Global Carbon Emissions Research Articles

Global carbon emission governance and green trade: the moderating role of political stability and trade diversity

In contrast to traditional trade, green trade fully considers the social costs of production, investment, and export following economic activities, building upon environmental governance and protection. While the promotion of green trade is a historical inevitability, countries must actively foster collaboration in new trade initiatives to meet carbon reduction targets. However, during the process of encouraging the expansion of green trade, there is a risk that countries may further increase their carbon emissions, thereby exacerbating environmental degradation. This study utilizes panel data from G20 countries between 2000 and 2022 to examine the relationship between carbon emissions and green trade through an Ordinary Least Squares regression model, with the primary objective of determining whether green trade increases or decreases carbon emissions. To further explore the moderating role of trade diversity and political stability on the relationship between carbon emissions and green trade, a moderating effect regression model is also employed. Additionally, this paper introduces a quantile regression model to assess the varying impact of green trade on carbon emissions across different quantiles. The study’s findings indicate that green trade tends to result in higher carbon emissions. Under conditions of political stability, the potential for green trade to reduce carbon emissions diminishes. Conversely, the positive impact of trade diversification inhibits the positive effects of green trade on carbon emissions. The coefficient of green trade is positive and steadily increases across various quantiles of carbon emissions. At the 0.9 quantile, the association is significantly positive, offering further evidence that green trade could lead to increased carbon emissions. Based on these findings, the paper suggests that a significant reduction in carbon emissions may not be achievable in the near future, and that the path to expanding green trade is both challenging and protracted. Therefore, governments worldwide must carefully implement green trade practices, protect the environment, achieve sustainable economic growth, and promote the rational allocation of resources as prerequisites for the long-term development of the green sector.

Wastewater alkalinity enhancement for carbon emission reduction and marine CO2 removal

Abstract Wastewater alkalinity enhancement is a promising approach for Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) due to its potential to deliver strong bases with minimum secondary precipitation and a global network of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). WWTPs are also significant sources of CO2 due to organic matter oxidation, and integrating alkalinity addition into treatment processes may both reduce in-plant CO2 emissions and increase downstream CO2 uptake. This study presents a modeling framework that combines a modern activated sludge model (ASM)-based WWTP simulator with an integrated hydrodynamic-biogeochemical-carbonate chemistry model of coastal oceans. We evaluated the effects of adding alkalinity either upstream (UpAdd) of the biological treatment stage or downstream at the discharge location (DnAdd) on WWTP carbon emission reduction and marine CO2 removal. The carbon emission from the WWTPs decreases with increasing alkalinity dosage in UpAdd and can be eliminated at a dosage level feasible to implement. However, carbon uptake in the surrounding oceanic water is much reduced due to elevated dissolved inorganic carbon in the discharge water. DnAdd does not affect CO2 emissions from WWTPs but enhances carbon uptake in the ocean, with the net oceanic uptake of atmospheric CO2 increasing with increasing dosage level. Across all tested dosage levels, the total CO2 removal, including the emission reduction at the WWTPs and enhanced carbon uptake in the ocean, is 30% greater in UpAdd than in DnAdd. WWTP treatment tanks have much higher pCO2 than that in the ocean and aeration of process tanks enhances the gas transfer. The upstream alkalinity addition leads to sharp declines in pCO2 in the treatment tanks and large reductions in carbon emission from the WWTPs. These results have implications for developing strategies to reduce global carbon emission and enhance oceanic carbon burial using WWTPs as a delivery mechanism.

Multi-Objective Optimal Energy Management Strategy for Grid-Interactive Hydrogen Refueling Stations in Rural Areas

