Geographical Space Research Articles

Western North American Cruise Shipping Network: Space Structure and System

Regionalization is the basic feature of cruise shipping network organization. We insist that the cruise networks of Alaska, Hawaii, etc., have developed into a whole with the scaling up of cruise tourism. To prove it, we used complex network analysis methods to explore the port connections and the spatial structure of the cruise shipping network in these regions. We found that Alaska, Hawaii, and the west coast of Mexico all belong to seasonal cruise market areas. Cruise itineraries in these areas are categorized into one‐way and round‐trip itineraries, and more than 70% of the itineraries are short duration and medium duration. These areas build cruise shipping networks used in Vancouver, Los Angeles, Anchorage, San Francisco, Honolulu, and other cruise ports, which can be subdivided into nine single‐core cruise shipping network systems and two dual‐core cruise shipping network systems. The interconnection of different systems forms a T‐shaped cruise shipping network in geographical space.

Этнокультурный ландшафт средневековых мавзолеев Волго-Уралья

The purpose of the study: To show that the Golden Horde mausoleums (keshene) of the Southern Cis-Urals – Husein-bek, Tura Khan, Bendebike, Kesene (Ta­merlane’s Tower) – belong not only to different architectural schools, but they also belong to different ethnocultural and geographical spaces. In this regard, the following tasks were laid out: To show that the Keshene Bendebike and the “Tower of Tamerlane” belong to a large group of so-called. steppe brick mausoleums built in the steppes of the Volga and Southern Urals according to the canons of the Central Asian architectural school. Erected in the second half to the end of the 14th century (or even at the beginning of the 15th century), they were intended to perpetuate the memory of representatives of the elite of the Golden Horde nomads. Unlike the brick ones, the stone mausoleums-keshene of Husein-bek, Tura Khan, Small Keshene were built according to the traditions of Bulgarian architecture in the forest-steppe regions of the Dema River valley, a territory inhabited in the 14th century, by carriers of the Chiyalik culture. Research materials: The study uses geographical, archaeological, and folklore data on the kashene mausoleums of the Southern Cis-Urals obtained by researchers of the 18th–20th centuries. Results and scientific novelty: The geography of the distribution of brick mausoleums in the steppes of the Volga and Cis-Ural regions shows that, based on the time of their construction, they could have appeared among the Golden Horde nomads even at a time when paganism was not completely supplanted by Islam (there are numerous nomadic burials with coins of Uzbekistan and later rulers). Thus, mausoleums erected over the graves of the nomadic elite became an organic part of the culture of the nomads of the Golden Horde. The stone mausoleums of the Cis-Urals had nothing to do with nomadic culture. They were built in the ethnocultural space and on the territory of settlement of semi-nomadic carriers of the Chiyalik culture (Ishtyak-Ugrians). They became centers of Muslim cemete­ries quite late – not earlier than the 17th century – when the “Chiyaliks” were already assimilated by the Turkic ancestors of the Dem Bashkir-Mings/Mings. Therefore, in the historical memory of their descendants, the Bashkirs of the 18th–19th centuries, the stone keshenes of Husein-bek and Tura Khan were overgrown with traditions and legends, the plots and cha­racters of which are not directly related to the ethnocultural history of the Bashkirs.

Revealing novel insights on economic structure from a spatial perspective: Empirical findings from Vietnam

Economic structure plays an essential role in distributing resources and shaping the development trend of a country. Although it has become a topic of interest for scholars, most studies focus on analyzing factors affecting the structural transformation process but ignore the correlation in economic structure between localities. This study explores this correlation through the case of a country undergoing a remarkable economic restructuring process-Vietnam. Based on the data from 2010 to 2019, the Moran?s index (I) is used to assess the level of spatial correlation in the economic structure of localities and the Local Indicator of Spatial Autocorrelation (LISA) is analyzed to determine the specific locations where local spatial correlation occurs. Research results show that the economic structure of localities is unevenly distributed across geographical space. In addition, there exists a spatial autocorrelation phenomenon in localities' economic structure for two sectors-agriculture and industry. At the same time, there is no evidence to show this for the service sector. This discovery confirms the necessity of incorporating spatial factors in research related to economic structure to avoid inaccurate conclusions. From a business perspective, based on the findings of this research, companies can assess the level of competition, risks, as well as business partnership opportunities in different areas, and make appropriate investment decisions. The research results might also serve government agencies regarding planning and functional zoning and formulating and implementing development and economic restructuring policies for various regions.

