Multimodal imaging offers new insights into understanding ion penetration in dentin caries using an animal model.

Application of green nanoparticles in dental materials: A scoping review.

The Palato-Gingival Groove (PGG) is a rare developmental anomaly most frequently affecting maxillary incisors, predisposing the tooth to plaque retention, localised periodontal destruction, and combined endodontic-periodontal lesions. Owing to its complex anatomy, the diagnosis and management of PGG remain a significant clinical challenge. This case report describes the management of a severe PGG in a 26-year-old male who presented with mobility and a deep periodontal pocket in the maxillary right lateral incisor. Clinical and radiographic examination, including Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT), confirmed the presence of a deep PGG associated with periapical radiolucency. Root canal therapy was performed, followed by a full-thickness flap surgery. The groove was saucerised and sealed with mineral trioxide aggregate to prevent microleakage and promote healing. Bone grafting was performed to facilitate periodontal regeneration, and the flap was repositioned and sutured. Follow-up evaluations at one, three, and five months demonstrated a significant reduction in probing depth, radiographic evidence of bone fill, and restoration of periodontal stability. The second case involved a 35-year-old male with a history of trauma to the maxillary left central incisor and previous root canal treatment, who reported recurrent pain and swelling. Clinical and CBCT examination revealed a palatal radicular groove associated with periapical pathology. Nonsurgical endodontic retreatment was performed, followed by flap surgery. The groove was sealed with light-cured Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) to achieve a smooth surface, prevent microleakage, and enhance periodontal healing. Bone grafting and periodontal dressing were placed to promote regeneration. Follow-up evaluations at three and five months showed complete resolution of symptoms, bone fill, and satisfactory gingival healing. This report of two cases emphasises the importance of early recognition of the PGG as an etiological factor in persistent endo-perio lesions. A comprehensive approach involving endodontic, periodontal, and restorative procedures was essential in achieving favourable outcomes. The novelty of this report lies in highlighting the role of multidisciplinary management in preserving a tooth with an otherwise poor prognosis, thereby reinforcing the need for awareness and timely intervention in such rare anatomical anomalies.

Treatment of immature permanent teeth with blunderbuss apices and thin dentinal walls remains an enigma for endodontists. Various treatment modalities have been used to manage immature teeth, such as non vital pulp therapy with calcium hydroxide or apexification using Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA), Biodentine, or bioceramic putty. However, these methods fail to address the problem of thin dentinal walls, which often leads to tooth fracture and extraction despite successful initial treatment. Regenerative Endodontic Procedures (REPs) offer the best solution for such cases, with the potential to re-establish the dentin-pulp complex, thereby facilitating apexogenesis and root maturation. The development of second-generation platelet concentrates such as Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) has made the success of REPs more predictable compared to procedures that rely solely on induced intracanal bleeding. A 25-yearold female patient presented with pain and swelling in the upper anterior region, with a history of childhood trauma 17 years earlier and recent incomplete dental treatment. Clinical and radiographic examination revealed tenderness on percussion and a well-defined periapical radiolucency (~10×12 mm) involving teeth #21 and #22. Tooth #21 exhibited an open apex and a necrotic pulp, while tooth #22 had previously undergone root canal treatment. A working diagnosis of periapical pathology secondary to pulpal necrosis was made. A Regenerative Endodontic Procedure (REP) was planned for tooth #21, while tooth #22 was left untreated due to satisfactory restoration and obturation. Following disinfection using 1.5% sodium hypochlorite and placement of an interim calcium hydroxide dressing over three visits, Platelet-Rich Fibrin (PRF) prepared from autologous blood was placed as a scaffold. A collagen plug was positioned over the PRF, followed by a 3 mm layer of MTA, and the tooth was sealed with resin-modified glass ionomer cement. Follow-ups at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months revealed complete resolution of the periapical radiolucency with apical closure of tooth #21. The tooth remained asymptomatic and functional, although no response to pulp vitality tests was observed. Regenerative endodontic treatment can be successfully performed alongside conventional endodontic therapy in managing immature permanent teeth with periapical radiolucency. Two teeth involved in the same lesion can be effectively treated using different treatment modalities, and prior conventional endodontic intervention does not hinder the future success of regenerative endodontics.