The transportation sector is a significant contributor to global carbon emissions, thus necessitating a transition toward renewable energy sources (RESs) and electric vehicles (EVs). Among EV technologies, fuel-cell EVs (FCEVs) offer distinct advantages in terms of refueling time and operational efficiency, thus rendering them a promising solution for sustainable transportation. Nevertheless, the integration of FCEVs in rural areas poses challenges due to the limited availability of refueling infrastructure and constraints in energy access. In order to address these challenges, this study proposes a multi-objective energy management model for a hydrogen refueling station (HRS) integrated with RESs, a battery storage system, an electrolyzer (EL), a fuel cell (FC), and a hydrogen tank, serving diverse FCEVs in rural areas. The model, formulated using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP), optimizes station operations to maximize both cost and load factor performance. Additionally, bi-directional trading with the power grid and hydrogen network enhances energy flexibility and grid stability, enabling a more resilient and self-sufficient energy system. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first in the literature to present a multi-objective optimal management approach for grid-interactive, renewable-supported HRSs serving hydrogen-powered vehicles in rural areas. The simulation results demonstrate that RES integration improves economic feasibility by reducing costs and increasing financial gains, while maximizing the load factor enhances efficiency, cost-driven strategies that may impact stability. The impact of the EL on cost is more significant, while RES capacity has a relatively smaller effect on cost. However, its influence on the load factor is substantial. The optimization of RES-supported hydrogen production has been demonstrated to reduce external dependency, thereby enabling surplus trading and increasing financial gains to the tune of USD 587.83. Furthermore, the system enhances sustainability by eliminating gasoline consumption and significantly reducing carbon emissions, thus supporting the transition to a cleaner and more efficient transportation ecosystem.

The Optimal Low Carbon Economic Dispatch Scheme Based on GRU and C&CG Models in the Context of Smart City Development

The transition to low-carbon energy and energy system optimization are essential for addressing global carbon emissions. To improve the quality of low-carbon economic dispatching, a forward-day low-carbon economic dispatching model considering liquid-storage carbon capture system and electric-gas coupling equipment is proposed. In the process, gated cycle unit and column and constraint generation algorithm are used to solve the model. The upper limit and ramp rate of the gas turbine power are calculated, and multiple constraints are established for the model. The fusion algorithm is used to solve the model and iterate to obtain the optimal day-ahead low-carbon economic scheduling scheme. The experimental results showed that the output power of thermal power units in all four scenes demonstrated consistent variation patterns, achieving significant output power values within the 21600s-64800s. For the output power of the liquid storage carbon capture unit, Scene 4 was below Scene 3. For the output power of P2G devices, Scenes 1 and 3 were 0, and Scene 4 was below Scene 2. The optimal volumes for P2G device and storage type carbon capture solution device was 150 × 106 W and 800000 kg, respectively. The study highlights the feasibility of combining carbon capture and conversion technologies for sustainable energy systems. This integrated approach not only reduces carbon emissions, but also improves energy efficiency and economic efficiency. The research can provide some technical reference for urban environmental protection.

Establishing sustainable quality improvement in the clinical laboratory: Redesign of the total testing process and digital transformation of routine quality assurance activities.

Establishing sustainable quality improvement in the clinical laboratory: Redesign of the total testing process and digital transformation of routine quality assurance activities.

Assessing carbon emissions from hotel services in Unawatuna Tourism Area, Sri Lanka

Tourism accounts for 9% of global carbon emissions, necessitating an examination of its environmental impact and the key subsectors driving emissions. This study focuses on Unawatuna in Sri Lanka's Galle district, a popular tourist destination with the highest number of tourist arrivals, hotels, and services in the South Coast region. The objective of the study was to identify the carbon emission drivers and assess the CO2 emissions from hotels and other related services. Data were collected through structured questionnaires using a stratified random sampling method from 56 hotels and related establishments (50% of the total registered with the Sri Lanka Tourism Development Authority). The study was carried out from December to April 2023. Key CO2 emission drivers included energy consumption, fuel consumption for cooking-related practices, transportation, and power generators, operational logistics, and waste management. Electricity, primarily supplied by the national grid, is a significant contributor, with only 23.21% of establishments using renewable energy. Five-star hotels and boutique villas demonstrate the highest electricity and LP gas consumption due to luxury offerings, while power generator usage, mainly during outages, adds to emissions. Diesel and petrol are extensively used for transportation and backup power, with five-star hotels and restaurants showing the highest fuel consumption. Laundry services, provided by 76.79% of establishments, further amplify emissions, especially in luxury hotels. These findings underscore the energy-intensive nature of tourism operations and their substantial carbon footprint.

Visualizing Interface Degradation of Solid Oxide Cell.