A new window for conservation biogeography

<p>Classic biogeography provides the context for understanding why large-scale patterns of biodiversity occur where they do. However, over the past half century, human activities have greatly changed biogeographic patterns and caused accelerating loss of biodiversity on the earth. In spite of the Launch of Conservation Biogeography a couple of decades ago, there has been no concerted effort to implement conservation practices for regional biodiversity by integrating ecology and evolution over geographical space and time. This paper presents lessons and experiences from biodiversity protection of the Yangtze River, demonstrating an urgent need for biogeography-based solutions that cannot be easily deduced from current conservation biogeography. We aim to open a new window for conservation biogeography by providing a new cross-level paradigm and a new definition, seeking for biogeographic strategies for the long-lasting preservation of regional biodiversity. We believe that this paper makes a concise conceptual advance in conservation biogeography.</p>

Proteção social em áreas vulneráveis à tuberculose: um estudo misto em São Luís, Maranhão

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the risk areas for tuberculosis and the influences of social protection on the development of treatment for the disease in the municipality of São Luís, Maranhão. Methods: this is explanatory sequential mixed method research. In the quantitative phase, the data were obtained from the Notifiable Diseases Information System from 2010 to 2019, with georeferencing being carried out to identify areas vulnerable to tuberculosis. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were carried out with individuals who received social benefits. Results: 7,381 cases were geocoded, and, from the purely spatial scanning analysis, it was possible to identify 13 spatial clusters of risk. As for the interviews, there was a positive relationship between patient improvement and receiving benefits. Conclusions: geographic space and social determinants are relevant for reorienting monitoring actions for the conditions that generate the health-disease process.

СУЧАСНА РОСІЙСЬКО-УКРАЇНСЬКА ВІЙНА У ДЗЕРКАЛІ ГЕОФІЛОСОФСЬКОЇ РЕФЛЕКСІЇ

The article is devoted to understanding the nature of modern wars from the standpoint of geophilosophical methodology. Based on the research of O. Bazaluk, V. Mandragelya, N. Masciandaro, B. Woodard, T. Webb, K. Gulson, and others, it outlines the contours of the geophilosophical paradigm, where geographic space and psychospace are distinguished. War and peace are interpreted in geophilosophy as a continuous and non-linear interaction between psispaces, which on the surface of the Earth are manifested in the endless change of the boundaries of the loci of civilization. It is proven that in modern wars it is not enough to just capture the enemy's territory and resources. It is necessary to destroy his psyspace, which has an extraterritorial status. The world of spiritual values of the victim is sacralised, displaced into virtual space, where it is mobilized to resist the aggressor. Victory in the war of the 21st century is actually impossible because, in the information age, the war is primarily between ideas and values. The variant of partisan war is analyzed, which, according to K. Schmitt's "Partisan Theory", is a struggle not of elites, but of the people themselves for their existence. This figure of the "Ukrainian partisan" is well known to historians. For almost a decade after the end of the Second World War, OUN-UPA fighters waged their own war on their lands. They could not help but understand that they had very little chance of defeating the Soviet juggernaut, but they consciously sacrificed themselves, refusing to recognize other people's values. In the case of the modern Russian-Ukrainian war, not only the territory of Ukraine was under attack, but its valuable and meaningful core. The world of Ukrainian culture, the Ukrainian language, and Ukrainian history form the basis of the Ukrainian psyche. The role of Ukrainian studies as an ideological weapon in the modern war is emphasized. Ukrainian studies is a form of self-awareness of the nation, its awareness of its interests, and therefore an important step for the selfreproduction of Ukrainianness, through "Ukrainian love" and "Ukrainian creation".

The Ubiquity of Asia: Cai Guo-Qiang's Fireworks and Spectral Marxism

Asia is everywhere. Asia feels ubiquitous, from soft to hard power; from high to low culture; and from the Americas to Africa. In the American cycle of capital accumulation, under Giovanni Arrighi's schema, the overrepresentation of the United States was marked through representation-based and symbolic notions like Disneyfication (Jean Baudrillard) and “the ascendancy of whiteness” (Rey Chow). Under our contemporary Asian cycle of capital accumulation, this geographic area's affective ubiquity appears much like that of the US by saturating global public sentiment. However, considering that Asia's ubiquity emerges across sites like China, South Korea, India, and Japan, among others, what might we use to capture this sense of affective intensity and spread beyond representation-based frames? More specifically, how do we contend with geographic space within racial capital today, and how might we update our models for understanding race and capital so as to fully grapple with this transitional moment from American empire to Global Asia? Under the American cycle, representational frames like Orientalism and white supremacy emerged to understand Asian racialization. Can these frames still help explain the ubiquity of Asia today? This essay explores how we might discuss the subject beyond representation and in light of the ubiquity of Asia and what methods we deploy for Marxist analysis. This essay focuses less on Asian bodies and Asian spaces and turns toward aesthetic objects and practices that engage the affective sublime. More specifically, it examines the aesthetics of fireworks for what they might offer as a lexicon to contend with the transition in cycles of capital accumulation and changes in our ideas of space and race. The article thus turns to the artist Cai Guo-Qiang for insight on the subject amid contemporary racial capital and the methods available for critique.