Experimental glass ionomer cement modified by the incorporation of nanoselenuim: antibacterial activity, cytocompatibility and compressive strength.

To evaluate the clinical performance of resin-based composites (RBC) and resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) restorations of cervical caries lesions in randomized clinical trials. The PubMed/MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science databases were searched using relevant MeSH keywords. Randomized clinical trials that compared the clinical performance of RBC and RMGIC were retrieved and assessed. The included studies were qualitatively assessed using the updated Risk of Bias Cochrane tools. Quantitative meta-analysis was performed to determine the pooled retention, marginal adaptation, secondary caries occurrence, marginal discoloration, color match, surface roughness, and postoperative sensitivity at 12 and 18 months. Nine trials were eligible for this review, and 8 were included in the meta-analysis. Only two studies were assessed with some concerns, while the rest were low risk. No significant difference between the two restorations in the assessed clinical outcomes at 12 and 18 months. When restoring carious cervical lesions, RBC and RMGIC have comparable clinical performance.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of band and loop space maintainers, fabricated using digital technologies, and the luting cements used for their fixation, on mesio-distal tooth movement using the Finite Element Analysis method. Additionally, the biomechanical performance of the materials was analyzed by comparing the maximum Von Mises stress distribution. A total of fifteen finite element models were created using combinations of five different band and loop materials (BruxZir, Conventional, Trilor, polyetheretherketone and carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone) and three types of luting cements: conventional glass ionomer cement, resin-modified glass ionomer cement, and dual-cure resin cement. A vertical force of 70 Newton was applied in the occluso-gingival direction at the band-loop junction in each model. Stress distribution and potential failure zones were analyzed using the finite element analysis method. Among the tested materials, BruxZir exhibited the least amount of displacement and generated the lowest stress on the tooth. It was followed by Conventional, Trilor, and carbon fiber-reinforced polyetheretherketone and polyetheretherketone. Polyetheretherketone showed the highest level of displacement. When comparing luting cements, the resin-modified glass ionomer, which has the lowest elastic modulus, caused the greatest mesial movement. This was followed by the self-adhesive resin cement and the conventional glass ionomer cement. The integration of digital technologies in pediatric dentistry enables the clinical use of space maintainers fabricated from various advanced materials. However, further clinical studies are necessary to assess the long-term success and biocompatibility of these digital materials.

Regenerative endodontics is a strategy aimed at the regeneration of dental pulp or at least the formation of pulp-like tissue, ideally the pulp-dentin complex; regeneration of damaged coronal dentin, resorbed root, cervical or apical dentin. Regenerative endodontic strategies include stem cell transplantation and regenerative endodontic procedures (REP). REP methods are currently used in the endodontic treatment of open-apice teeth in patients aged 7–10 years. The most likely outcome of this treatment is repair (“maturation”) of the root, rather than regeneration of its tissues. Aim of the study : to develop the method and evaluate the efficacy of dental pulp stem cells in combination with fibrin gel for regenerative endodontic treatment of mature permanent teeth in a large animal model. Materials and methods . The study was conducted on minipigs. While under general anesthesia (xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam), the animals underwent an X-ray examination of their oral cavities. This examination was performed to select a tooth that most closely resembled a human tooth in terms of its position in the jaw arch, as well as the number and shape of its roots and canals. The first left two-rooted molar (P2) was selected. The crown pulp was amputated, and the root pulp was extirpated. The canals were then filled with fibrin gel containing allogeneic pig dental stem cells. The gel was mixed with fibrinogen polymerization catalysts ( thrombin and calcium chloride) immediately before being injected into the canals for polymerization. Thus, the gel (3 μL, containing 15,000–18,000 cells per canal) took the shape of the canal during polymerization. Next, the gel was isolated with mineral trioxide aggregate, and the crown was filled with chemically cured, reinforced, packable glass ionomer cement. Four months after the endodontic treatment, the tooth was removed, fixed, decalcified, and used for a standard histological examination. Stepwise serial sections, 3–5 μm thick, were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. For quantitative assessment, seven sections were selected at different levels with a step of 10 μm, the images were scanned, and morphometric calculations were performed. Absolute and relative values of lengths and areas were assessed, as well as the degree of vascularization. Results . The length, shape and volume of the root canals of the first left premolar (P2) are similar to those in humans, which allowed us to use approaches and equipment developed for the endodontic treatment of human teeth, thus increasing the relevance of the model. Histological sections in the apical part of the canal showed the formation of vascularized pulp-like stromal tissue, and in the middle and apical thirds of the root, areas with a palisade layer of cylindrical cells — active odontoblasts producing dentin — were detected next to basophilic masses. There were no inflammatory processes in the periapical area of the endodontically treated tooth. No changes in the animals’ well-being or eating behavior were observed. Conclusion . The results of the pilot study indicate the prospects for the development of regenerative endodontics methods for the treatment of mature permanent teeth with formed roots. Scaffolds based on fibrin gel and dental pulp stem cells are generally suitable for the purposes of regenerative endodontics, but the method needs to be further improved to form pulp architectonics.

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) and mesoporous ZnONPs into resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) on diametral tensile strength (DTS) and flexural strength (FS). Materials and Methods: A total of 70 RMGIC specimens were fabricated and randomly divided into 7 groups (n=10 per group). Group 1 served as the control group. Groups 2 to 4 contained 3wt.%, 5wt.%, and 7wt.% ZnONPs, respectively, and groups 5 to 7 had 3wt.%, 5wt.%, and 7wt.% mesoporous ZnONPs, respectively. ZnONPs and mesoporous ZnONPs were homogeneously incorporated into the RMGIC powder. Disc-shaped (for DTS) and bar-shaped (for FS) specimens were fabricated according to ISO standards. All specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours before testing. The DTS was measured using a diametral compression test, and the FS was measured by a three-point bending test using a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post-hoc test (alpha=0.05). Results: Statistically significant differences were observed in the DTS and FS among the groups (P< 0.001). The 5wt.% mesoporous ZnONPs group exhibited the highest DTS and FS values. The group with 7wt.% ZnONPs showed the lowest DTS and FS values (P<0.05). Conclusion: Incorporation of 5wt.% mesoporous ZnONPs into RMGIC significantly improved its DTS and FS, suggesting that this concentration offers optimal reinforcement of mechanical properties.

This study investigated the effects of two luting cements and different cement volumes on occlusal elevation and fit of computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) zirconia crowns, providing reference for clinical cementation. 72 titanium dies models and zirconia crowns were fabricated, with laser-marked reference points on four axial surfaces. Specimens were randomly assigned to 6 groups and cemented using resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) or self-adhesive resin cement (U200) at three volumes (full, 1/4, and 1/8). Occlusal elevation was recorded before and after cementation, while vertical marginal discrepancy (VMD), axial gap (AG), and occlusal gap (OG) were measured after cementation. Statistical analysis used one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Bonferroni post hoc and independent-samples t tests (two-sided α = 0.05; P < 0.05 significant). Cementation increased occlusal elevation in all crowns. In both RMGIC and U200 groups, occlusal elevation decreased significantly with reduced cement volume (P < 0.001), with the smallest increase at 1/8 volume (RMGIC: 2.13 ± 0.38μm; U200: 3.54 ± 0.47μm). Sectioning further revealed that VMD, AG, and OG also decreased as cement volume was reduced. In RMGIC, significant reductions were observed for VMD at buccal (B), lingual (L), mesial (M), and distal (D) surfaces; AG at B, M, and D; and OG at the distal marginal ridge (P < 0.05). In U200, VMD decreased significantly at B, L, M, and D; AG at L and D; and OG at mesial and distal marginal ridges (P < 0.05). At the same cement volume, RMGIC showed significantly less occlusal elevation than U200 only at 1/8 volume (P < 0.001), while no significant differences were found between the two groups in VMD, IG, or OG at any measurement point (P > 0.05). In zirconia crown cementation, using 1/8 of the full cement volume resulted in the smallest occlusal elevation and the best overall crown fit. However, at the same cement volume, RMGIC showed less occlusal elevation than U200 only at 1/8 volume, while no significant differences in crown fit were observed between the two materials.

Restoring the anatomical structure of posterior teeth with significant structure loss is challenging and time-consuming due to anatomical variations. This study assesses the efficiency and effectiveness of using ready-made prefabricated plug-in stamps compared to the conventional freehand method for occlusal restorations. Following ethical approval, 40 Frasaco typodont teeth and 20 extracted natural teeth were included in the study. Prefabricated plug-in stamps were created using typodont teeth from a different manufacturer. Occlusal cavities were prepared on 40 typodont teeth and restored with resin-based composite (RBC) and glass-ionomer cement (GIC) using two techniques: the conventional freehand and the ready-made prefabricated plug-in stamp. Additionally, extracted teeth were restored with RBC using both techniques. A single clinician prepared all cavities, while 10 volunteer clinicians conducted the restorations, each completing six restorations (two RBCs on typodont teeth, two RBCs on natural teeth, two GICs on typodont teeth) using both techniques. The restoration time was measured for each tooth. Three calibrated examiners assessed the final restorations using a rubric evaluating marginal adaptation, anatomy, contour, surface texture, and occlusion. Restoration times and evaluation scores were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and paired t-test (p = 0.05). For typodont teeth, the prefabricated plug-in stamp technique with RBC significantly reduced restoration time (p = 0.002), finishing and polishing time (p = 0.010), and total time (p = 0.004) compared to the conventional freehand technique. For natural teeth, the use of prefabricated plug-in stamp also significantly reduced finishing and polishing time (p = 0.002) and total time (p = 0.006). GIC restorations showed significantly shorter evaluation scores and total time with the prefabricated technique (p = 0.002). Restoration evaluation scores were significantly better with the prefabricated plug-in stamp technique than with the conventional freehand technique (p < 0.05). Utilizing prefabricated plug-in stamp demonstrated superiority in restoring the occlusal part of the tooth and provided more efficient outcomes regarding application, finishing and polishing time, and anatomical accuracy than the conventional freehand technique. Using the ready-made prefabricated plug-in occlusal stamps can provide dentists with a standardized and time-efficient method for restoring posterior tooth anatomy with greater precision. Potentially enhancing patient outcomes and improving treatment efficiency in clinical settings.

A scoping review of hydroxyapatite-modified glass ionomer cements used for restorative dentistry.

Optimization of 3-butenoic acid-modified polyalkenoic acid for enhanced glass ionomer cement performance.

ABSTRACT Background Placing a pulp‐capping material over the remaining dentine is integral to managing deep carious lesions in permanent teeth without pulp exposure. However, current guidelines do not favour any specific pulp‐capping material, and there is no direct clinical evidence that pulp‐capping materials maintain pulp vitality better than placing the restoration directly on dentine. Objectives To compare the effectiveness of various biomaterials, including pulp‐capping materials and restorative materials applied directly over the remaining dentine, against one another in preserving pulp health in permanent teeth with deep carious lesions without pulp exposure. Methods On June 9, 2024, MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched, supplemented by a screening of clinical trial registries, grey literature, and reference lists. Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the effectiveness of indirect pulp capping in permanent teeth affected by deep carious lesions without pulp exposure were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for randomised trials (RoB 2). Network meta‐analyses and meta‐regression were performed using a Bayesian approach and a random‐effects model for the primary outcome (loss of pulp vitality), followed by an assessment of confidence in the evidence using the CINeMA framework. Results Sixteen RCTs (19 reports; 1039 participants; 1093 teeth; seven biomaterials) were included. Most comparisons involving the dentine bonding agent (DBA; control) were supported by low‐confidence evidence and lacked statistical significance; however, they always resulted in RRs favouring the pulp‐capping materials. Notably, moderate‐confidence evidence indicated that during the second follow‐up year Biodentine (RR = 0.00; 95% CI: 0.00–0.53) and glass ionomer cement (GIC) (RR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.00–0.99) outperformed the DBA. Moderate‐confidence evidence also demonstrated that during the first follow‐up year mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) (RR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.09–0.84) outperformed calcium hydroxide cement. Meta‐regression found that neither study‐level demographic covariates nor clinical‐technique covariates were significantly associated with pulp‐vitality outcome. Conclusions While most findings in this review were of low confidence, the evidence nevertheless supports the use of pulp‐capping materials in permanent teeth with deep carious lesions. Among these materials, Biodentine, MTA, and GIC have the strongest supporting evidence for preserving pulp vitality. Trial Registration PROSPERO number: CRD42024507641

