Abstract The impact of corrosion on pharmaceutical glasses has received significant attention in the pharmaceutical industry. In this study, the evolution of chemical structure and nanomechanical properties of a commercial pharmaceutical borosilicate glass with a medium boron content was investigated upon static corrosion in sodium citrate solution, which has been widely used as stabilizers in modern pharmaceutical products. Experimental results reveal that the dissolution of glass network dominates the corrosion of the pharmaceutical glass during the initial corrosion, and nanomechanical properties of the pharmaceutical glass surface decrease firstly and then increase. As the corrosion time further extends, the ion‐exchange and Na ion in‐diffusion as well as the precipitation formation dominate the corrosion behavior, accompanied by a significant decrease in nanomechanical properties of glass surface. These findings and previously published works suggest that the nanomechanical properties of corroded pharmaceutical glass surfaces need more attention and it can reveal more information about the corrosion behavior of glass surface.

Ru doped Fe – Ni – B – Nb metallic glass and sulfuric acid corrosion as highly efficient for hydrogen evolution reaction

Enhanced the corrosion and wear resistance of Fe-based metallic glasses by sulfur microalloying

Transport phenomena during aqueous corrosion of silicate glass—New insights from theoretical analysis of diffusion with a moving boundary

Temperature effect on structural evolution of aluminosilicate gels formed during borosilicate nuclear waste glass corrosion

Abstract The microstructure, soft magnetic properties and corrosion resistance of Fe 83 B 9 C 6 X 2 (X = C, Si, Ge, Sn; i.e., IVA elements) amorphous alloys were systematically investigated. As the atomic mass of the IVA elements ( M IVA ) increased, the saturation magnetization ( B s ) and gyromagnetic ratio ( γ ) followed a non‐monotonic trend. They first increased and then decreased, showing an inverse correlation with the change in their inter‐atomic characteristic distance ( δ c ). The highest B s (1.76 T) and γ were observed with a minor addition of Ge. Simultaneously, the corrosion potential ( E corr ), wetting angle ( θ w ), permeability ( μ ), and relaxation rate ( ω r ) initially decreased and then increased. Si addition led to the lowest corrosion resistance, the smallest permeability, and the highest coercivity ( H c ). This is due to precipitated crystallites and induced structural heterogeneity. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) analysis revealed that Ge doping enhanced structural homogeneity and cluster alignment, contributing to its superior soft magnetic performance. These findings are conducive to developing new low‐cost Fe‐based amorphous alloys with excellent soft magnetic properties.

Microbially induced corrosion (MIC) focuses on the degradation of solid materials, such as glass or metal. Soil microbes are often associated with the corrosion of foreign objects in the rhizosphere. Paenibacillus polymyxa SCE2, a facultative anaerobic bacterium in soil, is of the same genus as bacteria found near nuclear waste disposal sites. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used for imaging surface changes induced by P. polymyxa SCE2 cultured on two synthetic glass coupons to represent natural analogs of materials that were studied in relation to the vitrification of nuclear waste. Multimodal imaging was used to verify bacterial coverage across the glass surface after long-term growth. ToF-SIMS spectral analysis showed detection of glass component ions, such as silicon oxide (m/z- 59.96 SiO2-) and aluminum oxide (m/z- 101.95 Al2O3-), and biofilm's extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) components, such as pentadecanoic acid (m/z- 241.22 C15H29O2-) and sterol lipids (m/z- 311.16 C20H23O3-). ToF-SIMS spectral, imaging, and depth profiling analyses showed that the glass rich in silica and other light elements ("granite glass") had more "corrosion related" peaks than the glass that was less silica-rich and contained more iron ("dike glass"). These surface and interface compositional and spatial differences observed in the mass spectra and imaging were attributed to bacterial metabolism and an electron transfer mechanism influenced by morphological and compositional differences between the two types of glasses. ToF-SIMS is effective in studying microbial effects, bringing new molecular insights into MIC in a broader context of materials degradation.

Fluid-cell Raman Spectroscopy (FCRS) enables the real-time and space-resolved (operando) study of reaction mechanisms, kinetics, and their mutual interactions with transport processes during silicate glass corrosion at the micrometer scale and at elevated temperatures. This manuscript provides a detailed protocol for setting up an FCRS experiment, exemplified by a corrosion experiment with a ternary Na borosilicate glass and a 0.5 M NaHCO3 solution at a temperature of 86 ± 1 °C. The protocol involves (i) sample preparation, (ii) assembly of the fluid cell, and (iii) setting of Raman measurement parameters for collecting Raman spectra across the sample/solution interface in regular time intervals. The results from the experiment show the formation of a water-rich zone between a silica-based surface alteration layer (SAL) and the pristine glass, which is an intrinsic feature of an interface-coupled dissolution-precipitation model for the formation of a SAL during silicate glass corrosion. The ability to track the reaction and transport processes during the corrosion of silicate glasses and potentially of other transparent materials, spatially resolved and in real-time, represents a unique strength of this technique, overcoming the disadvantages of conventional analysis of multi-step quenching experiments. The corrosion of the top side of the glass sample represents a current issue, reducing spatial resolution at depth due to precipitation within the laser pathway. This is caused by a solution-filled gap between the sapphire window of the fluid cell lid and the top side of the monolith, which is difficult to avoid during the experimental setup. This must be taken into account when choosing the depth at which the measurement should be made. In a few cases, the formation of air bubbles was observed, which disrupted or even led to the termination of the experiment. However, this can be avoided by carefully setting up the experiment, which requires little practice.

At the Ballidon experiment, one of the longest running glass durability studies, modern and simulant archaeological glasses were buried in mildly alkaline, under-saturated, conditions for 52 years. Glass surfaces were analysed to determine the extent and mechanisms of alteration. Alteration layer chemistry was complex and included Ca from the surrounding limestone sediment and P from porewater resulting in Ca, Pb and Fe-phosphate rich phases interspersed with Si and Al rich regions. There was evidence for ongoing evolution of the alteration layer structure due to continued fluid ingress. Lamellae in the silica-rich regions approximately numbering the years of burial and indicating a possible link between their formation and seasonal climate cycling. Comparison of field samples with laboratory dissolution tests highlighted the impact of surface finish on initial alteration rate and the limitations of using alteration layer thickness to estimate the amount of glass that has dissolved.

Effect of trace Al and Ti elements on borosilicate glass corrosion resistance of Inconel 690 alloy

ABSTRACTOver the past two decades, the rising demand for sustainable materials has sparked significant interest in developing plant‐based or bio‐based polymers. This study explores an innovative approach to synthesizing eco‐friendly polyamide‐graphene composites using maleinized cottonseed oil (MACSO) as a sustainable precursor. The composites were produced through a room‐temperature catalyst‐free ring opening of MACSO with 4,4′‐Diaminodiphenylmethane (DDM) and graphenamine, followed by high‐temperature curing. The impact of graphenamine content on the composites' structural, thermo‐mechanical, surface, and anticorrosion properties was thoroughly examined. Notably, the composite containing 3 wt% graphenamine demonstrated superior thermal stability, glass transition temperature (Tg), mechanical toughness, and corrosion resistance. This research represents a unique example of using anhydride‐grafted vegetable oil for amide bond formation in the final polymer, highlighting an economically viable approach to sustainable polyamide synthesis. Furthermore, using MACSO as a bio‐based modifier aligns with the principles of green chemistry, offering a sustainable alternative to traditional petrochemical‐based additives.

Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) have achieved substantial progress in their applications; however, their ionic crystal character and low formation energy result in poor structural stability and limited morphological tunability. In particular, high relative humidity (RH) commonly causes severe MHP degradation, which poses a major obstacle to long-term device operation. Herein, high RH-induced growth of anisotropic MHP structures on glass surfaces is reported under 25°C and atmospheric conditions on a basis of glass corrosion by moisture. Nanowires (NWs) with tunable length and composition are obtained under 85% RH air, and water molecule-induced facet engineering of perovskite is established for anisotropic growth. Importantly, single-mode photonic lasing in these MHP NWs with thickness at sub-100-nm scale (down to 75 nm ∼ 1/7 lasing wavelength) is achieved via both one-photon and multiphoton pumping. These nanowire lasers exhibited high quality factor (>3000), high degree of polarization (≈0.9), and excellent stability under laser irradiation. The work not only presents a distinctive technique for the growth of MHPs but also endows MHP NWs with new opportunities for nonlinear optics, strong light-matter interactions, and active photonic integrated devices.

Essential for the durability of photovoltaic (PV) modules is the polymeric encapsulant. In addition to the well-established ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (EVA), polyolefin elastomers (POE) are gaining market relevance. The main objective of this paper was to elucidate the ageing and degradation mechanisms of PV relevant glass laminates based on UV-transparent EVA and POE encapsulants by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).Special focus was given to the polymer/glass interfaces. Therefore, glass laminates were damp heat aged and debonded by monotonic compressive shear testing. Subsequently, the polymer side of the fractured surfaces was characterized by XPS and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The polar EVA encapsulant revealed more pronounced deterioration than the less polar POE material.Significant differences were already discernible after 1kh of damp heat exposure. The diffusion of Na ions from the glass substrate into the polymer matrix and the formation of Na salts at the interface were ascertained for EVA and to a less extent also for POE. While EVA laminates failed primarily close to the interface, but still within the EVA material, glass residues were detected on the fractured POE surfaces indicating interface-near glass corrosion and a fracture path propagating back and forth within POE and glass.

