Conservation Of Germplasm Resources Research Articles

Complete mitochondrial genome of Ochetobius elongatus (Cyprinidae, Leuciscinae)

In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome of Ochetobius elongatus was first sequenced and annotated. The entire mitogenome is 16 613 bp in length and has a typical vertebrate mitochondrial genetic trait, consisting of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes, 2 ribosomal RNA genes and a control region. The overall nucleotide composition of O. elongatus mt genome is A: 30.96%, T: 25.38%, G: 16.26% and C: 27.40%, with the A + T content of 56.34%, showing an obvious anti-G bias. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that Leuciscinae formed a clade first and then clustered with Cultrinae. The complete mitochondrial genome of O. elongatus will benefit to a better understanding of population genetics, molecular systematics and stock evaluation, further serving the germplasm resources conservation and management of O. elongatus.

Development of transcript-associated microsatellite markers in Ancherythoculter nigrocauda and cross-amplification in Culter alburnus.

Twenty-eight polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed from the transcriptome of Ancherythoculter nigrocauda. These loci were used to characterize the genotypes of 48 individuals. The observed number of alleles per locus ranged from 5 to 11, with an average of 7.7. Expected and observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.437 to 0.978 and from 0.373 to 1.000, respectively. Four of these polymorphic microsatellite loci (HWB14, HWB18, HWB24, and HWB30) deviated significantly from the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium after use of the sequential Bonferroni correction (P < 0.05). Twenty of the 28 loci could be successfully amplified in Culter alburnus. These novel markers will be useful for germplasm resource conservation and management of A. nigrocauda and C. alburnus.

Study of China’s Highway Environmental Monitoring Network Planning

Environmental monitoring of national highway is an important content of China’s environmental monitoring network in the transport field, a part of national environmental monitoring system, and also a significant basis for environmental protection supervision and management of the transport industry. Using the methods of spatial analysis, grid analysis, and optimization through ArcGIS, monitoring objects of Chinese national highway environmental monitoring network had been screened out. Among which, the environmental quality monitoring objects are composed of the national highway sensitive sections nearby or passing through 277 natural reserves, 32 national scenic areas, 7 of the world’s natural and cultural heritage sites, 8 important wetlands, 398 important reservoirs, and 193 state-level sensitive aquatic germ plasm resources conservation areas; and the pollutant emission monitoring objects include 316 long and extra-long tunnels, 539 service areas and 601 toll stations with large traffic volume. Environmental quality monitoring objects and pollutant emission monitoring objects form China’s National Highway Environmental Monitoring Network, which has filled the blank of highway environmental monitoring in the national environmental monitoring network. It will play a positive role in promoting the green development of China's transport industry.

Efficiency of ISSR marker for characterization of Cymbopogon germplasms and their suitability in molecular barcoding

The genus Cymbopogon possesses a large number of odoriferous species of the grass family (Poaceae) and is characterized by plants bearing aromatic essential oils in all parts. In the present study, ten Indian elite cultivars of Cymbopogon aromatic grasses of essential oil trade types of Citronella, Palmarosa and Lemongrass were characterized by means of inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSRs) to discern the extent of genetic variation and to develop a fingerprinting key. Fifteen ISSR primers were screened, and 12 primers were selected based on their repeatability, scorability and their ability to distinguish between cultivars. Out of the 77 loci scored, 67 were found to be polymorphic with an average of 5.58 polymorphic loci per primer. Primary allelic variability and the genetic bases of the cultivated germplasm were computed through parameters of percentage of polymorphic loci, observed number of alleles, effective number of alleles, Nei’s gene diversity, and Shannon’s information indices. The allelic diversity was found to be in the order: Palmarosa > Lemongrass > Citronella. Polymorphism differed substantially within the discrete groups of cultivars and was approximately 81.81 % in Palmarosa, 5.19 % in Citronella and 36.36 % in Lemongrasses. Discriminating power of ISSR markers was assessed by calculating polymorphic information content, effective multiplex ratio, marker index and resolving power. The primers that showed higher polymorphism had higher EMR and MI values. Also, ISSRs of diagnostic and curatorial importance were discerned as ‘stand alone’ molecular descriptors for barcoding the application of DNA sequences of standardized genetic markers for the identification of eukaryotic organisms. The order of the average value of Jaccard’s coefficient of similarity was found to be Citronella (0.915) > Lemongrass (0.611) > Palmarosa (0.472). An incongruity was observed between the positions of cultivars in the cluster and also revealed from the principal coordinate analysis. The present study could be of much use for the introgression of new characters from wild counterparts to the cultivars, isolation of stable segregating markers, and selection of improved varieties and conservation of germplasm resources.