Introduction: One of the fundamental goals of modern dentistry, centered around the ideology of minimally invasive dentistry, is to maintain tooth pulp viability. The dental pulp has the capacity for repair, depending on the intensity of damage and the level of pulp inflammation. All attempts are made to preserve the vitality of the radicular pulp. Pulpotomy has been reinvestigated as a definitive therapeutic option for mature permanent teeth with extensive carious lesions. Furthermore, Class II Mesio-OcclusoDistal (MOD) cavity preparation undergoing pulpotomy reduces the teeth’s fracture resistance. Aim: To evaluate and compare the fracture resistance of pulpotomised premolars treated with calcium silicate materials, such as Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) or Biodentine (BD), in Class II MOD cavities restored using Cention-N and nanohybrid composite. Materials and Methods: An in-vitro study was conducted in the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics at Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, from November 2023 to December 2023. A total of 55 extracted maxillary premolars were collected, embedded in acrylic resin molds, and divided into five groups of 11 teeth each. Group 1: Intact teeth, Group 2: Standardised Class II MOD cavities were prepared, coronal pulpotomy was performed, and teeth were restored with MTA. After the complete setting of MTA, a Glass Ionomer Cement (GIC) base was placed, followed by restoration with a nanohybrid composite, Group 3: Similar procedure as Group 2, but with MTA as the capping material and restored with Cention-N, Group 4: Similar procedure as Group 2, but with BD as the capping material and restored with a nanohybrid composite, Group 5: Similar procedure as Group 2, but with BD as the capping material and restored with Cention-N. Specimens were subjected to a fracture resistance test using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM). The load at which restorations fractured was recorded in Newtons (N), and the obtained data were statistically analysed using One-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and post-hoc tests. Data were considered significant if p≤0.05. Results: Intact teeth (1273.64 N) had the highest mean fracture resistance compared to other groups. Group 5 (973.64 N) showed the highest mean fracture resistance, followed by Group 3 (895.45 N), Group 4 (700 N), and Group 2 (633.64 N). The differences in fracture resistance were statistically significant (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: The present in-vitro study found that intact teeth had the highest fracture resistance. Among the experimental groups, pulpotomised premolars restored with BD and Cention-N showed significantly greater fracture resistance. In contrast, restorations using MTA and nanohybrid composites exhibited lower resistance. BD and Cention-N outperformed the MTA-Cention-N, BD-Nanohybrid, and MTA-Nanohybrid combinations. Therefore, BD and Cention-N can be considered preferred materials for restoring pulpotomised maxillary premolars with Class II MOD cavities.

Strategic approaches for enhancing the bioactivity of glass ionomer cement: A mechanistic and clinical perspective in terms of structural and surface modifications.

Nano-structural reinforcement of glass ionomer cement: unleashing the potential of hydroxyapatite and tetracalcium phosphate.

Submicron polycrystalline alumina ceramic offers excellent mechanical strength and translucency, making it a promising material for pediatric crown restorations. However, due to its acid resistance and low surface energy, reliable bonding requires appropriate surface treatments and selection of compatible cement materials. This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength of submicron polycrystalline alumina ceramics subjected to various surface treatments and bonded with different types of luting cements. Ninety specimens were divided into three surface treatment groups: no treatment, sandblasting, and Rocatec treatment. Each group was further subdivided by cement type: glass ionomer (GI) cement (GC Fuji I), resin-modified glass ionomer (RMGI) cement (RelyX Luting 2), and self-adhesive resin cement (RelyX U200). Shear bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine, and failure modes were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The combination of Rocatec treatment and self-adhesive resin cement exhibited the highest bond strength. Self-adhesive resin cement demonstrated significantly higher bond strength than the other cements under all surface conditions (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.017). Within the self-adhesive resin and RMGI cement groups, shear bond strength varied significantly by surface treatment (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &lt; 0.017), while no significant difference was found in GI cement group (&lt;i&gt;p&lt;/i&gt; &gt; 0.017). Adhesive failures occurred only in untreated groups, whereas cohesive and mixed failures appeared exclusively in surface-treated groups. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, Rocatec treatment with self-adhesive resin cement was the most effective bonding strategy for submicron polycrystalline alumina ceramics.

Coronal sealing is a determining factor for the success of endodontic treatment, as it prevents reinfection of the root canals through adequate sealing of the tooth–restoration interface. This literature review aimed to analyze restorative materials, clinical techniques, and scientific evidence related to coronal sealing in endodontics. The methodology consisted of a critical analysis of the literature addressing glass ionomer cements, resin composites, mineral trioxide aggregate, temporary sealers, and alternative cements, as well as the clinical strategies employed to optimize coronal sealing. The bibliographic search used the following Health Sciences Descriptors (DeCS): “Endodontics,” “Root Canal Restorative Materials,” “Root Canal Obturation,” “Dental Infiltration,” and “Dental Restoration Failure.” The results indicated that bioceramic materials—especially MTA—exhibit superior performance in microleakage tests, followed by flowable resin composites. The use of intra-orifice barriers proved effective in reducing coronal contamination, with the removal of 1 to 2 mm of root filling material being recommended. Clinical studies report success rates above 95% when appropriate coronal sealing protocols are followed. It is concluded that the careful selection of materials, associated with the application of appropriate clinical techniques, is essential for the longevity of endodontic treatment and the preservation of periapical health.

Conventional bioactive glasses enhance mineralization in glass-ionomer cements (GICs), but their high sodium content adversely affects mechanical performance, limiting clinical utility. To address the limitations of bioactive glass, this study explores a novel sodium-free, fluoride- and magnesium-enriched bioactive glass (J-BAG) in GICs. The mechanical performance, ion release, antibacterial efficacy against multispecies cariogenic biofilms, and mineralization capacity were investigated. The J-BAG (38.3SiO2-6P2O5-43.9CaO-6.8CaF2-5MgO) and two experimental ionomer glasses were synthesized using the melt-quench technique. A new ionomer glass, LG99Sr-Mg-Zn, with molar composition (4.5SiO2-3Al2O3-1.5P2O5-3SrF2-0.5SrO-1MgO-0.5ZnO), was developed from a previously established LG99Sr (4.5SiO2-3Al2O3-1.5P2O5-3SrF2-2SrO), with Fuji IX (GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) serving as the reference material. Incorporating J-BAG at 5 and 10 weight% into the experimental Mg-Zn and reference GICs resulted in significant improvements in compressive and flexural strength as well as microhardness, compared with unmodified GICs, with further gains noted postmaturation. However, mechanical properties declined at 15% loading, especially with finer J-BAG particles. Therefore, the 5% J-BAG-loaded LG99Sr-Mg-Zn (LG5) and 10% J-BAG-loaded Fuji IX (F10) formulations were selected for further testing. LG5 and F10 exhibited significantly enhanced fluoride release, along with elevated magnesium and zinc release from LG5. Antibacterial assays revealed biofilm inhibition and reduced live biomass (P < 0.05) compared with controls. Mineralization studies confirmed that higher J-BAG concentrations and longer immersion in media led to greater mineral deposition. In addition, LG5 and F10 facilitated mineral deposition on demineralized dentine surfaces and partially occluded dentinal tubules. In conclusion, the incorporation of J-BAG at 5% in Mg-Zn-fortified GIC and 10% in Fuji IX simultaneously enhanced mechanical properties, ion release, mineralization, and antibacterial performance. This multifunctionality supports the therapeutic and restorative roles of GICs in clinical dentistry. It offers a promising solution for atraumatic restorative treatments and long-term tooth rehabilitation in patients at high risk of caries.