Global Acceptance Research Articles

Initial behaviors and attitudes towards the COVID-19 vaccine in sarcoidosis patients: results of a self-reporting questionnaire.

Individuals with self-declared sarcoidosis are at increased risk of COVID-19 related morbidity and mortality for which vaccination can be lifesaving. Despite this, vaccine hesitancy remains a large barrier to global acceptance of vaccination against COVID-19. We aimed to identify individuals with sarcoidosis who had and had not been vaccinated against COVID-19 vaccine to 1) establish a safety profile of COVID-19 vaccination in those with sarcoidosis and 2) to elucidate factors that contribute to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. A questionnaire inquiring about COVID-19 vaccination status, vaccination side effects, and willingness for future vaccination was distributed from December 2020 to May 2021 to individuals with sarcoidosis living in the US and European countries. Details regarding sarcoidosis manifestations and treatment were solicited. Vaccine attitudes were classified as pro or anti-COVID-19 vaccination for subgroup analysis. At the time of questionnaire administration, 42% of respondents had already received a COVID-19 vaccination, most of whom either denied side effects or reported a local reaction only. Those off sarcoidosis therapy were more likely to report systemic side effects. Among subjects who had not yet received a COVID-19 vaccine, 27% of individuals reported they would not receive one once available. Reasons against vaccination were overwhelmingly related to the lack of confidence in vaccine safety and/or efficacy and less related to concerns associated with convenience or complacency. Black individuals, women, and younger adults were more likely to decline vaccination. Among individuals with sarcoidosis, COVID-19 vaccination is well-accepted and well-tolerated. Subjects on sarcoidosis therapy reported significantly less vaccination side effects, and thus the correlation between side effects, vaccine type, and vaccine efficacy requires further investigation. Strategies to improve vaccination should focus on improving knowledge and education regarding vaccine safety and efficacy, as well as targeting sources of misinformation, particularly in young, black, and female subpopulations.

The Prevalence of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy Among the Black Asian Ethnic Minority in New South Wales, Australia.

Vaccination provides a cost-effective approach to controlling the COVID-19 pandemic. The success of vaccination depends on global preparedness and acceptance of the new vaccines, and this is threatened by vaccine hesitancy worldwide. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, attitudes, and contributing factors in the Black Asian Ethnic Minority (BAME) of New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Aim:This study aimed to measure the prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and identify contributing factors leading to vaccine hesitancy in the Black Asian and Ethnic Minority (BAME) in NSW. A cross-sectional study was conducted among the BAME community in NSW; over 12 weeks, from January 3rd, 2022, to March 28th, 2022. The study used the pre-existing previously known 5Cs model (confidence, constraints, complacency, calculation, and collective responsibility) to assess reasons for hesitancy. The questionnaire was distributed in English using social media platforms: Facebook and WhatsApp. The study received 101 respondents over 18 years from all states in Australia from BAME communities, males and females, with different educational levels, employment sectors, marital statuses, co-existing chronic medical conditions, previous COVID-19 infection status, and COVID-19 vaccine received. Of these, 56 respondents were from NSW. Our findings revealed a high prevalence of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy among the BAME community in NSW, with 72.8% of respondents demonstrating hesitancy/reluctance due to various attitudes identified by the 5Cs model. Despite this high hesitancy, 98.2% of the participants had received at least one to three vaccine doses. Even in populations with high vaccine uptake, it is still essential to address vaccine hesitancy and provide ongoing education about the importance of vaccination, particularly as new variants of COVID-19 continue to emerge and the need for booster shots may arise. This can help ensure continued protection against the virus and prevent future outbreaks.

Global Trends in Social Prescribing: Web-Based Crawling Approach.

Social loneliness is a prevalent issue in industrialized countries that can lead to adverse health outcomes, including a 26% increased risk of premature mortality, coronary heart disease, stroke, depression, cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer disease. The United Kingdom has implemented a strategy to address loneliness, including social prescribing-a health care model where physicians prescribe nonpharmacological interventions to tackle social loneliness. However, there is a need for evidence-based plans for global social prescribing dissemination. This study aims to identify global trends in social prescribing from 2018. To this end, we intend to collect and analyze words related to social prescribing worldwide and evaluate various trends of related words by classifying the core areas of social prescribing. Google's searchable data were collected to analyze web-based data related to social prescribing. With the help of web crawling, 3796 news items were collected for the 5-year period from 2018 to 2022. Key topics were selected to identify keywords for each major topic related to social prescribing. The topics were grouped into 4 categories, namely Healthy, Program, Governance, and Target, and keywords for each topic were selected thereafter. Text mining was used to determine the importance of words collected from new data. Word clouds were generated for words related to social prescribing, which collected 3796 words from Google News databases, including 128 in 2018, 432 in 2019, 566 in 2020, 748 in 2021, and 1922 in 2022, increasing nearly 15-fold between 2018 and 2022 (5 years). Words such as health, prescribing, and GPs (general practitioners) were the highest in terms of frequency in the list for all the years. Between 2020 and 2021, COVID, gardening, and UK were found to be highly related words. In 2022, NHS (National Health Service) and UK ranked high. This dissertation examines social prescribing-related term frequency and classification (2018-2022) in Healthy, Program, Governance, and Target categories. Key findings include increased "Healthy" terms from 2020, "gardening" prominence in "Program," "community" growth across categories, and "Target" term spikes in 2021. This study's discussion highlights four key aspects: (1) the "Healthy" category trends emphasize mental health, cancer, and sleep; (2) the "Program" category prioritizes gardening, community, home-schooling, and digital initiatives; (3) "Governance" underscores the significance of community resources in social prescribing implementation; and (4) "Target" focuses on 4 main groups: individuals with long-term conditions, low-level mental health issues, social isolation, or complex social needs impacting well-being. Social prescribing is gaining global acceptance and is becoming a global national policy, as the world is witnessing a sharp rise in the aging population, noncontagious diseases, and mental health problems. A successful and sustainable model of social prescribing can be achieved by introducing social prescribing schemes based on the understanding of roles and the impact of multisectoral partnerships.

Overview of larvae of red palm weevil,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), as human food

Insects have been a component of the human diet for ages, but their popularity as human food has only expanded considerably in recent years due to their potential as a large future food supply with high nutritional content and considerable environmental benefits. One of the promising insects with potential in foodstuff application is the red palm weevil (RPW),Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Olivier) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). It is believed that with the advancement of new knowledge and technology, edible insects, specifically RPW larvae, would gain more acceptance globally, expand their market, and serve as a more sustainable alternative to meat. The aim of this article is to provide an overview of RPW larvae as human food. This study further emphasises that RPW larvae are suitable for human consumption since they are nutritious. The trade-in edible insects, particularly RPW, presents tremendous potential, as many nations have begun to recognise them as human foods, and other nations, such as Thailand, even produce them on a food business scale. In order to present a more comprehensive perspective, the possibility of the RPW’s mass rearing is also examined. In addition, the global acceptance of RPW cannot be separated from several advantages compared to similar insect larvae of other species in terms of mass-rearing and distribution, as well as nutritional value, which indicates the larvae’s high potential for processing into food products. It is envisaged that this study would give an overview for policymakers to plan and implement more appropriate policies and regulations to assist the growth of the RPW industry.

Current challenges for the use of phytotherapy: a narrative

Considering the phytotherapy increasing use, there are challenges that must be overcome to applying this therapeutic area in a comprehensive way. In order to explore the main obstacles that limit the application of phytotherapy in the health spheres, the aim of this bibliographic review is to offer a summary of the main issues on this topic. In this narrative literature review, studies about the main challenges for the use and development of phytotherapy were selected. Searches were performed in MEDLINE, PUBMED, SCIENCE DIRECT, SciELO and LILACS. In the selected studies, can be cited how main challenges the raw material and bioactive compounds obtaining, regulatory, safety and efficacy evaluation, issues related to quality control and the health professionals training and knowledge. The global acceptance about the herbal medicines and products based on medicinal plants use shows exponential growth. In order to protect users, some issues must be overcome, how regulatory standardization, health professionals adequacy training and quality assurance, efficacy and safety of the products used in phytotherapy.

