Geological Association Research Articles

Caribbean biogeography: molecular evidence for dispersal in West Indian terrestrial vertebrates.

The geological association of the Greater Antilles with North and South America in the late Cretaceous led to the hypothesis that the present Antillean biota reflects those ancient land connections. Molecular data from diverse West Indian amphibians and reptiles and their mainland relatives support a more recent derivation of the Antillean vertebrate fauna by overwater dispersal. The catastrophic bolide impact in the Caribbean region at the close of the Cretaceous provides a proximate cause for the absence of an ancient West Indian biota.

Isle of Arran by W. S. McKerrow and F. B. Atkins (2nd Edition). Geological Association, 1989. No. of pages: 104. Price: £4.50 (paperback). ISBN 0–7073–0593–4

Geological JournalVolume 27, Issue 1 p. 93-94 Book ReviewFree Access Isle of Arran by W. S. McKerrow and F. B. Atkins (2nd Edition). Geological Association, 1989. No. of pages: 104. Price: £4.50 (paperback). ISBN 0–7073–0593–4 J. D. Marshall, Search for more papers by this author J. D. Marshall, Search for more papers by this author First published: January/March 1992 https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350270114AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume27, Issue1January/March 1992Pages 93-94 RelatedInformation

Geology of the Dorset Coast by Michael House, Geological Association, 1989. No. of pages: 168. Price: £5.50 (paperback). ISBN 0–7073–0485–7

Geological JournalVolume 27, Issue 1 p. 93-94 Book ReviewFree Access Geology of the Dorset Coast by Michael House, Geological Association, 1989. No. of pages: 168. Price: £5.50 (paperback). ISBN 0–7073–0485–7 J. D. Marshall, J. D. MarshallSearch for more papers by this author J. D. Marshall, J. D. MarshallSearch for more papers by this author First published: January/March 1992 https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3350270113AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume27, Issue1January/March 1992Pages 93-94 RelatedInformation

Melt segregation and migration

The processes by which melt separates from its associated solids are relevant to a wide range of geological problems. How is melt extracted during anatexis to form migmatites or granites? What drives melt segregation, especially at low melt fractions? What volume fraction of melt can be extracted? How do residual liquids percolate through accumulating crystal piles? How does melt reach high‐level plutons? These and related problems were discussed in a special session, “Melt Segregation and Migration in Partially Molten Rocks,” of the Geological Association of Canada‐Mineralogical Association of Canada (GAC‐MAC) annual meeting in Toronto, May 27–29. This session, sponsored by the MAC, attracted contributions on a wide range of field, structural, geochemical, theoretical, and geophysical studies.All of the field‐based studies brought out the close temporal and spatial association between shear zones and melt segregation. Sally Goodman of the University of Aberdeen showed that migmatization in the Crinan subgroup of the Scottish Dalradian began with metamorphic differentiation and progressed to extensive melting in shear zones associated with the influx of fluids. Although some melt pockets remained, rocks in the shear zone now consist largely of recrystallized restite material. Shearing at the time of melting apparently drove melt segregation, and the possibility that the expelled melt formed the nearby granite bodies is being investigated.

Geological Association of Canada, Newfoundland Section

Geological Association of Canada, Newfoundland Section

Characterization of the Davis Canyon site, San Juan County, Utah, as a potential repository for the disposal of high level nuclear waste and spent fuel : McCleary, J Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P209–222. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication

Abstract The Paradox Basin; an elongate, northwest-trending, asymmetrical, late Paleozoic pull-apart depositional basin approximately 12,000 square miles in area and underlain by salt deposits of the Paradox Formation, was studied from the early 1970’s through the mid-1980’s for the purpose of locating a nuclear waste repository. Studies were regional at first, becoming progressively more site specific with time. Three salt geometries; diapiric anticlines, non-diapiric anticlines, and bedded salt deposits were evaluated. The bedded configuration was selected for detailed study due largely to the anticipated regulatory environment and the need to accurately predict the long-term future behavior of the salt and surrounding rock and fluids when perturbed by excavation and the introduction of heat and radioactivity. Of the bedded areas examined, Davis Canyon was chosen based on criteria such as depth to and thickness of the proposed repository horizon, ground-water flow rates and directions, the potential for economic resources, the geomechanical and geochemical properties of the salt, and proximity to faults or dissolution fronts.