Length-weight relationships of 16 fish species from the Liuxihe national aquatic germplasm resources conservation area, Guangdong, China

Summary Length–weight relationships were estimated for 16 fish species (Cyprinidae) from the Liuxihe National Aquatic germplasm resources conservation areas in China. This study presents the first reference on length–weight relationships for 12 species and new records of maximum length for six species.

Spermatozoa and seminal plasma enzyme activity in Persian sturgeon,Acipenser persicus, in relation to short-term storage

An important component of semen examination is the comparison between the characteristics of fresh and stored semen (Lahnsteiner, Berger, Weismann & Patzner 1996). The relationships among the parameters of fresh and cryopreserved semen may be determined to identify markers for prediction of the effectiveness of the cryopreservation procedure for fish semen (Lahnsteiner et al. 1996). As the quality of cryopreserved semen is significantly lower than that of fresh semen, such markers are important for successful cryobanking of fish semen (Piros, Glogowski, Kolman, Rzemieniecki, Domagala, Horvath, Urbanyi & Ciereszko 2002). The handling and storage of gametes is central to many assisted reproductive procedures and may be broadly considered as either short-term storage, at temperatures above 0°C, or long-term storage at temperatures below 0°C. Short-term storage of fish gametes may be necessary when the availability of male and female gametes for in vitro fertilization is asynchronous (Lahnsteiner, Weismann & Patzner 1997) or if the sources of gametes are spatially separated. Preservation may also be necessary during transport to a facility with the capacity to cryopreserve gametes for long-term storage, in certain instances when spermatozoa and oocytes have been removed from moribund or recentlydead animals in the field. Several factors can, however, affect the quality and viability of the stored sperm. In this regard, the assessment of the biochemical characteristics of sperm, particularly in terms of enzyme characteristics, can provide new insights into spermatozoa motility and fertilization ability, thus creating opportunities for improving artificial reproduction and germplasm resource conservation procedures (Li, Hulak & Linhart 2008). The enzymology of fish gametes is not well known, when compared with that associated with mammalian semen. Detailed results of research on the enzymes of fish spermatozoa are available with respect to aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), acid phosphatase (AcP), b-N-acetylglucosaminidase (b-N AGase) and arylsulfatase (AS) (Schmehl, Graham & Erdhal 1987; McNiven, Gallant & Richardson 1992; Ciereszko & Dabrowski 1994; Piros et al. 2002;). AS and b-N AGase are among the key enzymes, localized within the mammalian acrosome, that play a pivotal role during penetration of the oocyte (Nikolajczyk & O’Rand 1992; Brandon, Srivastava, Heusner & Fayer-Hosken 1997). The activity of AS and b-N AGase during fertilization in sturgeon can provide useful information regarding speciesspecific fertilization and prevention of polyspermy (when a single egg is fertilized by more than one sperm) as postulated by Cherr and Clark (1985). AcP, one of the enzymes found in sperm, has been described in mammalian spermatozoa and seminal plasma (Yousef, Diamandis, Jung & Diamandis 2001) and has also been observed in spermatozoa

Development of 27 trinucleotide microsatellite markers for Saccharina japonica using next generation sequencing technology

Twenty-seven polymorphic trinucleotide microsatellite DNA markers were developed from Saccharina japonica, through paired-end Illumina sequencing data. Sixty-three gametophyte clones of the species, preserved indoor as germplasm resources were genotyped using these markers. The number of alleles ranged from 2 to 7 with an average 4.7 per locus. The gene diversity and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.171 to 0.774 and from 0.174 to 0.793, respectively. Sixteen loci could be successfully amplified in Saccharina longissima with 12 loci being polymorphic. These novel microsatellite DNA markers will be extremely useful in germplasm resource conservation and management of S. japonica and also in its related species S. longissima.

Characterization of the Genetic Diversity of Peach Cultivars in Taif by RAPD-PCR

Problem statement: Peach genotypes from the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were not adequately characterized at the biological and molecular levels. This study was carried out to characterize nine peach cultivars growing in Taif (KSA) at the biological and molecular levels. Approach: For the nine peach cultivars studied, flowering and fruiting indices were determined and eight, 10-base primers were used to amplify DNA from each cultivar by using Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technology. RAPD profiles (i.e., cultivars) and RAPD amplicons (i.e., markers) were biclustered by using appropriate software and the RAPD biclusters were viewed as a heatmap in order to improve the display of RAPD markers. Results: The different RAPD primers produced a total of 114 fragments (amplicons), of which 63 were polymorphic among the studied cultivars. The RAPD fingerprinting results confirmed the data obtained from the morphological analyses and allowed for estimating the genetic relatedness among the studied peach cultivars. Moreover, the data indicated that certain molecular markers might be associated with certain commercial characteristics. Conclusion/Recommendations: Future studies on the association(s) of the selected molecular markers with fruiting characteristics should allow for new gene discovery, molecular breeding, proper biodiversity assessment and better conservation of germplasm resources.

Is ex situ Conservation Suitable for Calligonum L.? A Research Program in Turpan Eremophyte Botanical Garden

In this study, we observed the flowering phenology, breeding system, pollination and seed germination of four species of Calligonum (Polygonaceae) (C. calliphysa, C. rubicundum, C. densum and C. ebinuricum) in Turpan Eremophyte Botanical Garden, China. Our results showed that the species had overlapping flowering phenologies and were pollinated by similar pollination agents. Their breeding systems were self-compatible, and with signs of outbreeding, but not of hybridization with each other. They also had high seed germination rates. Therefore, they are suitable to ex situ conservation in the Turpan Eremophyte Botanical Garden, and can supply sufficient seeds for renewal population and conservation of germplasm resources. These results provide theoretical support to the construction of a national germplasm resource garden of Calligonum.

The reproductive biology of Calligonum L. in relation to ex situ conservation in a botanical garden

In this study, we observed the flowering phenology, breeding system, pollination and seed germination of four species of Calligonum (C. calliphysa, C. rubicundum, C. densum and C. ebinuricum) in the Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, China. Our results showed that the species had overlapping flowering phenologies and were pollinated by similar pollination agents. Their breeding systems were self-compatible, and with signs of outbreeding, but not of hybridization with each other; the main isolation mechanism was post-zygotic isolation and they also had high seed germination rates. Therefore, they are suited to ex situ conservation in the Turpan Eremophytes Botanic Garden, and can supply sufficient seeds for renewal populations and the conservation of germplasm resources. Furthermore, these results provide theoretical support for the construction of a national germplasm resource garden of Calligonum, and for the introduction to the garden of other eremophyteplants and their conservation.