Drug Permeability - Best Practices for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS)-Based Biowaivers: A workshop Summary Report

The workshop “Drug Permeability - Best Practices for Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS) Based Biowaivers” was held virtually on December 6, 2021, organized by the University of Maryland Center of Excellence in Regulatory Science and Innovation (M-CERSI), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The workshop focused on the industrial, academic, and regulatory experiences in generating and evaluating permeability data, with the aim to further facilitate implementation of the BCS and efficient development of high-quality drug products globally. As the first international permeability workshop since the BCS based biowaivers was finalized as the ICH M9 guideline, the workshop included lectures, panel discussions, and breakout sessions. Lecture and panel discussion topics covered case studies at IND, NDA, and ANDA stages, typical deficiencies relating to permeability assessment supporting BCS biowaiver, types of evidence that are available to demonstrate high permeability, method suitability of a permeability assay, impact of excipients, importance of global acceptance of permeability methods, opportunities to expand the use of biowaivers (e.g. non-Caco-2 cell lines, totality-of-evidence approach to demonstrate high permeability) and future of permeability testing. Breakout sessions focused on 1) in vitro and in silico intestinal permeability methods; 2) potential excipient effects on permeability and; 3) use of label and literature data to designate permeability class.

Validation of the Attitudes Towards Psychological Online Interventions Questionnaire Among Black Americans: Cross-cultural Confirmatory Factor Analysis

Acceptability of digital mental health interventions is a significant predictor of treatment-seeking behavior and engagement. However, acceptability has been conceptualized and operationalized in various ways, which decreases measurement precision and leads to heterogeneous conclusions about acceptability. Standardized self-report measures of acceptability have been developed, which have the potential to ameliorate these problems, but none have demonstrated evidence for validation among Black communities, which limits our understanding of attitudes toward these interventions among racially minoritized groups with well-documented barriers to mental health treatment. This study aims to examine the psychometric validity and reliability of one of the first and most widely used measures of acceptability, the Attitudes Towards Psychological Online Interventions Questionnaire, among a Black American sample. Participants (N=254) were recruited from a large southeastern university and the surrounding metropolitan area and completed the self-report measure via a web-based survey. A confirmatory factor analysis using mean and variance adjusted weighted least squares estimation was conducted to examine the validity of the underlying hierarchical 4-factor structure proposed by the original authors of the scale. An alternative, hierarchical 2-factor structure model and bifactor model were examined for comparative fit. The findings indicated that the bifactor model demonstrated a superior fit (comparative fit index=0.96, Tucker-Lewis index=0.94, standardized root mean squared residual=0.03, and root mean square error of approximation=0.09) compared with both 2- and 4-factor hierarchical structure models. The findings suggest that, within a Black American sample, there may be greater utility in interpreting the Attitudes Towards Psychological Online Interventions Questionnaire subscales as attitudinal constructs that are distinct from the global acceptability factor. The theoretical and practical implications for culturally responsive measurements were explored.

Bioestatística: desafio para estudantes e profissionais de saúde

A bioestatística nunca esteve tão em alta como nos últimos anos. Com o surgimento da pandemia de Covid-19 muito se falou de gráficos, tabelas, incidência, taxa de mortalidade, taxa de letalidade. Esses termos navegaram pelas principais mídias e para a população em geral. Entre os alunos de graduação e pós-graduação e até mesmo para profissionais, a bioestatística aparece como um desafio e carrega indagações do tipo: “Para que preciso estudar isso?” ou “Não sou muito bom em cálculos.” O presente artigo pretende discutir, através de embasamento teórico, os motivos pelos quais estudantes e profissionais de saúde têm dificuldades e pouco envolvimento com essa área de estudo. A metodologia foi a busca por artigos, utilizando as palavras-chaves, nas principais bases de dados. O contato com a bioestatística vem sendo introduzido desde as séries iniciais, apresentando-a com um olhar cotidiano, e dando continuidade na graduação, acarreta maior envolvimento e entendimento, desmistificando a bioestatística como uma disciplina apenas para alguns.

Artificial Intelligence, Creativity, and Intentionality: The Need for a Paradigm Shift

Artificial Intelligence, Creativity, and Intentionality: The Need for a Paradigm Shift

Nihonggo No Benkyou: The Case of Filipino ESL Teachers in Graduate School

In 2010, the Commission on Higher Education (CHED) institutionalized the offering of foreign languages in the curricular programs of higher education institutions to accord global acceptance of local graduates in the Philippines. In graduate school, Nihongo is one of the foreign languages commonly offered in the local university. Theoretically, the second language acquisition of adult learners (i.e., graduate students) is crucial and different from adolescent language learners. And there is a dearth of literature on Filipinos learning Nihongo; most of them involve college students and overseas Filipino workers (OFWs) and less among ESL teachers in graduate school. This study: (1) contributed to the limited evidence in Japanese language learning of Filipino students; showed qualitative evidence on the CPH of adult learning a third or fourth language. Results revealed that though most of the ESL teachers in graduate school were middle-aged, they partly considered their age crucial in learning Nihongo and declared that their age was not the only factor in recognizing their difficulties in learning a foreign language rather other learning limitations such as affective factors, learning environment, workload, etc.; (2) presented the ESL teachers’ difficulties in learning Nihongo language in the graduate school such as writing and translating sentences and phrases, vocabulary and pronunciation; and (3) showed their strategies in learning the Japanese language as an academic requirement were creating mental linkages, applying images and sounds, reviewing well, and employing actions. Thus, this study presented recommendations for the effective teaching of Japanese language among graduate students in the Philippines.

Impact of whole millet extruded flour on the physicochemical properties and antihyperglycemic activity of gluten free pasta.

Gluten-free pasta was developed from raw whole millet (RMF) and precooked (PCMF) flours by thermoplastic extrusion. The fusilli shape pasta were prepared with RMF (100%) and RMF:PCMF in a ratio of 50:50. The formulations were characterized for texture, cooking loss, antioxidant capacity, antihyperglycemic activity, sensory and color analyses. The RMF:PCMF blend exhibited better integrity while the RMF was less consistent and more brittle after cooking. The optimal cooking time was 8.5min for RMF:PCMF and 6.5min for RMF pasta. Concerning texture parameters, pasta with RMF:PCMF presented higher values ​​than those with RMF, approaching commercial pasta. The antioxidant capacity, DPPH and FRAP (78.5% SFR and 247.5µmol Trolox/g), total phenolics (127.6μmol gallic acid equivalent/g (GAE/g)) and antihyperglycemic activity (99.5%) were higher for RMF:PCMF than for pasta prepared with RMF alone. The protein, lipid and fiber content of RMF:PCMF pasta was higher than the commercial brown rice pasta. In relation to the instrumental color analysis, dry pasta (RMF:PCMF) showed a browning index (BI) of 31.9. The global acceptance index of the RMF:PCMF pasta was 66%, in which texture was the most highlighted negative parameter reported by the evaluators. Thus, the use of whole millet precooked flours by thermoplastic extrusion can be an alternative in the preparation of gluten-free products with better functional properties.

A ‘Uniform’ for All States?

A ‘Uniform’ for All States?

An integrated environmental nutrition model for dietary sustainability assessment

Environmental nutrition is gradually replacing the environmentally siloed sustainability assessment models to enhance sustainable dietary decisions. However, prominent concerns like the incomprehensive representation of nutritional quality and the difficulty in replicating existing models continue to limit the application of environmental nutrition. In addressing this, the current study presents an easily replicable and comprehensive nutrition mediated life cycle assessment approach termed the Environmental Impact Weighted Daily Value score (EIWDVs) model. This newly developed model comprehensively captures nutrient quantity in a daily value perspective as a nutritional indicator, and environmental impacts results as environmental indicators in the estimation of a nutrition mediated sustainability score. For validation purposes, the study applied this new model and the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology, respectively, for comparing animal and plant-based foods within two major food categories: dairy products and analogs (e.g., cow milk versus soymilk) and meat and alternative meat products (e.g., beef sausage versus soy meatballs) in a defined future market scenario. Life cycle assessment and environmental nutrition results proved the plant-based alternatives to be sustainable dietary alternatives for achieving environmental nutrition co-benefits. For instance, production of soymilk and soy meatballs could offset up to 64–85% of global warming potential relative to cow milk and beef sausage. About 10% increase in offset values for global warming potential can be achieved when environmental nutrition is considered in dietary sustainability assessment. Nonetheless, the authors challenge the possibility of completely displacing animal-based diets, outlining existing gaps in global capacity and social acceptance, dynamic consumer behavior, and other socio-cultural factors as critical constraints to such a transition. Therefore, an integrated sustainable dietary system that considers plant and animal products with appreciable environmental nutrition performances is proposed as a feasible starting point for a gradual transition to a future of sustainable healthy dieting.

