger of health deterioration in global warming may be excessively constricted pupils, which trigger pathological biochemical processes in the body through the optic-vegetative system. It is proposed to moderately dilate the pupils of people who are sensitive to suboptimal temperatures in the course of a weather forecast of heat or cold, which will mitigate the course of their diseases and reduce mortality.