Efficiency of RAPD and ISSR markers in assessment of molecular&lt;br&gt;diversity in elite germplasms of Cymbopogon winterianus across&lt;br&gt;West Bengal, India

Molecular characterization of eleven clones of C. winterianus collected from eleven districts of West Bengal was carried out with 10 RAPD and 9 ISSR primers. The RAPD primers developed 81 robust loci, which revealed 74.07% polymorphism and 61 ISSR markers generated 47.50% polymorphism. Out of the different anchored primer combinations, ISSR primers with AG and GA motifs produced clear and maximum scorable markers, thus revealing a better coverage of the genome. Genetic diversity parameters (average and effective number of alleles, percent polymorphism, average heterozygosity, intralocus gene diversity, polymorphic information content (PIC)) for RAPD, ISSR, and RAPD+ISSR along with UPGMA clustering based on Jaccard's coefficient were estimated with a view to assess efficiency of the marker system in Cymbopogon. RAPD markers were more efficient than ISSR markers with regards to detection of polymorphism, number of loci scored and PIC values. However resolving power (Rp), Shannon's index, mean coefficient of gene differentiation (Gst), and gene flow estimates were better ISSR markers. Genetic variations detected among the geographically different populations of C. winterianus could be of much use for the introgression of new characters from wild counterparts to the cultivars, isolation of stable segregating markers, and selection of improved varieties and conservation of germplasm resources.

Sperm proteins in teleostean and chondrostean (sturgeon) fishes

Sperm proteins in the seminal plasma and spermatozoa of teleostean and chondrostean have evolved adaptations due to the changes in the reproductive environment. Analysis of the composition and functions of these proteins provides new insights into sperm motility and fertilising abilities, thereby creating possibilities for improving artificial reproduction and germplasm resource conservation technologies (e.g. cryopreservation). Seminal plasma proteins are involved in the protection of spermatozoa during storage in the reproductive system, whereas all spermatozoa proteins contribute to the swimming and fertilising abilities of sperm. Compared to mammalian species, little data are available on fish sperm proteins and their functions. We review here the current state of the art in this field and focus on relevant subjects that require attention. Future research should concentrate on protein functions and their mode of action in fish species, especially on the role of spermatozoa surface proteins during fertilisation and on a description of sturgeon sperm proteins.

Evaluation of genetic diversity and relationshipsin orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) germplasm based on SRAP markers

The present study is the first report of characterizing the levels and patterns ofgenetic diversity in 60 orchardgrass accessions from four continents by sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Twenty-one primer pairs were used to produce 480 bands, of which 405 (84.38%) were polymorphic. The genetic similarity coeffic ients (GS) varied from 0.5863 to 0.9686 among the 60 collections, with an average of 0.7891. The genetic diversity of orchardgrass from China and the United States of America were found to be higher than that found in other countries. The dendrogram and principal component analysis realized from these markers clustered the materials into four main groups. The cluster analysis showed that orchardgrass from Australia was different from other collections in genetic diversity. Accessions from the same continent were classified into the same group, indicating that the genetic diversity of orchardgrass and the entire genetic basis of cultivars used in a continent is narrow. Furthermore, cluster analyses suggested that there is correlation between karyotype and morphological characterizations according to the analysis of the five subclusters that clustered from the first group. The information given by SRAP markers was concordant with the morphological variability and karyotype. This showed SRAP marker system could be used efficiently in the study of genetic variability and the evolutionary history of orchardgrasses. Based on the analysis of genetic diversity and relationships, the appropriate strategies for collection and conservation of germplasm resources can be developed and this in turn would help breeding of orchardgrass. Key words: Genetic diversity, genetic relationship, germplasm, orchardgrass, sequence-related amplified polymorphism

Genetic Diversity of Dactylis glomerata Germplasm Re-sources Detected by Inter-simple Sequence Repeats (ISSRs) Molecular Markers

Inter-simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) molecular markers were used to detect the genetic diversity among 50 materials of Dactylis glomerata collected from China and other countries. Twelve primers produced 101 polymorphic bands, averaged 8.41 bands each primer pair. The average percentage of polymorpgic bands was 86.3.8%, and the range of GS (define) was 0.6116-0.9290, indicating a rich genetic diversity of D. glomerata. Based on the cluster and principal component analyses on the genetic characteristics, D. glomerata could be divided into 5 groups according to the nearest phylogenetic relationship. In most cases, accessions from the same continent were classified into the same group, the accessions from China and the United States belong to the different groups, respectively, indicating the geographical distribution of genetic diversity of D. glomerata. The present paper also discussed collection and conservation of germplasm resources in D. glomerata.