Geologic issues involved in siting a high-level nuclear waste repository - Utah, Louisiana, Mississipi, Nevada, Texas, and Washington : Eldredge, S N; Atwood, G Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989, P203–208, Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication 17)

Geologic issues involved in siting a high-level nuclear waste repository - Utah, Louisiana, Mississipi, Nevada, Texas, and Washington : Eldredge, S N; Atwood, G Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989, P203–208, Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication 17)

Geologic and hydrologic considerations for construction of cyanide heap leach facilities : Buck, B W; Bayer, R J Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P107–113. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication 17)

Abstract The domestic gold mining industry has increasingly relied upon low-cost heap leach technology in the development of low-grade, bulk-minable gold deposits. Geologic and hydrologic considerations are very important in siting heap leach facilities because leach pads and solution ponds cover large areas, are constructed in total or in part of locally-derived materials, and are subject to leakage if site considerations are not taken into account during design. Site geologic and hydrologic characteristics should also be considered during designs of leach and pond liners, pregnant solution collection systems, and leak detection systems. Primary liners are usually made of a plastic; secondary liners are usually constructed with clay soils that are borrowed as close to the site as possible. A solution collection system consisting of gravel or fine crushed ore is placed on top of the synthetic liner. This layer not only protects the primary liner from damage during ore loading, but is also designed to rapidly transmit leach solution to provide for optimal solution recovery and to avoid the build up of excess hydraulic head on the liner. Leak detection systems for solution ponds are virtually universal; however, depending on the State regulatory authority and site-specific conditions, leak detection systems may be required for leach pads. Leak detection systems for solution ponds are commonly blanket type systems, consisting of geonet or permeable sand or gravel. For leach pads, leak detection systems may be blanket-type, although other types using french drains, lysimeters, or electrical resistivity grids are also used. The sand or gravel for blanket-type systems is best obtained on site, if possible.

Reclamation of the Carr Fork property, Tooele, Utah : Braxton, L P; Buck, B W Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P115–120. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication 17)

Reclamation of the Carr Fork property, Tooele, Utah : Braxton, L P; Buck, B W Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P115–120. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication 17)

Selenium contamination from irrigation drainage in the western United States with emphasis on Utah : Stephens, D W; Waddell, B Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P165–181. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication 17)

Abstract Selenium, an element required in trace quantities for normal health of animals and humans, can cause problems for livestock, wildlife, and humans when ingested in larger-than-required concentrations. It is present in many sedimentary deposits and in arid, alkaline soils typical of the western United States, selenium can be mobilized or released from soil by irrigation and may reach hazardous concentrations in drainage water. If water containing selenium enters a wetland or pond, biological processes can magnify the concentration within wildlife and cause reduced reproduction and deformities. Within the middle Green River area of Utah, large concentrations of selenium have been found in water and wildlife at Stewart Lake Waterfowl Management Area and at Ouray National Wildlife Refuge. Several other areas of the State are affected to a lesser degree. Human consumption of fish and fowl from contaminated areas could result in selenium dosages that exceed the recognized safe and adequate maximum daily intake of 200 micrograms. Options for remedial action for contaminated areas involve changes in management of water, drainage, land-use, wildlife, and possible application of waste-water treatment processes.

Hydrogeological characterization and disposal cell design for the stabilization of uranium mill tailings at the Green River UMTRA Project site, Utah : Coons, L M; Rager, P E Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous- Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P149–158. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association

Abstract The uranium mill tailings at the Green River, Utah, UMTRA Project site are being stabilized in a mostly below-grade disposal cell adjacent to the inactive mill site. The intent of the remedial action is to protect human health and the environment from potential hazards associated with the tailings. The disposal site is underlain by approximately 20 feet of Quaternary-age pediment sands and gravels, and 180 feet of Cretaceous-age sandstones, siltstones and limey shales. The flow of ground water near the site is complex, and is controlled by the presence of joints and fractures in bedrock and the local dip of the strata. In general, ground water flows west from the disposal site toward the Green River. The quality of ground water beneath the site is generally poor, with concentrations of total dissolved solids ranging from 2,000 to 9,000 milligrams per liter. Contamination as gross alpha activity, molybdenum, nitrate, selenium, uranium, and ammonium is present in the ground water beneath the old tailings pile, which is in the floodplain of Brown’s Wash, a tributary to the Green River. Two main components of the Green River disposal cell will protect ground water. These are: (1) a very low permeability clay infiltration barrier compacted above the tailings to limit the flux of moisture through the tailings and into ground water, and; (2) six feet of clean, selected buffer soils compacted beneath the tailings to retard the movement of contaminants to ground water from the overlying contaminated materials.

Geohydrology and water quality in the vicinity of the Silver Creek tailings site, Summit County, Utah : Mason, J L Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P135–148. Publ Salt lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication 17)

Abstract The Silver Creek tailings site is in Prospector Square, a commercial development and residential community in Summit County, Utah. The movement and the extent of metal contamination in ground water from the unconsolidated valley fill were assessed in the area. Estimated values of hydraulic conductivity range from 1 to 14 feet per day for the poorly sorted clay, silt, sand, and gravel in the unconsolidated valley fill. An aquifer-interference test indicated that water in the valley fill did not move from the tailings site toward the pumped municipal well completed in the consolidated-rock aquifer. During low flow, concentrations of dissolved and suspended cadmium, manganese, and zinc in surface water downstream from the tailings were substantially greater than background concentrations. Concentrations of dissolved cadmium, manganese, and zinc were greater than background concentrations in water from at least three wells and a drain.

The late quaternary development of the Champlain Sea Basin edited by N. R. Gadd, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 35, St John's, Newfoundland. Geological Association of Canada, 1988. No. of pages: 312. FSBN 0‐919216‐35‐8

The late quaternary development of the Champlain Sea Basin edited by N. R. Gadd, Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 35, St John's, Newfoundland. Geological Association of Canada, 1988. No. of pages: 312. FSBN 0‐919216‐35‐8

Dipole-electrical resistivity surveys of waste disposal study sites at hill air force base, Utah : Ross, H P; Wright, P M; Mackleprang, C E Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P69–76. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah

Dipole-electrical resistivity surveys of waste disposal study sites at hill air force base, Utah : Ross, H P; Wright, P M; Mackleprang, C E Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P69–76. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah

Comparison of volatile organic compound concentrations detected in soil gases with those detected in gropund-water samples, operable unit 3, hill air force base, Utah : Spencer, S A Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P77–86. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication

Comparison of volatile organic compound concentrations detected in soil gases with those detected in gropund-water samples, operable unit 3, hill air force base, Utah : Spencer, S A Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P77–86. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication

James Merritt Harrison (1915-1990)

James Merritt Harrison died 6 July 1990, following a bicycle accident on 18 April 1990 that left him in a coma from which he never recovered. ... He was respected internationally both as a geologist and a representative of the Canadian scientific community through his many eminent contributions. ... he received many honours for his work in government and with scientific organizations in Canada and abroad. He was a director of the Royal Canadian Geographical Society 1963-67 and a vice-president of that society 1967-73. He was an original member of the Science Council of Canada in 1964. He was president of several societies: Geological Association of Canada, 1960-61; International Union of Geological Sciences, 1961; International Council of Scientific Unions, 1966-68; Royal Society of Canada, 1967-68; and Canadian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 1969-70. In 1971 he was made a Companion of the Order of Canada. He was assistant director-general in Paris for UNESCO in the period 1973-76. He created training programs and promoted science, particularly in developing countries. He continued to further the ideals and activities of UNESCO through membership and chairmanship (1985-88) of the Canadian Commission for UNESCO. ... He joined the Geological Survey of Canada in 1943; his fieldwork being entirely in the PreCambrian shield areas, mainly northern Manitoba and the iron ranges of Labrador. He became director of the GSC in 1956 - its youngest director - and under his leadership the GSC developed and modernized substantially. He fully encouraged the development of new sub-sciences within geology, including the latest advances in radioactive dating of rocks, aerial photography, geophysical and geochemical surveys and the application of data processing to geology. Some of Jim's innovations made possible several major scientific advances and contributed to the rapid exploration of Canada's remote frontier areas, including the Arctic Islands and the Polar Continental Shelf. ... In 1964, Jim took on the responsibilities of assistant deputy minister (research) of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys and in 1972 he became senior assistant deputy minister of the renamed Department of Energy, Mines and Resources. ... Dr. John Parker ... has commented about Jim Harrison as follows: "Northern people have lost a great friend and dedicated supporter. He truly cared for people and nurtured their ideas. ... He had a deep knowledge and understanding of Canada's North and was a great friend and supporter of its people. ..."

Ground-water quality assessment and closure of the industrial waste lagoon at Tooele Army Depot, Utah : Johnson, S B Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P87–95. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utha Geological Association Publication 17)

Abstract This paper presents the findings of the ground-water quality assessment in the vicinity of the industrial waste lagoon at Tooele Army Depot, Utah. The industrial waste lagoon was an unlined evaporation pond which received industrial waste water generated by maintenance activities at Tooele Army Depot. Waste water leaking from the IWL contributed a large volume of trichloroethene and other organic contaminants to the ground-water system. Tooele Valley, in which Tooele Army Depot is located, is an alluvium-filled valley within the Basin and Range physiographic province in Utah. Ground water occurs in an alluvial aquifer composed of several thousand feet of unconsolidated sediments of Tertiary and Quaternary ages. A bedrock aquifer composed of quartzite and limestone beds of late Mississippian, Pennsylvanian, and early Permian ages also occurs within the study area. Ground water occurs between 400 feet and 170 feet below ground at Tooele Army Depot. The ground-water cleanup planned for Tooele Army Depot includes two components: (1) elimination of the source of contaminants by closing the industrial waste lagoon and waste water ditches, and (2) extraction and treatment of contaminated ground water. The most highly contaminated soil will be excavated from the waste-water ditches and placed in the industrial waste lagoon where it, along with contaminated soil and sludge from the industrial waste lagoon, will be covered with a multi-layer cap. Ground water will be extracted from wellfields located at the waste-water ditches and at the northern Tooele Army Depot boundary, treated with air strippers, and returned to the aquifer through injection wells. It is anticipated that the contaminated ground water will be circulated several times through the extraction/treatment/injection systems before it will meet the cleanup levels approved by the Utah Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Committee.

