Two forms of morphologically transformed glauconite (GL) involved exfoliated nanosheets (EXG) and nanorods (GRs), which were synthesized by facile exfoliating and scrolling modification under sonication. The two advanced forms (EXG and GRs) were applied as enhanced adsorbents for U(vi) ions and compared with using raw glauconite. The developed GRs structure displays higher saturation retention properties (319.5 mg g-1) in comparison with both EXG (264.8 mg g-1) and GL (237.9 mg g-1). This enhancement is assigned to the noticeable increment in the surface area (32.6 m2 g-1 (GL), 86.4 m2 g-1 (EXG), and 123.7 m2 g-1 (GRs)) in addition to the surface reactivity and exposure of effective siloxane groups. This was supported by the steric investigation based on the isotherm basics of the monolayer model of one energy site. The steric functions declared a strong increase in the density of the existing effective uptake receptors throughout the modification stages (GRs (112.1 mg g-1) > EXG (87.7 mg g-1) > 72.5 mg g-1 (GL)). Also, each active site can be filled with 4 U(vi) ions, donating the parallel orientation of these ions and the operation of multi-ionic mechanisms. The energetic functions, either the uptake energy (<13 kJ mol-1) or Gaussian energy (<5 kJ mol-1), validate the retention of U(vi) by physical reactions. These reactions displayed spontaneous properties and exothermic behaviors based on the investigated thermodynamic functions, including entropy, enthalpy, and internal energy. The structures also showed significant recyclability, indicating potential application on a realistic and commercial scale.

Processes occurring in the NaCMC/glauconite suspension under the cold plasma treatment. Influence of plasma on adsorptive and stabilizing properties of the system

Reference materials (RMs) with well‐characterised composition are necessary for reliable quantification and quality control of isotopic analyses of geological samples. For in situ Rb‐Sr analysis of silicate minerals via laser ablation inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry (LA‐ICP‐MS/MS) with a collision/reaction cell, there is a general lack of mineral‐specific and matrix‐matched RMs, which limits wider application of this new laser‐based dating technique to certain minerals. In this work, pressed nano‐powder pellets (NP) of four RMs, GL‐O (glauconite), Mica‐Mg (phlogopite), Mica‐Fe (biotite) and FK‐N (K‐feldspar), were analysed and tested for in situ Rb‐Sr dating, complemented by isotope dilution (ID) MC‐ICP‐MS Rb‐Sr analyses of GL‐O and Mica‐Mg. In addition, we attempted to develop alternative flux‐free and fused ‘mineral glasses’ from the above RMs for in situ Rb‐Sr dating applications. Overall, the results of this study showed that among the above RMs only two NP (Mica‐Mg‐NP and GL‐O‐NP) were suitable and robust for in situ dating applications. These two nano‐powder reference materials, Mica‐Mg‐NP and GL‐O‐NP, were thus used as primary RMs to normalise and determine Rb‐Sr ages for three natural minerals: MDC phlogopite and GL‐O glauconite grains, and also Mica‐Fe‐NP (biotite). Our in situ analyses of the above RMs yielded Rb‐Sr ages that are in good agreement (within 8%) of published ages, which suggests that both Mica‐Mg‐NP and GL‐O‐NP are suitable RMs for in situ Rb‐Sr dating of phlogopite, glauconite and biotite. However, using secondary RMs is recommended to monitor the quality of the obtained ages.

The influence of the pseudoamphoteric zwitterionic surfactant cocamidopropylbetaine (CAPB) on the stabilizing flocculating properties of the aqueous suspensions of glauconite (GT) with cationic guar gum (CGG) at various pH values was investigated. The following techniques were used: turbidimetry, UV-VIS spectrophotometry, tensiometry, electrophoretic mobility measurements, SEM, CHN, XRD, and FT-IR. It was established that CGG is an effective glauconite flocculant. Moreover, the most probable mechanism that is responsible for flocculation is bridge flocculation resulting from polymer adsorption on the glauconite surface. The adsorption process is caused by electrostatic interactions between the negatively charged glauconite surface and the positively charged polymer. The amount of CGG adsorption increases with the increase of the pH, which was confirmed by the adsorption and zeta potential measurements. The addition of CAPB increases the amount of the polymer adsorption due to the formation of intermolecular polymer–surfactant complexes; however, it reduces flocculation effectiveness.

The aim of this study was conducted to determine the effect of glauconite and sepiolite together with oil usage on pellet quality criteria in broiler and laying concentrate. In recent years, no study was found in the literature focusing on the use of glauconite in pelleting. Therefore, the effect of sepiolite and glauconite on pellet quality criteria was investigated in pellet production in our study. Concentrated feeds were made by the rations research team, whose raw materials were taken from a commercial feed factory. Pellet concentrate feeds were produced with 7 batch (each batch was 100 kg). Disc that has hole diameter 3.5 mm and wall thickness of 70 mm was used in production. The study was carried out in two different. Firstly, 1% and 2% levels sepiolite and glauconite were added to each concentrate in pellet production without adding oil. Secondly, 1% and 2% levels sepiolite and glauconite and 1% vegetable oil were added to the concentrates during pelleting. In both experiments, the trial consisted of 1 control and 4 trial groups.The end of study, dry matter level of the pellets was statistically influenced by the addition of sepiolite and glauconite in broiler and laying hen pellet concentrates (with or without vegetable oil addition) (p<0.05). Pellet durability index of broiler and laying hens pellet concentrates (with or without vegetable oil addition) were not statistically affected by the addition of sepiolite and glauconite. Pellet water activity of broiler and laying hens pellet concentrates (with vegetable oil addition). were not statistically affected by the addition of sepiolite and glauconite. However, pellet water activity of laying hens pellet concentrates (without vegetable oil addition) were statistically affected by the addition of sepiolite and glauconite (p<0.05). Pellet water activity has the lowest value especially in the groups in which glauconite is added. Consequently, vegetable oil addition did not affect pellet durability and water activity, but it did not adversely affect pellet production by increasing the dry matter level of pellets. Due to the positive effects of glauconite and sepiolite on the dry matter and water activity of pellets, it was concluded that glauconite can be used as feed additive in broiler and laying hens pellets and it can improve the pellet storage conditions.

The decorative wall painting from 17 th CE Chatta Chowk was investigated to study the composition and characteristics of the pigment used in the decorative arts. The pigments were examined by thin cross-sections, High-Resolution X-ray diffraction (HR-XRD) analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and, portable Raman spectrometry. Besides, gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for identifying pigment binders. Analysis results showed the stratigraphy of the paint layer applied over fine lime plaster in a well-controlled manner mixed with binders according to the secco technique. The identified pigments for red paint layers were attributed to the mixture of hematite (Fe 2 O 3 ), cinnabar (HgS) and cadmium sulfide (CdS). The utilization of admixture of mercury, iron and cadmium compounds has served as a clear evidence in order specific tones on the painted surfaces. The green paint layer was attributed to green earth (celadonite) through vibrational features, differentiating from glauconite spectra. The GC-MS analysis of the pigment showed the use of fats, waxes and drying oils as binders.

Rare clasts of richly fossiliferous uppermost Albian (Vraconian auctt.) glauconitic and phosphatic, ammonite-bearing limestone have been found in the Eocene Cuccuru ’e Flores Conglomerate in the area of M. Albo massif (eastern Sardinia). The limestone is wholly comparable in facies and fossil assemblage to the classical outcrop known in the Orosei area. The fossil content includes also brachiopods and abundant planktonic foraminifers of the Thalmanninella (formerly Rotalipora ) appenninica Zone. In the palaeontological part the brachiopods Orbirhynchia parkinsoni and Capillithyris capillata are described and discussed. Vraconian highly condensed deposits, characterized by basal erosional gaps of variable importance, have particular relevance, being known to be widely distributed in the northern Tethyan margin with common characteristics, such as authigenic glauconite, phosphatic nodules and a rich outer-shelf fauna.

Evolution of Authigenic Glauconite in Early Diagenesis

ABSTRACT The Lower Cretaceous Glauconitic member in the Badger, Little Bow, Retlaw and Turin fields in southern Alberta is interpreted to consist of stacked, partially overlapping, unconformity bounded sequences each of which comprises valley-fill and inter-valley strata. Incised valley-fills are up to 33 m thick and 2.5 km wide. Inter-valley successions occur outside (between) the incised valleys; they lie atop stratigraphically flat-lying portions of sequence boundaries, are up to 7 m thick, can extend more than 8 km laterally away from associated valleys, and commonly overlie paleosols. Sedimentological and ichnological analysis of cores indicates that both valley-fill and inter-valley strata accumulated dominantly in estuarine environments. Each sequence boundary is interpreted to have formed during a fall of relative sea level with valley incision accompanied by soil development on subaerially exposed interfluves. Valley-fill and inter-valley strata of each sequence together represent a transgressive systems tract which was deposited during a rise of relative sea level. Valley-fill deposits accumulated dominantly in inner to middle estuarine environments, whereas inter-valley sediments were deposited in broad outer estuarine embayments. Reservoir sandstone bodies in valley-fill and inter-valley strata have different geometries. Valley-fill sandstones are thick, elongate pods which formed from longitudinal sand bars in tidal bay-head deltas when inner-middle estuarine sedimentation was confined within valleys. Inter-valley sandstones are thin sheets which formed from coalesced sand shoal and tidal channel deposits when outer estuarine embayments spread across interfluvial areas adjacent to the valleys. RESUME Le membre Glauconitic du Cretace inferieur dans les champs petroliferes Badger, Little Bow, Retlaw et Turin du sud de l'Alberta est interprete comme etant compose de sequences empilees limitees par des discordances et qui se chevauchent en partie, chaque sequence comprenant des couches de remblai de vallee et de sediments inter-vallee. Les remblais des vallees encaissees ont jusqu' a 33 m d'epaisseur et 2,5 km de largeur. Des successions de sediments inter-vallee se trouvent en-dehors (entre) les vallees encaissees: elles se trouvent recouvrant les parties stratigraphiquement horizontales des limites de sequence, ont une epaisseur allant jusqu' a 7m, peuvent s'etendre lateralement sur plus de 8 km au-dela des vallees qui leur sont associees, et recouvrent generalement des paleosols. L'analyse sedimentologique et ichnologique de carottes indique que les couches de remblai de vallee et de sediments inter-vallee s'accumulerent principalement en milieu estuarien. Chaque limite de sequence est interpretee comme s'etant developpee lors d'une baisse du niveau marin relatif, l'incision de la vallee etant accompagnee par la formation de sol sur les surfaces interfluves subaeriennes. Groupees ensembles, les couches de remblai de vallee et de sediments inter-vallee de chaque sequence representent un cortege de depot transgressif qui fut depose durant une hausse du niveau marin relatif. Les depots de remblai de vallee s'accumulerent principalement dans les parties interne a moyenne du milieu estuarien, tandis que les sediments inter-vallee furent deposes dans de vastes baies de sa partie externe. Les reservoirs de gres dans les couches de remblai de vallee et de sediments inter-vallee presentent des geometries differentes. Les gres des remblais de vallee sont des masses allongees epaisses, qui se formerent a partir des bancs de sable longitudinaux dans des deltas situes au fond de baies tidales, lorsque la sedimentation dans les parties internes a moyennes de l'estuaire etait restreinte aux vallees. Les gres inter-vallee sont de minces nappes qui se formerent a partir de haut-fonds sableux et de depots de chenal de maree qui s'unirent, lorsque les parties externes des baies estuariennes s'etendirent a travers les regions interfluviales adjacentes aux vallees. Traduit par Marc Charest. End_Page 332------------------------

Ammonium in glauconite and celadonite

Detailed stratigraphic work in the course of four geologic expeditions has allowed refinement of the Early Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Zanskar Range. The Giumal Sandstone, which is comprised between the Late Jurassic to earliest Cretaceous? Spiti Shale and the mid-Cretaceous Chikkim and Fatu La pelagic limestones, is formally elevated to Group rank and subdivided into two new formations, both capped by laterally continuous condensed sections here considered as formal stratigraphic horizons. The Takh Formation, overlying the Spiti Shale stratigraphically in the Zumlung Unit and commonly with tectonic contact in the Zangla Unit, is in turn subdivided into two parts. The lower part (62 to 86 m thick in the Zumlung Unit) is characterized by very fine to fine-grained subarkoses and medium to very coarse-grained quartzarenites derived from the rejuvenated Indian continental block. In the upper part (103 to 117 m thick), deeper-water dark pelites locally yielding ill-preserved faunas probably Aptian in age become more important. The formation is capped by a glauconitic marker horizon (Labar La Arenite), testifying to a major starved transgressive stage possibly close to the Aptian/Albian boundary. The Pingdon La Formation (214 to 240 m thick in the southwestern part of the Zangla Unit and only 92 to 130 m thick in the Nerak area and Zumlung Unit) is characterized by the sudden appearance of up to medium-grained volcanic detritus. Decametric intervals of up to very coarse-grained quartzo-feldspathic sandstones characterize the middle part of the formation in proximal areas, whereas more monotonous distal sections contain only up to lower fine-grained volcanic arenites. In the upper part, volcanic arenite layers are interbedded with glaucony-rich or bioclastic sediments yielding sporadic foraminifers of Late Albian age. The formation is capped by a condensed horizon (Nerak Glauco-phosphorite) of Late Albian age (R. subticinensis Subzone), which in distal areas is overlain by latest Albian multicolored pelagic limestones of the Fatu La Formation. In the western part of the Zangla Unit, another condensed horizon rich in phosphates, glaucony and bioclasts (Oma Chu Glauco-phosphorite), reaching up to the Late Cenomanian (W. archaeocretacea Zone), is followed by Early Turonian grey pelagic limestones of the Chikkim Formation. Final drowning of the Zanskar shelf occurred through successive episodes of starvation and deepening, related to a complex interplay of geodynamic, eustatic and paleoceanographic processes.

The problem of differentiation of glauconite and celadonite

地質学的にみた海緑石 九州きょう炭層の例

On the basis of available information about glauconite, this paper gives a description of distributive features of glauconite in time and space. It also refers to the varying mineralogical characteristics of recent and fossil glauconites and the transforming process of crystal structure from disorder to order after the formation of authigenic glaueonite. It is also a process in which glauconite becomes mature gradually after burial. On the basis of the knowledge of the formative environments for recent and fossil glauconites, this paper explores their variations in content, shape and associated mineral assemblage. All this can serve as a basis for the differentiation of sedimentary facies. The regular increase in the content of glauconite is also indicative of the process of transgression.

ABSTRACT Marine mudstone deposited in the Early Albian Moosebar sea has been recognized in outcrop sections along the Alberta Foothills from Smoky River to Fall Creek, 160 km (100 mi) northwest of Calgary. The contact between the Moosebar Member of the Malcolm Creek Formation and the underlying Gladstone Formation is abrupt and disconformable, being marked by a thin bed of pebbles and glauconitic mudstone. The upper calcareous member of the Gladstone Formation yielded an interpreted brackish-water fauna in the central and northern Alberta Foothills but an entirely freshwater fauna in the southern Foothills. Equivalent beds in the Gething Formation between Smoky and Wolverine Rivers in the northern Alberta and northeastern British Columbia Foothills appear to be nonmarine, associated with a major deltaic complex. Marine influence again is present in upper beds of the Gething Formation north of the Wolverine River. The microfaunal assemblages in the Moosebar Member point to an open-marine environment in the Smoky River area changing progressively southward to a brackish-water environment in the central Foothills, and ultimately a freshwater environment at the southern extremity of the Moosebar Sea near Fall Creek. The Moosebar Sea transgressed southward along the Early Cretaceous drainage system, forming an extensive estuary during late Gladstone time. During deposition of the Moosebar sediments, the sea extended farther south, probably to about present-day latitude 52° in the Foothills, inundating most of the highlands adjacent to the estuary. Similar events and environments are interpreted for the Alberta Plains region where the Clearwater Formation is equivalent to the Moosebar Member.

Zoned glauconite from the Upper Greensand

Glaukonitgenese und Lithofazies im Cenoman von Dortmund (Westfalen)

ABSTRACT Study of more than 1350 sediment samples from three bays facing the Pacific coast of Baja California shows that the sediments are closely related to oceanographic conditions. At Sebastian Viscaino Bay the sediments are coarsest and of highest calcium carbonate content in a strait that is swept by tidal currents. Adjoining bands of progressively finer sediment result from lower velocities of the water at both ends of the strait. At one end of San Cristobal Bay the sediments are coarse and of high calcium carbonate content owing probably to local upwelling of water. The rest of the bay is an area of slow deposition of detrital sediments and thus it contains the authigenic minerals glauconite and phosphorite. The third bay, Todos Santos, is largely closed off from the open sea by protect ng islands; accordingly, its sediments show a decrease in grain size from shore to deep water. Sediments of the same grain size in the different bays do not necessarily have the same percentage of calcium carbonate or of organic matter because of the different environmental controls. Such present-day background knowledge is useful in interpreting ancient sediments with respect to depositional environments.

Potash from Greensand (Glauconite).