The aim of this series of tests was to characterize the alkali and water resistance of alkali-resistant (durability) glass filaments, which were optimized with two non-vulcanized formulations based on co-polymerizing styrene-butadiene rubbers (CemFil-SBR1 and CemFil-SBR2). Furthermore, it was assessed which of the two polymer-impregnated multifilament yarns is the better alternative for use in cementitious binders. For this purpose, the impregnated multifilament yarns were chemically conditioned for up to twelve months at temperatures of 23 and 50 °C in 2.5 percent sodium hydroxide solution and 2.5 percent potassium hydroxide solution as well as in 3 percent salt and distilled water. The samples were then subjected to material science tests. The liquid absorption capacities and the changes in the mass of the composite materials were determined at different times during conditioning. The load-bearing capacity of the samples was also tested using uniaxial fiber strand tensile tests. The durability of the polymer-impregnated multifilament yarns was described in detail in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy images and nominal cross-section determinations. The test liquids caused a reduction in strength during the storage period, which was accelerated by increased temperatures. The reduction in strength is mainly due to glass corrosion of the filaments. Glass corrosion is delayed due to the good impregnation quality, which fundamentally improves the durability of the yarns. The results of the durability tests show that the polymer-impregnated multifilament yarns CemFil-SBR2 are probably more suitable for use in cementitious binders, as they have better alkali and hydrolysis resistance.

Exploring the corrosion mechanism of oxide glasses using advanced solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Enhanced photoluminescence properties and stability of CsPbBr3 quantum dots borosilicate glasses modified by ZnO

The apparent defects of railroad station building such as the broken glass, missing screw, and rust corrosion need to be inspected regularly and timely to ensure the safety of passenger. Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) imagery-based inspections have the potential to revolutionize current manual visual inspections by providing a better overhead view and mitigating safety concerns. This paper proposes a hybrid learning architecture called YOLOS (you only look once station scene) to simultaneously detect and segment station building surface defects of UAV images. First, a novel squeeze-and-excitation (SE) attention block is integrated into the detection branch to adaptively learn the weights of the feature channels, thereby promoting the network to pay attention to the critical deep features of the objects. And then, a new semantic segmentation branch parallel to the detection branch is designed and assembled in YOLOS for pixel-level defect recognition. Finally, extensive experiments on railroad station dataset established with drone imagery prove the effectiveness and robustness of the SE-based network on station surface defect detection. This method can quickly convert UAV imagery into useful information with a high detection rate.

Influence of glass-phase structure on the degradation of rare-earth (Y2O3, La2O3)-doped CaO–Al2O3–SiO2–B2O3 glass-ceramics in citric acid solution

Abstract One major factor impeding the design of nuclear waste glasses with enhanced waste loadings is our insufficient understanding of their composition–structure–durability relationships, specifically in the environments the waste form is expected to encounter in a geological repository. In particular, the high field‐strength cations (HFSCs) are an integral component of most waste streams. However, their impact on the long‐term performance of the glassy waste form remains mostly undeciphered. In this context, the present study aims to understand the impact of some HFSCs (i.e., Nb 5+ , Zr 4+ , Ti 4+ , and La 3+ ) on the dissolution behavior of alkali/alkaline‐earth aluminoborosilicate‐based model nuclear waste glasses in hyper‐alkaline media. At pH = 13, the studied glasses dissolve through the dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism, with Ca precipitation being the most vital step to passivation. In Ca‐free glasses, although the HFSCs slow down the forward rate, they do not seem to impact the residual rate behavior of glasses. The presence of Ca 2+ , however, initiates the rapid precipitation of network polymerizing HFSCs (i.e., Nb 5+ , Zr 4+ , and Ti 4+ ) into a Ca 2+ /HFSCs‐based passivating layer, thus suggesting a synergy between Ca 2+ and HFSCs that contributes to the enhanced long‐term durability of the glasses. Such synergy is not strongly evident for La 3+ , but instead, a potential La/Si affinity is observed upon the formation of the alteration layer.

The emergent secondary phases and surface altered layer (SAL) during the aqueous corrosion of borosilicate glass have a great impact on its chemical durability. However, the formation and evolution of these structures are still unclear. Here, by studying the borosilicate glass altered at 90 °C in pore water, the water in pore space between glass powders, the formation of secondary phases could follow two ways: 1. the consumption of aqueous ions forms analcime, zeolite, calcium silicate and barite at the surface of glass; 2. the reorganization of silica aggregates leads to smectite within the SAL. Small-angle X-ray scattering and cross-sectional scanning electron microscopy results show that the release of soluble elements and the formation of smectite within the SAL significantly increase the porosity of SAL. Furthermore, the layer containing smectite reorganizes inwardly and the crystallinity of smectite is gradually increased over time. The observations of transmission electron microscopy reveal that the dissolution of glass potentially goes through an interface-coupled dissolution-reprecipitation process.