Overview of contaminated sites at Hill Air Force Base Utah, and case history of actions taken at landfills no. 3 and 4, chem pits 1 and 2 : Dalpias, E A; Heyse, E; James, W R Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P59–67. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium

Abstract Hill Air Force Base (AFB) is conducting remedial investigations and feasibility studies at past hazardous waste disposal sites to determine final remedial actions. The base is located on the Weber Delta, a fan-shaped land form where the Weber River flowed into the ancient Lake Bonneville. The former disposal sites have contaminated shallow perched ground water and soils with halogenated organic compounds (aircraft degreasing solvents such as trichloroethylene, TCE) and heavy metals (aircraft plating metals such as cadmium and chromium). Intermediate remedial actions have taken place at several sites and include capping, slurry walls, infiltration-collection galleries, pump and treat systems, air-stripping and activated-carbon adsorbtion systems. These actions were first installed at Operable Unit No. 1, which consists of Landfills 3 and 4, Chem Pits 1 and 2. The cap and slurry wall have resulted in significant reduction of the chemical concentrations at the seep below Landfills 3 and 4.

Optimizing short-term plume containment: comparison of well arrangements : Suguino, H H; Peralta, R C Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P43–50. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication 17)

Abstract Three well configurations were compared in terms of short-term ground-water contaminant plume containment. These include parallel, octagonal and combination systems. Each system had three extraction wells upgradient and three injection wells downgradient of the contaminant plume. For each system, optimal pumping values and resulting potentiometric surface smoothness were computed for a hypothetical plume. Tested models utilized linear programming optimization and simulation via the response matrix method. The octagonal well configuration required less pumping for a pumping period of 8 days, than did the parallel or combination systems. The octagonal configuration resulted in the smoothest potentiometric surface, in terms of difference in final head at observation wells compared with those at the contaminant source.

Relation of geohydrologic setting to the potential for groundwater contamination in Utah : Gates, J S; Freethey, G W Proc Symposium on Geology and Hydrology of Hazardous-Waste, Mining-Waste, Waste-Water and Repositories Sites in Utah, Salt Lake City, 1989P11–28. Publ Salt Lake City: Symposium and Field Conference, 1989 (Utah Geological Association Publication 17)

Abstract The potential for contaminants entering ground-water flow systems in Utah varies in recharge areas, in areas of predominantly lateral ground-water movement, and in discharge areas. Some of the factors affecting contaminant movement in each of these areas also vary. Utah is divided into three major physiographic areas that have distinct geologic and hydrologic characteristics. Ground water in two of the areas, the Basin and Range Province in western Utah and the Colorado Plateaus Province in eastern Utah, has been developed to varying degrees. Limited ground-water development has occurred in the Middle Rocky Mountains Province; however, because this province receives a large proportion of the annual precipitation in Utah, it is an important source of the water that eventually recharges the aquifers in the other two physiographic provinces. The Middle Rocky Mountains Province will be discussed mainly in terms of its importance as a recharge boundary to the other two provinces. Potential or known contaminant sites in the Basin and Range Province of Utah include both point (landfills, burial pits, leaky storage tanks, mine and mill tailings, leaching ponds) and non-point (urban runoff and agricultural areas) sources. Most known sites are located in the center of basins away from the recharge areas, although a few are in the mountain areas (mines) or near mountain fronts (mine tailings and some military installations). Most contaminant sites in the Basin and Range Province of Utah are located in the basins near the Wasatch Range. Contaminant sites in the Colorado Plateaus Province generally are point sources such as uranium-mill and coal-mine tailings, oil-field brine-disposal wells and pits, or leaky storage tanks. Non-point sources such as pesticide and fertilizer contamination in agricultural areas may become a future concern. Proposed siting regulations for waste-disposal sites being formulated by the State of Utah will be principally based on geologic and hydrologic factors. Differences in the geologic and hydrologic character between the three provinces will be a main consideration for those writing or updating these regulations. Regulations that protect areas where the principal aquifer is unconsolidated basin-fill sediments may be overly restrictive for an area where the principal aquifer is a deep sandstone. Conversely, regulations designed for basin-fill aquifers may be inadequate to protect a highly fractured consolidated-rock aquifer exposed at land surface.