Solid oxide electrolysis and fuel cells (SOEC/SOFC) can help achieve global net-zero carbon emissions. Understanding the degradation mechanisms of the cells and their components is crucial for enhancing longevity to ensure the cost-effectiveness of large-scale applications. Traditional degradation research relies on post mortem analysis, limiting our ability to elucidate dynamic changes and their separate contributions. The work introduces an operando environmental transmission electron microscope (ETEM) approach to investigate degradation processes in SOEC/SOFC. As a proof-of-concept, degradation experiments were conducted on cells composed of lanthanum-strontium-cobalt oxide (LSC) electrodes and an yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) electrolyte, where the symmetric LSC-YSZ-LSC cells are subjected to strong polarization, in 2.7 mbar O2, at an operation temperature of 700 °C inside an ETEM. The results highlight the capability of real-time monitoring of structural and compositional changes of active solid oxide cells through scanning transmission electron microscope imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy analysis. Additional post mortem TEM and energy-dispersive spectroscopy confirmed previously reported decomposition of the negatively polarized LSC electrode and crack formation on the anodic side. Thereby, this work demonstrates the feasibility of using operando ETEM for in-depth, nanoscale observation of SOEC/SOFC degradation during cell operation.

Decarbonizing Near-Zero-Energy Buildings to Zero-Emission Buildings: A Holistic Life Cycle Approach to Minimize Embodied and Operational Emissions Through Circular Economy Strategies

The decarbonization of the building sector is essential to mitigate climate change, aligning with the EU’s Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBD) and the transition from near-Zero-Energy Buildings (nZEBs) to Zero-Emission Buildings (ZEBs). This study introduces a novel and streamlined Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology, in accordance with EN 15978, to holistically evaluate the Global Warming Potential (GWP) of buildings. Our approach integrates a calibrated dynamic simulation of operational energy use, performed with DesignBuilder, to determine precise operational CO2 emissions. This is combined with a comprehensive assessment of embodied emissions, encompassing construction materials and transportation phases, using detailed Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs). Applied to the IndUVa nZEB case study, the findings reveal that embodied emissions dominate the life cycle GWP, accounting for 69%, while operational emissions contribute just 31% over 50 years. The building’s use of 63.8% recycled materials highlights the transformative role of circular economy strategies in reducing embodied impacts. A comparative analysis of three energy-efficiency scenarios demonstrates the IndUVa building’s exceptional performance, achieving energy demand reductions of 78.4% and 85.6% compared to the ASHRAE and CTE benchmarks, respectively. This study underscores the growing significance of embodied emissions as operational energy demand declines. Achieving ZEBs requires prioritizing embodied carbon reduction through sustainable material selection, recycling, and reuse, targeting a minimum of 70% recycled content. By advancing the LCA framework, this study presents a pathway for achieving ZEBs, driving a substantial reduction in global energy consumption and carbon emissions, and contributing to climate change mitigation.

Air emissions from the shipbuilding process.

Air emissions from the shipbuilding process.

Design of digital low-carbon system for smart buildings based on PPO algorithm

Currently, the carbon emissions from buildings account for one-third of the total global carbon emissions. Therefore, how to control the carbon emissions of buildings becomes the main direction of current research. The study aims to address the issue of poor energy regulation and carbon emission control effectiveness in the current digital low-carbon system for smart buildings. A smart building digital low-carbon new system based on proximal policy optimization algorithm is proposed in the research. The new system uses a near-end strategy optimization algorithm to control the energy changes of buildings, and adds an actor-critic algorithm to enhance the evaluation and analysis ability of system strategies. The research results indicate that improving the near-end strategy optimization algorithm can reduce carbon emissions by 2354CO2e, while the lowest operating cost of the model is only 35,000 yuan. The new system can effectively control building costs, reducing commercial building thermal energy costs by 1.1w and industrial building electrical energy costs by 17,000 yuan. The highest reliability of the new system is 92.4%, the highest stability is 93.6%, and the shortest response time of the system is 768 ms. The results show that the new system is superior to the existing system in reducing carbon emissions, lowering operating costs, improving system reliability and stability, and shortening response time. This demonstrates the effectiveness and superiority of the new system in the digital low-carbon system of intelligent buildings. Using the novel system can effectively decline the carbon emissions of buildings and improve the control effect on building energy. This has good guiding significance for improving the low-carbon emission control effect of smart buildings.

Design and development of natural fiber-timber hybrid beam elements for sustainable construction

The growing demand for inhabitable spaces drives increased reliance on energy-intensive construction materials such as concrete and steel, which significantly contribute to global carbon emissions and resource depletion, highlighting the urgent need for sustainable alternatives. Renewable, bio-based materials like timber provide viable solutions, offering carbon sequestration and reduced environmental impact but lead to challenges related to biodiversity conservation, land use, and sustainable forest management. Natural fibers such as flax are increasingly used in sustainable composite materials and exhibit short growth cycles, minimal environmental impact, and favorable mechanical properties. When combined with timber, natural fiber-timber hybrids offer a large potential for high-performance, resource-efficient structural building parts. By leveraging the complementary strengths of both materials, such hybrids reduce reliance on valuable timber resources, replacing them with fast-growing flax fibers. To realize this potential for natural fiber-timber hybrid beam elements, existing design, evaluation, and fabrication methods for fibrous building parts are expanded and adapted. Suitable material candidates for fiber-timber hybrids are classified and characterized, and morphological parameters are defined to design and evaluate novel beam typologies. To allow for the manufacturing of large-scale natural fiber bodies for use in hybrid beam elements, new robotic fabrication methods are introduced, and existing manufacturing equipment is expanded. These innovations are exemplified by the Hybrid Flax Pavilion, the first permanent building to incorporate load-bearing natural fiber-timber hybrid components.

Deforestation, emissions, and carbon sequestration potential of Merlimau mangrove forest: A landscape‐level analysis

AbstractThe worldwide decline of mangroves, driven by land‐use changes, contributes to global carbon emissions. Nevertheless, there is still uncertainty surrounding the effects of mangrove deforestation on carbon emissions. Only a few studies have attempted to quantify its implications for the carbon budget, especially at the landscape level. We conducted a field assessment of carbon stock, losses or emissions associated with the conversion of these ecosystems, along with quantifying the impact of this conversion on the carbon budget using carbon sequestration rates in various types of mangrove ecosystems, including intact and varying ages of naturally regenerated mangroves within the Merlimau–Kuala Sebatu landscape. Results show that the estimated total ecosystem carbon (TEC) stock for clear‐cut sites was 149.06 ± 7.56 Mg C ha−1, whereas the TEC stock for intact sites was 280.65 ± 16.92 Mg C ha−1; however, no significant difference was observed (p > 0.05). Using a stock‐change approach, the equivalent carbon emissions are 482.93 Mg ha−1 CO2e. This is among the lowest measured C emissions from land use in the tropics. Remarkably, the landscape‐scale carbon budget remained favorable, with a net positive balance of 2835 Mg C yr−1, mainly due to the carbon sink capacity and expansion of natural regeneration of the intact mangrove site (796 Mg C yr−1). Our research identifies a deforestation threshold of 75%, at which the carbon budget approaches neutrality. These findings therefore emphasize the importance of protecting intact forests and managing regenerated mangroves sustainably, as younger mangroves help sequester carbon and reduce deforestation emissions.

Black Carbon: Its Sources, Environment and Health Impacts & Mitigation Solutions for Sustainable Development

Black carbon (BC), in spite of being a short-lived climate pollutant (SLCP), with life time of only few days, is found to be a powerful climate forcer that has hundreds to thousand times more potential of warming the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. It severely affects climate, cryosphere, human health, ecosystems and agricultural productivity. BC is a formed by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, wood and other fuels. Household cooking methods are the major contributor of the global carbon emissions, followed by transport, industrial and agriculture sectors. Wild fires also contribute to BC emission. BC absorbs the incoming solar radiation which heats the atmosphere, affecting the cloud formation and rainfall in the region. which is critical for agriculture, affecting human livelihoods in addition to ecosystem. This, in turn, affects the economy. Its deposition on ice/snow, reduces its surface albedo that increases the absorption of sunlight, in turn, faster melting of ice/glaciers and rise in sea level. The Arctic and glaciated regions of Himalayas are under high risk. Being small enough in size, black carbon can be inhaled, contributing to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases leading to lung cancer and even to birth defects. Coordinated efforts would be required for attaining zero carbon emission for sustainable development, a goal set by UNEP. This paper presents a review on the various sources of black carbon, its effects on environment, health and economy. The steps to be taken to reduce the black carbon level for sustainable development are also reviewed.