Cryopreservation of flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) embryos by vitrification

Conventional cryopreservation of complex teleost embryos has been unsuccessful, possibly because their large size (1–7 mm diameter), multi-compartmental structure and low water permeability lead to intracellular ice formation and chilling injury. To overcome these obstacles, we have developed a vitrification procedure for cryopreservation of flounder ( Paralichthys olivaceus) embryos. In initial toxicity tests, propylene glycol (PG) and methanol (MeOH) were less toxic to embryos than dimethylformamide (DMF) or dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2SO), whereas ethylene glycol (EG) and glycerol (Gly) were toxic to all tested embryos. Embryos between four-somite and tail bud stages were more tolerant to vitrifying solutions than embryos in other developmental stages. Four vitrifying solutions (FVS1–FVS4) were prepared by combining a basic saline solution (BS2) and cryoprotectants PG and MeOH in different proportions (FVS1: 67, 20 and 13%; FVS2: 60, 24 and 16%; FVS3: 55, 27 and 18%; FVS4: 50, 30 and 20% of BS2, PG and MeOH, respectively). Their impact on flounder embryos was then compared. FVS1 produced the highest survival rate; whereas deformation rate was highest for FVS4. Five-step equilibration of embryos in FVS2 resulted in higher survival rates than equilibration in 4, 3, 2 or 1 steps. Flounder embryos varying from the 14-somite to the pre-hatching stage were cryopreserved in the four vitrifying solutions in liquid nitrogen for 1–7 h. From eight experiments, 20 viable thawed embryos were recovered from 292 cryopreserved embryos. Fourteen larvae with normal morphology hatched successfully from the 20 surviving frozen-thawed embryos from five experiments. Embryos at the tail bud stage exhibited greater tolerance to vitrification than embryos at other stages. These results establish that cryopreservation of flounder embryos by vitrification is possible. The technology has many potential applications in teleost germplasm resource conservation.

Study of Biochemical Polymorphisms for the Purpose of Germ Plasm Resources Conservation of Native Livestock in Indonesia

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Inter- and Intraspecific Variation in California Black Walnuts

Abstract Genetic variation in vigor, phenology, and branching in juvenile seedlings of Juglans californica and J. hindsii was investigated. Significant differences between species were detected in traits that reflect vigor (height, diameter, volume), in phenological traits (dates of leafing out and leaf drop), and in branching. J. californica was generally more vigorous, more branched, leafed out earlier, and dropped leaves later than J. hindsii. When species were analyzed separately, seed source was a highly significant source of variation for phenological traits and branching in J. hindsii. Upper estimates of heritability for phenological traits ranged from 0.47 to 0.88. The results of this study suggest that J. hindsii may have had a history of differentiation and adaptation to latitude, elevation, or other climatic characters. Conservation of germplasm resources in J. hindsii will be essential to maintain the purity of the species and to provide resources for studying the species and breeding rootstock for J. regia, the Persian walnut.

SYMPOSIUM: Germplasm Resources-Conservation and Utilization

American Journal of BotanyVolume 71, Issue 10 p. 95-97 Economic Botany Section SYMPOSIUM: Germplasm Resources–Conservation and Utilization First published: 01 November 1984 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1984.tb12020.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume71, Issue10November-December 1984Pages 95-97 RelatedInformation

Conservation of Germplasm Resources: An Imperative.

Previous articleNext article No AccessNew Biological BooksConservation of Germplasm Resources: An Imperative.O. H. FrankelO. H. Frankel Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Quarterly Review of Biology Volume 54, Number 1Mar., 1979 Published in association with Stony Brook University Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/411094 Copyright 1979 Stony Brook Foundation, Inc.PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.