Revelation of the sciences of traditional foods

Traditional foods (TFs) inherit a long history and colorful cultures and are closely bound with the dietary patterns of indigenous people. They are either homemade or commercially made and purchased from local food outlets, which provide distinctive textural and sensory properties, nutritional values, and bioactivities. However, the science and wisdom of TFs are not necessarily clearly understood by local people in their historical context. Today's scientific knowledge and technical capabilities provide opportunities for scientists, industries, and consumers to understand the scientific ingenuity behind TFs, which may significantly promote the transition of TFs from homemade to scaled and standardized manufacturing with global availability and acceptance. In addition, the science of TFs may open new vistas for developing modern foods and new lifestyles. This review summarizes and provides insights into the science of TFs, covering food chemistry, food quality, food safety, health function, food processes, and its implications for future food systems. • Modern science revealed the sciences and benefits of TFs. • Scientific knowledge promoted TFs into global availability. • Science of TFs inspired the development of modern foods and new lifestyles. • Advanced methodologies provide new opportunities in TF studies.

Use of Olive Industry By-Products for Value-Added Food Development

The olive industry involves environmental problems of special relevance, such as the generation of residual brines after the pickling process. Moreover, in the pitting and filling operations of the olives, fatty residues are generated that end up being washed away in the wastewater of these industries. The novelty of this work is based on the extraction of high value-added compounds from residues resulting from the industrialization process of olives, whose content in fatty acids, phenolic compounds and other substances could make them susceptible to being considered as a raw material of interest for the development or enrichment of other foods. The results obtained determined that the physico-chemical and functional characteristics of the oil and the brine, generated as by-products in the olive industry, indicated their potential as raw materials. For this reason, new formulations of the filling of olives (anchovy, red pepper, and lemon flavour) were developed, using the residual oil as a by-product, which showed greater global acceptability by consumers compared to a commercial stuffing made with sodium alginate. In addition, wastewater was used as a brine by-product to pickle three types of vegetables: carrot, cauliflower, and onion. All pickled vegetables showed the highest phenolic content and a higher overall liking, the differences being significant with respect to commercial reference. In conclusion, the results obtained could allow for the conversion of a by-product into a co-product, partially solving an environmental problem, and providing added value to the final product.

Insights into End Users’ Acceptance and Participation in Energy Flexibility Strategies

Ahead of the energy crisis, several countermeasures to reduce the energy demand require an active change in the end users’ energy patterns. There are strategies known as demand response (DR) programs that have been tested in recent years, and they have showed us that users’ behaviours can considerably reduce their effectiveness. This is due to a lack of sufficient knowledge, which leads to a lack of acceptance and participation. The key aim of this research is to detect which aspects influence acceptance of energy flexibility strategies the most. Through a series of tools, such as direct questionnaires, brief and user-friendly explanations, and analysis of variance, these aspects are studied by delving into specific topics such as smart home technologies, change in habits and patterns of energy use, and DR programs. In the literature, these topics have been studied separately, but they all contribute to the global acceptance: a comprehensive vision of the matter is the novelty of this work. The key findings are encouraging: 72% of the respondents demonstrated their willingness to enrol in a DR program. A reluctance to change habits was shown, in particular, among the age range 26–40, while women were more environmentally aware and more likely to participate in energy flexibility strategies. The modality of direct load control (which gives control to the utility company) is confirmed to be harder to be accepted (from 13 to 27% less acceptance depending on the category), with people who share a flat being the most likely to try it, and people who live with their parents being the less inclined ones. Acceptance increased when we provided plain language explanations, as seen in the case of smart home technologies: 97% of people who never tried them were declared to be willing to test smart technologies after a simple elucidation that was included in the questionnaire, showing that a right approach to the users led to a greater show of interest. This research highlights that the users’ background and demographics characteristics (namely age, gender, educational level, home situation, home tenure, presence of children, and average income) should be taken into account when it comes to designing new energy flexibility strategies, since differences in the acceptance among groups have been found. The work also presents insights on the payback periods of legacy equipment in the EU energy context, demonstrating that a timely intervention can require half the time compared to that of the period prior to the crisis.