Using hydrological modelling to improve the Fire Weather Index system over tropical peatlands of peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra and Borneo

Background Tropical peatland fires contribute to global carbon emissions and air pollution. Aims Enhance the globally used Canadian Fire Weather Index (FWI) system specifically over drained and undrained tropical peatlands in southeast Asia. Methodology We included simulated tropical peatland hydrology in the FWI, creating a new peatland-specific version of the FWI (FWIpeat). FWIpeat, the original FWI (FWIref) and the drought code (DC) were evaluated against satellite-based active fire occurrence from 2002 to 2018. Key results The DC shows superior performance in explaining fire occurrence over undrained tropical peatlands. Over drained peatlands, DC and FWIpeat show similar results, both outperforming FWIref. A comparison with an earlier study over boreal peatlands indicates much smaller improvements from FWIpeat for tropical peatlands, possibly due to a lower accuracy of the hydrological input data. Conclusions Our results highlight the importance of including information on deeper soil layers, i.e. the DC or groundwater table, when assessing fire danger. Implications Although this study offers a promising approach for operational fire management over tropical peatlands, we emphasise the need for further research to refine the hydrological input data and explore additional constraints from Earth observation data.

Strategies for carbon emission reduction: a case study of KGHM Polska Miedź S.A.

This article explores the role of energy in reducing global carbon emissions, which is crucial in the worldwide fight against climate change. Using the case study of KGHM, a leading industry player that has successfully integrated energy solutions, this study highlights the impact and key results of such efforts. By searching into the state of energy consumption this research addresses the widespread dependence on fossil fuels and the potential impact of renewable sources like solar, wind, hydroelectric power and biomass in reshaping our energy landscape. The study provides insights into technologies, the challenges they face during implementation and the economic and policy structures that influence their adoption. The study outlines technologies, their challenges in implementation and the economic and policy frameworks that impact their adoption. In this research, some recommendations have been provided for companies aiming to reduce their impact and encourage eco initiatives. The findings highlighted the growing of the transition to renewable energy in order to meet the targets set forth in agreements such as the Paris Agreement, which seeks to limit temperature rise to than 2 degrees Celsius. Finally, it was concluded a call to action for widespread policy reforms and increased corporate accountability in fostering a sustainable future for energy.

Theoretical Analysis and Framework Design of Carbon Inclusion Mechanisms from the Perspective of Carbon Emission Trading Markets

According to the Global Carbon Emissions Report 2023, China's carbon dioxide emissions are about 12.7 billion tons, accounting for 34% of global carbon dioxide emissions, ranking first in the world. With China's rapid socio-economic development and growing population, there exists a huge potential for carbon emission reduction in the field of residential consumption. As an innovative voluntary emission reduction mechanism for individual low-carbon living and consumption in China, the Carbon Price Reduction System (CPRS) helps to encourage individual emission reduction behaviors, thus promoting carbon emission reduction. From the perspective of theoretical analysis and comparative case study, this paper analyzes in depth the operation logic of the carbon preference system, combs through the current status of carbon preference system practice and compares it, and puts forward the design of the carbon preference system framework which is led by the government, driven by the enterprises, promoted by the financial institutions, and participated by the public. The key link of this system is to quantitatively assess the contribution of individual carbon emission reduction, and build an effective incentive system based on this to cultivate individuals' low-carbon living habits based on the principle of "whoever reduces emissions, whoever benefits". This paper analyzes the development path of China's carbon preference system and the related suggestions, which can help stimulate the public to participate more actively in carbon emission reduction actions and help China's "dual-carbon" goal to be realized. This system will be continuously improved in practice and make greater contributions to China's green and low-carbon development.

The environmental and economic impacts of India’s emergence as the global manufacturing hub

With the rise of labor costs in China, constraints on resources and environment, and ongoing geopolitical conflicts, the global manufacturing hub is facing relocation. India has emerged as the most likely candidate to undertake industrial relocation. This shift could reshape the global carbon emission landscape. However, ex ante measurement of the environmental effects of such industrial relocation is poorly understood. As an illustrative case, we first measure the impact on carbon emissions from shifting iPhone production to India and find that such a move would double the carbon footprint of production. We then extend our analysis to the general industrial chain and examine the implications of such shifts on a broader scale. We find that India’s process of becoming the global manufacturing hub will lead to increased carbon emissions and reduced global economic growth. The carbon burden surpasses the emission reductions achieved by the EU since the Copenhagen Climate Conference. At the sector level, the computer, basic metals, electronic equipment, and automotive sectors are the largest sources of incremental carbon emissions. To offset the extra emissions, it is essential to ensure that the industrial structure of these sectors temporarily remains unchanged while promoting technological progress in developing countries are essential to offset the extra emissions.

Self-Assembled Sandwich-like Mixed Matrix Membrane of Defective Zr-MOF for Efficient Gas Separation.

Membrane technology has been widely used in industrial CO2 capturing, gas purification and gas separation, arousing attention due to its advantages of high efficiency, energy saving and environmental protection. In the context of reducing global carbon emissions and combating climate change, it is particularly important to capture and separate greenhouse gasses such as CO2. Zr-MOF can be used as a multi-dimensional modification on the polymer membrane to prepare self-assembled MOF-based mixed matrix membranes (MMMs), aiming at the problem of weak adhesion or bonding force between the separation layer and the porous carrier. When defective UiO-66 is applied to PVDF membrane as a functional layer, the CO2 separation performance of the PVDF membrane is significantly improved. TUT-UiO-3-TTN@PVDF has a CO2 permeation flux of 14,294 GPU and a selectivity of 27 for CO2/N2 and 18 for CO2/CH4, respectively. The CO2 permeability and selectivity of the membrane exhibited change after 40 h of continuous operation, significantly improving the gas separation performance and showing exceptional stability for large-scale applications.

Meteorological Data Processing Method for Energy-Saving Design of Intelligent Buildings Based on the Compressed Sensing Reconstruction Algorithm

With the increasingly severe problems of global climate change and resource scarcity, sustainable development has become an important issue of common concern in various industries. The construction industry is one of the main sources of global energy consumption and carbon emissions, and sustainable buildings are an effective way to address climate change and resource scarcity. Meteorological conditions are closely related to building energy efficiency. Therefore, the research is founded upon a substantial corpus of meteorological data, employing a compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm to supplement the absent meteorological data, and subsequently integrating an enhanced density peak clustering algorithm for data mining. Finally, an intelligent, sustainable, building energy-saving design platform is designed based on this. The research results show that in the case of random defects in monthly timed data that are difficult to repair, the reconstruction error of the compressed sensing reconstruction algorithm is only 0.0403, while the improved density peak clustering algorithm has the best accuracy in both synthetic and real datasets, with an average accuracy corresponding to 0.9745 and 0.8304. Finally, in the application of the intelligent, sustainable, building energy-saving design platform, various required information such as HVAC data energy-saving design parameters, cloud cover, and temperature radiation are intuitively and fully displayed. The above results indicate that the research method can effectively explore the potential valuable information of sustainable building energy-saving design, providing a reference for the design of sustainable buildings and climate analysis.

The Impact of Dual Environmental Regulations on Carbon Intensity: A Global Perspective

Greenhouse gas emissions are a leading cause of global warming, posing significant threats to both the natural environment and the sustainable development of global economies and societies. Environmental regulations have been crucial in reducing these emissions and improving ecological conditions. This study presents the first theoretical analysis of the mechanisms through which formal and informal environmental regulations influence carbon intensity. A panel data model was constructed to empirically test and analyze the impact of these regulations on carbon intensity across 118 countries. The findings reveal that both formal and informal environmental regulations exerted a reduced influence on global carbon emission intensity, affirming their significance in promoting energy conservation and emission reduction. Moreover, a synergistic effect was observed between the two types of regulations, indicating that their coordinated enforcement could further mitigate carbon emission intensity. Regional analysis revealed that formal environmental regulation exhibited a dampening effect on carbon emission intensity in both high- and low-carbon countries. However, the moderating impact of informal environmental regulation was found to be markedly stronger in low-carbon countries compared to their high-carbon counterparts. The synergy between these two forms of regulation had a more pronounced influence on the carbon emission intensity of high-carbon countries, underscoring their potent emission reduction effect when implemented in tandem. The insights gained from this study can aid policymakers in developing effective environmental policies aimed at realizing energy conservation and emission reduction goals, thereby contributing to the mitigation of global warming and the promotion of sustainable development.