Glimpsing Oxygenation through a Glass Darkly.

HPR218 Through a Glass Darkly: The What, How, and What Now for Global Net Price Transparency

Abstract: Korean Catholics are proud of their martyrs and are actively seeking to have more beatified and canonized. The most recent such ceremony took place in 2014, with the beatification of Paul Yun Jichung and his 123 companions. Many Catholic leaders believe that these martyrs serve as inspirations not only for the faithful but for all Koreans. To hold them up as examples, the stories of these martyrs are told in a variety of ways—through Masses and homilies, articles, comic books, shrines, and YouTube videos. However, to serve as good examples, their stories must be historically accurate (fictional martyrs would not teach much and would not knowingly be beatified or canonized), authentically Catholic (or else they would not be good examples from a Catholic perspective), and engaging (so that people will be moved to follow their example). However, tensions within and between these categories can make telling these stories very difficult. At the same time, understanding how these stories are told can reveal much about the Korean Catholic Church, particularly the values it holds and hopes will transform Korean society. This paper will therefore explore how Korean Catholic sources have sought to present Paul Yun Jichung (1759–1791). Yun's case is particularly significant in that it includes aspects that non-Catholics might find strange or alienating—for instance, his burning of his family's ancestor tablets and the miracles Catholics claim were worked through his blood—introducing additional tensions that must be navigated.

PurposeMedical education professionals expect artificial intelligence (AI) systems to be an efficient faculty resource for content creation. However, prior findings suggest that machine learning algorithms may exacerbate negative stereotypes and undermine efforts for diversity, equity, and inclusivity. This investigation explores the potential of OpenAI’s ChatGPT (OCG) and Microsoft’s Bing A.I. Image Creator (MBIC) to perpetuate ethnoracial stereotypes in medical cases.Materials and MethodsA series of medically relevant vignettes and visual representatives were requested from ChatGPT and MBIC for five medical conditions traditionally associated with certain ethnoracial groups: sickle cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, Tay-Sachs disease, beta-thalassemia, and aldehyde dehydrogenase deficiency. Initial prompting, self-prompting, and prompt engineering were iteratively performed to ascertain the extent to which AI outputs for generated vignettes and imagery were mutable or fixed.ResultsThe ethnoracial identity in the vignettes of the clinical conditions adhered more closely than described in epidemiologic studies. Following prompt engineering and self-prompting, an increase in diversity was seen. On initial prompting, the most common ethnoracial identity depicted was Caucasian. Secondary prompting resulted in less diversity with higher conformation to the traditionally expected ethnoracial identity.ConclusionThe prevalence of dataset bias and AI’s user-dependent learning abilities underscore the importance of human stewardship. The increasing use of AI in generating medical education content, like MCQs, demands vigilant use of such tools to combat the reinforcement of the race-based stereotypes in medicine.

Through A Glass Darkly: Tplf Viewed Through A Procedural Lens

A managerial concept that has taken significant root in 21 st century marketing practice is that of integrated marketing communications (hereinafter IMC).Just thirty short years ago, books on marketing by all authors included chapters approaching communication in a separatist manner.For example, advertising was once the spearheading force leading the charge in business-to-consumer organisations.Something of 70% of communications in the early 1980's went into advertising, and 30% went on other promotional mix variables such sales promotion, marketing public relations and direct marketing.Given continuous technological change, the demassification and splintering of markets, the aegis and inroads of digital marketing, much more aware consumers, and the associated needs of modern business, it makes SRYAHWA

In her latest book Spying Through a Glass Darkly: The Ethics of Espionage and Counter-Intelligence, Cécile Fabre suggests that the deception of third parties during an infiltration operation can be justified as a foreseen but unintended side effect. In this essay, I criticize this view. Such deception, I argue, is better justified paternalistically as a means of preventing third parties from becoming wrongful threats. In the second part of the article, I show that Fabre ignores an important moral complication in deception operations where agents intentionally allow others to be harmed as a means of protecting a secret. I argue that intentionally allowing harm to others as a means is a particularly problematic mode of agency which must be addressed in a normative account of espionage.

In this paper, I respond to Lars Christie, David Omand and Stephen Ratner for their thoughtful comments on my book Spying through a Glass Darkly. In that book, I provide a philosophical defence of espionage and counter-intelligence activities. I have little to say about how best to implement the moral norms I defend so that they can help guide intelligence officers’ actions, in the world as we know it here and now. Relatedly, I have little if anything to say about whether domestic and international law should reflect and entrench those norms. These are the gaps which David Omand’s and Stephen Ratner’s contributions seek to fill. First, though, I consider Lars Christie’s probing objections to my views on the ethics of deception.