Bigmouth Buffalo (Ictiobus cyprinellus) migratory behaviour and seasonal home range overlap are functions of geographic space in a fragmented riverscape

In temperate rivers, where environmental conditions vary seasonally, many fishes migrate among summer, spawning, and winter habitats. Dams disrupt these migrations, limiting access to habitat and potentially affecting populations. Bigmouth Buffalo ( Ictiobus cyprinellus) is a species of fish with at-risk populations in central Canada. The impact of dams on the extent of Bigmouth Buffalo migration and the overlap between summer and winter home ranges is unknown. Here, we assessed the migratory history of 80 Bigmouth Buffalo tagged with acoustic transmitters in the Red River (USA and Canada), a large binational waterway regulated by semi-passable dams. We sought to understand when and why Bigmouth Buffalo migrate, and how river use varies seasonally. Following more than 6 years of data collection, we found that the degree and probability of overlap between winter and summer home ranges varied by river section between barriers. Importantly, overlap was lowest in the longest continuous river section where well-defined migratory behaviours were observed. The results of this study reveal previously unknown details about Bigmouth Buffalo migration, demonstrate the consequences of river fragmentation on geographic space use, and highlight the importance of river connectivity to fish migration.

Три Петербурга. Городское пространство в ролевых репортажных очерках Н. Н. Животова

The article considers the representation of the image of Petersburg in the journalistic texts written by N. N. Zhivotov, a columnist and writer of the late 19th century. The research material is role-playing reportage essays from the cycle of essays Peterburgskiye profili (Petersburg Profiles). In the essays, the author introduces readers to urban everyday routine, namely marginal professions and places of Petersburg. The methodology of the research is based, on the one hand, on the tradition of studying texts dedicated to Petersburg (the so-called Petersburg Text), on the other hand, on the study of urban journalism. The article attempts to identify the genre specificity of the considered texts and justifies their belonging to the genres of urban muckraking journalism. The study identifies three ways of representing the city: geographical, social, and symbolic. The geographical aspect reflects the geographical space, which is expressed in the exact location of urban objects in space as well as the wide use of official and folk toponymy. Petersburg is presented as a concentrically organized city: the central part of the city refers to its ‘ideal’ embodiment, while the periphery – to the ‘real’ one. The social aspect reflects the social space of the city, which is constructed by changing the author’s social role. The author’s perception of Petersburg forms an additional vector of urban space. The essay characters do not have a clear connection to the center or periphery of the city; their movements between the ‘real’ and ‘ideal’ Petersburg are determined by a change of their social role. Finally, the symbolic aspect is the symbolic space of Petersburg, which is represented by the theme of the characters’ immortality. This theme can be considered as a realization of the eschatological myth of Petersburg. The distinguishing of the three aspects in constructing the city’s image gives understanding of narrative strategies of depicting the space of Petersburg by a citizen of the late 19th century.

Factores que influyen en la regeneración de plántulas de Argania spinosa y Tetraclinis articulata en el valle inferior del Wadi Tamri (Marruecos)

The forest landscape of the lower valley of Wadi Tamri is a geographical space composed of interaction and perpetual dynamics elements. The degradation observed in the past results from often inadequate silvopastoral practices. Nevertheless, a light of hope for the future of this forest currently lies in the existence of the natural regeneration of the Argan and Thuya trees, the effect of the agricultural abandonment on the slopes following the rural exodus, the development of the forestry capital by the State and the impact of good management practices of natural resources adopted by the local population itself. To examine the dynamics of the forester landscape, we have prospected dozens of plots in the Argan and Thuya zones. In this sample, we counted the natural seedlings, conducted floristic surveys, and briefly described various ecological and geomorphological variables. Then, we developed a statistical database to spatialize and quantify this phenomenon with cartographic tools (GIS). The analysis of these dynamics highlighted the factors of installing young seedlings with all the necessary explanations. The results have clearly shown that the most significant families in this landscape include the Asteraceae and Fabaceae (13%), with the Lamiaceae (10%) following closely. