German Diplomatic Research Articles

27 May Coup in The German Diplomatic Reports

27 Mayıs 1960 tarihi, Türkiye’nin yakın tarihinde çok partili siyasi hayata geçişin ardından yaşanan ilk askeri darbe olurken, demokrasinin rafa kaldırıldığı, temel hak ve özgürlüklerin askeri cunta yönetiminde yok sayıldığı ve yaklaşık 1,5 yıllık bir sürecin başlangıç noktasıdır. Alman devletinin Türkiye’de yaşanan askeri darbeye gösterdiği tepki ve ardından aldığı pozisyon aslında demokrasinin 1960’lı yılların başında Batılı devlet adamlarının ve diplomatlarının düşünce dünyası ve pratiğinde, Türkiye’ye yaklaşımları söz konusu olduğunda, bir kırmızı çizgiye sahip olmadıklarını gösterdiği gibi, bu durum Batı dünyasının savunduğu demokratik ilkelerle de tezat oluşturmaktaydı. Alman Dışişleri Bakanlığı arşiv belgelerinden istifade edilerek kaleme alınan bu çalışma, demokrasiyi dilinden düşürmeyen Batı dünyasının asılında 1960‘lı yıllarda siyasi ve askeri menfaatleri örtüştüğünde baskıcı hükümetlerle olduğu gibi darbecilerle de işbirliği yapabileceklerini arşiv belgeleriyle ortaya koymaktadır. Alman diplomatların odak noktasında, Türkiye’deki gelişmeleri değerlendirirken ve adım atarken, NATO’nun önemli üyesi Türkiye‘nin Rusya karşısındaki güvenliği ön planda tutulmaktaydı.

Suping Lu (Hg): Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing. The Nanjing Massacre and Post-Massacre Social Conditions Recorded in German Diplomatic Documents.

Suping Lu (Hg): Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing. The Nanjing Massacre and Post-Massacre Social Conditions Recorded in German Diplomatic Documents.

Suping Lu (Hg): Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing. The Nanjing Massacre and Post-Massacre Social Conditions Recorded in German Diplomatic Documents.

Suping Lu (Hg): Japanese Atrocities in Nanjing. The Nanjing Massacre and Post-Massacre Social Conditions Recorded in German Diplomatic Documents.

Neovisnost Albanije 1912. na temelju njemačke diplomatske dokumentacije

Događaji koji su prethodili neovisnosti Albanije podrobno su dokumentirani u njemačkom diplomatskom arhivu. Njemački diplomati iz regije, u Istanbulu, Ateni, Sofiji, Solunu, Skopju i Cetinju, kao i oni u glavnim gradovima velesila, u Londonu, Rimu, Sankt Peterburgu i Beču, izvještavali su Berlin o događanjima u europskom dijelu Osmanskoga Carstva. Cilj je ovoga rada proučiti spomenute dokumente i učiniti ih dostupnima široj javnosti i novim generacijama povjesničara. Bibliografija njemačkoga Ministarstva vanjskih poslova Auswaertiges Amt, Politisches Archiv Findbuch, Auswaertiges Amt 1867-1920 katalogizira sve dokumente o Albaniji pod vladavinom Carigrada do 1914. jer je njemačko veleposlanstvo u Carigradu do 1914. bilo zaduženo za Albaniju. Te je godine Njemačka prvi put otvorila veleposlanstvo u Tirani te se od tada dokumenti za Albaniju katalogiziraju zasebno. Iz arhivirane dokumentacije vidljivo je da je Njemačka bila vrlo zainteresirana za događanja u Albaniji te da je aktivno podržavala albansku neovisnost, odnosno uspostavljanje albanske države.

The Establishment of Bulgarian–West German Diplomatic Relations within the Coordinating Framework of the Warsaw Pact

Bulgarian–West German relations played a crucial role in Bulgarian foreign policy in Europe from the time the FRG became a leading West European political and economic power and a key member of both the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the European Economic Community. The normalization of official relations between Bulgaria and the FRG was significantly influenced by two major factors: the policy of closer coordination and multilateral interaction within the Warsaw Pact and the somewhat slower, though increasing, process of East-West détente and security negotiations in Europe through CSCE and the Mutual and Balanced Force Reduction talks. This case study of the establishment of diplomatic relations between a powerful European state and a smaller one with opposite political orientation amid the East-West détente in the 1970s contributes to scholars’ understanding of the complex nature of international relations in Europe during the Cold War.

Between Functionality and Legitimacy: German Diplomatic Talk About the Opening of Intergovernmental Organizations

Who should be allowed to participate in intergovernmental organizations? There is a growing debate about the increasing opening of IGOs for nonstate actors. Explanations of this phenomenon either highlight the functional benefits of opening, or the need of opening to maintain or increase organizational legitimacy. This article analyzes how German diplomatic talk frames nonstate participation and refers to functionality or legitimacy when justifying the opening of IGOs. The perspective of diplomats, the main gatekeepers of change in IGOs, has rarely been considered for analysis. This article argues that German diplomatic discourse about opening is mainly functional. There is only limited reference to nonstate participation as an element of IGO legitimacy. Further, there are elements in German diplomatic talk that challenge the legitimacy of nonstate actors.

The Genocide against the Ottoman Armenians: German Diplomatic Correspondence and Eyewitness Testimonies

This contribution documents and analyses the genocide of 1.5 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during 1915 and 1916 and is based mainly on the German diplomatic correspondence of the time, which is preserved at the Political Archives of the German Foreign Office, in Berlin. In the introduction, I refer to the Turkish nation state building process during 1912–1921 and its effects on the Christian populaces of the Ottoman Empire. In the second part, I focus on the various, apparently coordinated, measures directed against the Ottoman Armenians. A special subsection is dedicated to the clandestine intelligence organization Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa (Special Organization), which planned, implemented, and largely conducted the destruction of the Armenians in such a conspiratorial way that its activities escaped even the attention of Turkey’s most important military ally, Germany. The final part discusses Germany’s involvement in the destruction of Ottoman Armenians, Aramaic-speaking Christians, and Greek-Orthodox Christians against the background of 50 years of scholarship in history and genocide studies.

The Genocide against the Ottoman Armenians: German Diplomatic Correspondence and Eyewitness Testimonies

This contribution documents and analyses the genocide of 1.5 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire during 1915 and 1916 and is based mainly on the German diplomatic correspondence of the time, which is preserved at the Political Archives of the German Foreign Office, in Berlin. In the introduction, I refer to the Turkish nation state building process during 1912–1921 and its effects on the Christian populaces of the Ottoman Empire. In the second part, I focus on the various, apparently coordinated, measures directed against the Ottoman Armenians. A special subsection is dedicated to the clandestine intelligence organization Teşkilat-ı Mahsusa (Special Organization), which planned, implemented, and largely conducted the destruction of the Armenians in such a conspiratorial way that its activities escaped even the attention of Turkey’s most important military ally, Germany. The final part discusses Germany’s involvement in the destruction of Ottoman Armenians, Aramaic-speaking Christians, and Greek-Orthodox Christians against the background of 50 years of scholarship in history and genocide studies.

Accomplices with Reservations: German Diplomats and the Preparation of the Polish Campaign of September 1939

This paper examines the role of the conservative foreign policy establishment in the decision‐making process leading to the Nazi invasion of Poland in September 1939. Post‐war statements by German diplomats portrayed the conservative elite as reluctant participants in Hitler's drive to war. However, an examination of the foreign policy views of German conservatives reveals a significant degree of convergence with Nazi goals in their desire to revise Germany's post‐Versailles borders with Poland. In order to understand the role of the German diplomatic elite, it is also necessary to understand the degree to which foreign policy was subject to the same “polycracy” of decision‐making instances that characterised the structure of the “Third Reich” in general. While Hitler had relied on the conservative elites, including the Foreign Ministry and the military, their influence on decision‐making was waning by 1938–1939.

German Diplomatic Documents on the 1905 Japan-Korea Protectorate Treaty

This first English translation of recently discovered German diplomatic documents relating to the Japan-Korea protectorate treaty of 17 November 1905 provides not only objective corroboration of the fundamental illegality of the treaty, but also a fresh and vivid perspective on the events and participants at the time.

The Years of Triumph? German Diplomatic and Military Policy 1933-1941.

The Years of Triumph? German Diplomatic and Military Policy 1933-1941.

Reviews

JANE E. SAYERS. Papal Government and England during the Pontificate of Honorius III, 1316–1227 New York: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Pp. 292. $49.50 (us). Reviewed by Peter Landau R.H. HAIGH, D.S. MORRIS, and A.R. PETERS. The Years of Triumph? German Diplomatic and Military Policy, 1933–1941. Totowa, N.J.: Barnes and Noble Books, 1986. Pp. 325. $34.95 (US). Reviewed by Gerhard L. Weinberg MICHAEL MANN. The Sources of Social Power. Volume I: A History of Power from the Beginning to A.D. 1760. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Pp. ix, 541. $59.50 (US); pap. $18.95 (us). Reviewed by Peter G. Stillman MICHAEL P. COSTELOE, Response to Revolution: Imperial Spain and the Spanish American Revolutions, 1810–1840. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Pp. xii, 272. $39.50 (US). Reviewed by Richard J. Salvucci STEIN UGELVIK LARSEN, BERNT HAGTVET, and JAN FETTER MYKLEBUST, eds. Who Were the Fascists?: Social Roots of European Fascism. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget, 1981; distributed in Canada by Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. 816. $119.75 (Can.). Reviewed by Lawrence D. Stokes EMILIO WILLEMS. A Way of Life and Death: Three Centuries of Prussian-German Militarism, An Anthropological Approach. Nashville, Tenn.: Vanderbilt University Press, 1986. Pp. x, 226. Pap., $12.95 (us). Reviewed by Martin Kitchen CLAUDE BISSELL. The Imperial Canadian: Vincent Massey in Office. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1986. Pp. xii, 361. $27.50 (Can.). Reviewed by Robert Craig Brown FRANCESCO GUIDA. L'Italia e il Risorgimento balcanico: Marco Antonio Canini. Rome: Edizioni dell'Ateneo, 1984. No price available. Reviewed by Nicholas Bufalino ROSEMARY THORP, ed. Latin America in the igsos: The Role of the Periphery in the World Crisis. New York: St Martin's Press, 1984. Pp. xii, 344. $32.50 (US). Reviewed by Ronald C. Newton A.I. BAGIS. Britain and the Struggle for the Integrity of the Ottoman Empire: Sir Robert Ainslie's Embassy to Istanbul, 1776–1794. Istanbul: Isis Yayimcilik, 1984. Pp. xv, 165. Reviewed by Edward Ingram HAROLD JAMES. The German Slump: Politics and Economics 1924–1936. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Pp. xvi, 469. $57.00 (US). Reviewed by Roger Fletcher DANIEL M. CRANE and THOMAS A. BRESLIN. An Ordinary Relationship: American Opposition to Republican Revolution in China. Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1986. Pp. xxii, 225. $25.00 (us).Reviewed by James I. Matray BERNARD SEMMEL. Liberalism and Naval Strategy: Ideology, Interest, and Sea Power during the Pax Britannica. Boston: Allen and Unwin, 1986. Pp. sxii, 239. Cloth: $34.95 (US); pap. $14.95 (US). Reviewed by Bruce Collins RICHARD A. BEST. ‘Cooperation with Like-Minded Peoples’: British Influence on American Security Policy, 1945–1949. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1986. Pp. 226. $32.95 (us). Reviewed by Melvyn P. Leffler DIANA GREENWAY, CHRISTOPHER HOLDSWORTH and JANE SAYERS, eds., Tradition and Change: Essays in Honour of Marjorie Chibnall Presented by her Friends on the Occasion of her Seventieth Birthday. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985. Pp. 412. Reviewed by C. Warren Hollister

The German Diplomatic Service, 1871-1914

The German Diplomatic Service, 1871-1914

The German Diplomatic Service, 1871-1914, by Lamar Cecil

<i>The German Diplomatic Service, 1871-1914</i>, by Lamar Cecil

The German Diplomatic Papers: Publication after Two World Wars

The German Diplomatic Papers: Publication after Two World Wars Get access Raymond J. Sontag Raymond J. Sontag Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The American Historical Review, Volume 68, Issue 1, October 1962, Pages 57–68, https://doi.org/10.1086/ahr/68.1.57 Published: 01 October 1962

The German Diplomatic Papers: Publication after Two World Wars

The German Diplomatic Papers: Publication after Two World Wars

BOOK REVIEWS

Book reviewed in this article.Defence in the Nuclear Age. By Commander Sir Stephen King‐Hall.Defence and the English‐Speaking Role. By Sir Norman Angell.Russia, the Atom, and the West. By George F. Kennan.Will the Atom Unite the World? By Angelos Angelopoulos.World Peace Through World Law. By Grenville Clark and Louis B. Sohn.Free Elections. By W. J. M. Mackenzie.Politics in an Urban African Community. By A. L. Epstein.The People of Ship Street. By Madeline Kerr.Emergency Powers and the Parliamentary Watchdog: Parliament and the Executive in Great Britain, 1939–1951. By John Eaves, Jr.Bismarck and the Hohenzollern Candidature for the Spanish Throne. The Documents in the German Diplomatic Archives. Edited with an Introduction by Georges Bonnin. With a Foreword by Dr. G. P. Gooch.The House of Lords and Contemporary Politics: 1911–1957. By P. A. Bromhead.La Chambre des Lords au XX Siecle: 1911–1949. By Michel Bomssou.Studies in Economic Development. By Alfred Bonnea.The Scottish Office. By Sir David Milne.Widows and Their Families. By Peter Marris.Yearbook of International Trade Statistics 1956. Two volumes.Economic Surveyof Europe in 1957.The Development of International Law by the International Court. By Sir Hersch Lauterpacht, q.c.An Encyclopaedia of Parliament. By Norman Wilding and Philip Laundy.Local Government in Scotland.

Journey to America

Journey to America Get access Journey to America. Collected Speeches, Statements, Press, Radio, and TV Interviews. (During his visit to the United States and Canada, April 6–18, 1953.) By Konrad Adenauer. Washington, D.C., Press Office, German Diplomatic Mission, 1953. 188 pp. Illus. 812′​′×512′​′⁠.No price. H. G. Liddell H. G. Liddell Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 30, Issue 2, April 1954, Page 235, https://doi.org/10.1093/ia/30.2.235 Published: 01 April 1954

&lt;sc&gt;German Diplomatic Documents&lt;/sc&gt;, 1871–1914

Journal Article German Diplomatic Documents, 1871–1914 Get access 21. German Diplomatic Documents, 1871–1914. Selected and translated by E. T. S. Dugdale. Vol. IV: The Descent to the Abyss, 1911–14. With Introductions by Malcolm Robertson and Admiral Herbert Richmond. 1931. (London: Methuen. 8vo. xxv + 394 pp. 21s.) Wickham Steed Wickham Steed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar International Affairs, Volume 10, Issue 5, September 1931, Pages 696–697, https://doi.org/10.2307/3016074 Published: 01 September 1931

German Diplomatic Documents, 1871-1914.

German Diplomatic Documents, 1871-1914.