Through a Glass Darkly: Making Sense of Arbitrator Disclosure

Review of: Holly Faith Nelson, Lynn R. Szabo, and Jens Zimmermann, eds., Through a Glass Darkly: Suffering, the Sacred, and the Sublime in Literature and Theory (Waterloo, ON, 2010), xxviii + 450 pages. Paperback: $42.95; ISBN: 9781554583058. Hardcover: $85.00; ISBN: 9781554581849

This excellent book shines a bright light on the dark arts. Though philosophers have had much to say about the ethics of overt foreign policy, surprisingly little work considers the under-the-table methods of spying and subterfuge that underpin those policies. Cécile Fabre’s rich and stimulating book opens up this novel terrain and is sure to be the leading work on this topic for some time. One of the book’s central virtues is Fabre’s ability to connect specific issues in the ethics of espionage to more general topics in moral and political philosophy, and to show how reflection on the former can shed new light on the latter. So even if you may not be interested in the secret service, the secret service may be interested in you. The book is also marked by Fabre’s characteristic blend of rigorous philosophical argument and engagement with empirical and historical sources (not to mention spy novels, films, and TV shows). Fabre clearly enjoyed researching the book and the reader is rewarded with a philosophical investigation more readable than the usual fare. I highly recommend it.

Abstract The ethical value of intelligence lies in its crucial role in safeguarding individuals from harm by detecting, locating, and preventing threats. As part of this undertaking, intelligence can include protecting the economic well-being of the political community and its people. Intelligence, however, also entails causing people harm when it violates their vital interests through its operations. The challenge, therefore, is how to reconcile this tension, which Cécile Fabre's recent book Spying through a Glass Darkly does by arguing for the “ongoing and preemptive imposition of defensive harm.” Fabre applies this underlying argument to the specifics of economic espionage to argue that while states, businesses, and individuals do have a general right over their information that prevents others from accessing it, such protections can be forfeited or overridden when there is a potential threat to the fundamental rights of third parties. This essay argues, however, that Fabre's discussion on economic espionage overlooks important additional proportionality and discrimination concerns that need to be accounted for. In addition to the privacy violations it causes, economic espionage can cause harms to people's other vital interests, including their physical and mental well-being and autonomy. Given the complex way in which the economy interlinks with people's lives and society, harms to one economic actor will have repercussions on those secondary economic entities dependent on them, such as workers, buyers, and investors. This, in turn, can produce further harms on other economic actors, causing damages to ripple outward across society.

Academic writing can often be presented as a paint-by-numbers practice in which form, structure, and mechanics are emphasized.Teaching by default constructs a deficit model of writing ability, wherein the learner is seen to have problems that require remediation.There is subsequently little opportunity for

Previous articleNext article No AccessBook ReviewsFabre, Cécile. Spying through a Glass Darkly: The Ethics of Espionage and Counter-intelligence. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2022. Pp. 272. $40.00 (cloth).Saba Bazargan-ForwardSaba Bazargan-ForwardUniversity of California San Diego Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUSFull Text Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Ethics Volume 133, Number 2January 2023 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/722130 Views: 65Total views on this site For permission to reuse, please contact [email protected]PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

Abstract This essay starts by accepting Cécile Fabre's argument in her book Spying through a Glass Darkly that intelligence work, including using incentives and pressures to encourage betrayal and treason, can be morally justified based on the criteria of necessity, effectiveness, and proportionality. However, while assessments of spying tend to be based on Cold War notions, I explore it here in the messier reality of counterinsurgency, counterterrorism, and “new wars.” In addition, I suggest a methodological expansion: adding a sociological perspective to the ethical discussion by exploring the wider effects on society, over longer periods, of the operation of informers. Based on these shifts in perspective and context, I identify additional social harms generated by espionage that should lead to a more restrictive view of ethical espionage than the one emerging from Fabre's work. I argue that many of these social harms are created by the mass recruitment of informers, in asymmetrical conflicts where governments have leverage over suspected communities, and given the (often mistaken) belief that everyone recruited to act as informer is an “asset,” primarily providing advantages. I argue, therefore, that the decisive issue is one of scale: many of the ethical problems created by espionage in these contexts result from the widespread systematic recruitment of informers, while small-scale, targeted, ad-hoc recruitment can more easily avoid such problems.