Pitfalls and potential pathways to commercialization of indigenous food crops, fruits, and vegetables in Africa

All foods have local origins, but their commercialization and global acceptance remain challenging. Agricultural commercialization involves producing agricultural products for financial gain and market purposes beyond family consumption. Indigenous foods have vast societal benefits, including cultural, employment, medicinal, food security-related, nutritional, and financial. However, indigenous food consumption and demand are constantly declining because exotic foods are replacing them, despite recent campaigns for their increased commercialization. The study investigates the challenges associated with indigenous food commercialization, possible pathways to commercialization, and the role of the government in commercializing indigenous food. It offers a hypothesized structure and essential blueprint for sustainable indigenous food (crop) commercialization. The methodology involved a review of the literature using various search engines, scholarly sites, and print books, combining quantitative and qualitative research. Scaling indigenous food for sustainable commercialization beyond dependency on the wild product takes specific steps, including domestication, certification, and effective government-private collaboration. Policies to improve the sustainability of indigenous food are urgently required to save them from extinction and meet future demand. Many indigenous foods are hindered by low-status perception, poor value addition, inadequate knowledge of their potential, lack of market penetration, and global acceptability challenges. Indigenous food commercialization lacks a holistic and systematic approach involving careful planning, procedural steps, and an aggressive market-spreading mechanism for global adoption. An excellent strategic relationship between government and stakeholders is a prerequisite for indigenous food commercialization, but the onus is on the government to commit to indigenous food commercialization programs.

A Quick Snapshot of the English Language

Into the tapestry of the English language are woven qualities that make human communication so attractive: flexibility, resilience, versatility, clarity, conciseness, to name a few. This article presents a succinct perspective and traces the tumultuous development of the English language from its humble beginnings to the present-day global acceptance as the international means of communication among people in various walks of life, cultures, scientific and local communities, mass media, and any other field in between. Intermediate steps included historical events which switched the focus from other languages to English, as well as its relevance in cultures across the globe. References to attest the validity of such approaches come from researchers, historians, linguists, mass media reporters, and writers. Explaining how English became the first global language is an exercise in world history, not just because it includes most parts of the world but even more because the story of the English language’s spread intersects with so many other themes in world history. In conclusion, whether English is used and taught as a native language, as a second language, or as a foreign language, its historical development will undoubtedly help in understanding how and what made English a powerful communication tool in today’s world. English has assumed a new role as a means of communication and as a medium of instruction in the classroom and it has undergone a dramatic change in terms of its use and users for many diverse social and business purposes in the global community.

Extending the Reach of Quality With CARF Accreditation

Accreditation is a common method to assess quality and plan for improvements in the delivery of health and human services. CARF accreditation was established to create standards of quality for specialty programs in rehabilitation and for community-based services. Since its inception, the person-served has uniquely been the focus of standards design, with specificity to program-based standards that address “person-centered” service needs. As a quality improvement model, CARF's standards are referenced as typical to another respected quality assessment and improvement model, ISO standards. The importance of ensuring a person's served focus in the health and human service industry is discussed with benefits of a peer review accreditation system and experience of accreditation based on CARF customer feedback and those served. It is posited that long-term growth for accreditation and CARF's mission, to “enhance the lives of persons served through a consultative accreditation process,” will sustain CARF's global acceptance and contribute to improving lives in our communities.

Love’s place in the spectrum of affect, one of 24 secondary emotions: implications for psychiatry

Love is defined and examined as an emotion, using the psychoevolutionary theory of emotions developed by Robert Plutchik and extended to social psychiatry by Henry Kellerman. This theory posits a fourfold ethogram, representing the valanced adaptive reactions to problems of life which define the eight primary emotions. The problem of identity is addressed by acceptance and disgust; temporality, by joy–happiness and sadness. Using a hierarchical classification system, love is defined as a secondary-level emotion, a mixture of joy and acceptance. Examination of the brain infrastructure of these emotions supports their interpretation as basic emotions. In romantic and other forms of love, there is a global acceptance–incorporation, of the other, together with the joy of sexual pair-bonding. This can rise to the level of a clinical disposition that is both histrionic and manic, akin to a Durkheimian collective effervescence. The emotions of acceptance and joy are in everyday life constrained by ego-defense mechanisms: acceptance is constrained by a more critical, less idealised, view of a potential love object; uninhibited joy of sexuality is defended against by sublimation, in which libidinal energy is deflected into an emphasis on correct and proper behaviour, and purposive and productive activities.