Abstract This essay contends that the ethics around the use of spy technology to gather intelligence (TECHINT) during espionage and counterintelligence operations is ambiguous. To build this argument, the essay critically scrutinizes Cécile Fabre's recent and excellent book Spying through a Glass Darkly, which argues that there are no ethical differences between the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) obtained from or by human assets and TECHINT in these operations. As the essay explains, Fabre arrives at this position by treating TECHINT as a like-for-like replacement for HUMINT. The essay argues instead that TECHINT is unlikely to act as a like-for-like replacement for HUMINT. As such, TECHINT might transform existing practices of espionage and counterintelligence, giving rise to new ethical challenges not captured in Fabre's analysis. To illustrate the point, the essay builds an analogy between TECHINT and recent armed conflicts in which precision weapons have been deployed. Although precision weapons seem ethically desirable, their availability has created new practices of waging war that are ethically problematic. By analogy, TECHINT, though not intrinsically undesirable, has the capacity to generate new practices of intelligence gathering that are ethically problematic—potentially more than HUMINT. Ultimately, recent negative experiences with the use of precision weaponry should caution against an overly positive assessment of TECHINT's ethical desirability.

The article discusses how post-1569 relations between Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania were presented in various written materials produced in Britain in the late-16th and 17th centuries. It analyses both the materials produced by and for the court or professional elites, and widely circulating publications (books and newspapers) which were readily available to the general reading public. It argues that there is strong evidence that British readers were aware of the existence of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, although the union itself was rarely presented either accurately or in any detail. They therefore had a very blurred conception of how it functioned in practice, as can be illustrated, for example, by British authors downplaying or simply denying the fact that after the Union of Lublin Lithuania became a constituent part of the Commonwealth with a status equal to that of Poland. Moreover, few writers and editors considered it necessary to provide readers with a proper explanation of the union’s basic ‘rules of engagement’, or any reflections on how it functioned on an organisational level.

This article reviews the development of concepts of chirality in chemistry. The story follows the parallel development of the optical properties of materials and the understanding of chemical structure until the two are fused in the recognition of the tetrahedral carbon atom in 1874. The different types of chiral molecule that have been identified since the first concept of the asymmetric carbon atom are introduced as is the notation used in various disciplines of chemistry to describe the relative or absolute configuration. In the final section, a polemical case for a unified nomenclature is presented.

ABSTRACT Ingmar Bergman’s cinema has most often been framed within strictures of a Eurocentric scholarly template and structuralist or modernist philosophical approaches. Meanwhile, the filmmaker’s monumental influence on and relevance to global cinema beyond the West has often been overlooked or elided in Anglophone writing. Against the canvas of this gap in scholarship, this article ultimately discloses how Bergman’s fairly well-known filmic influence on Indian Bengali arthouse auteur Satyajit Ray was not an arbitrarily evanescent one-off. The trace of Bergman’s cinematic imprimatur – particularly, I will argue, Through a Glass Darkly – is also legible in India’s new independent cinema, exemplified by two films analyzed ahead: Anand Gandhi’s Ship of Theseus and Gajendra Ahire’s Dear Molly. These films’ translocation of storyline segments to Sweden and portrayals of the Scandinavian landscape testify to the trace of Bergman that haunts such Indian film narratives. Through comparative close textual analyses, this study maps intertwining threads of existential and nihilism-engaged philosophies combined with esthetic aspects connecting the three films, to demonstrate the enduring cinematic impact and resonance of Bergman’s cinema beyond the Western sphere.

This article is one piece in a series of articles that reflect on advances in ideas about risk made by social science over the past 40 years and more. It differs from the other articles: its focus is not on specific advances themselves, but rather on how those advances were received and were encouraged or discouraged by the natural science and technical members of the risk community. Thus, the principal goal of this article is to provide some context for the other articlers in this series. Those articles describe work and intellectual developments that consider human responses to particular sorts of issues, concerns, and needs that relate to risk. The framing of this work was partly driven and shaped by natural science and engineering communities. It is illuminating to reflect on how these technical communities viewed the social science developments and on the perspectives they brought to the framing of issues and concerns. Their views are described in three minihistories of risk developments pertaining to nuclear accidents, high level radioactive waste disposal, and toxic chemicals. After considering common themes among the stories, the article considers characteristics of expert communities and their implications. It then concludes with discussions of its secondary goals, (i) a look at some opportunities for future social science studies relating to risk, (ii) a consideration of the extent to which risk analysis and broader considerations of risk can be considered a truly interdisciplinary field rather than a loose assemblage of perspectives.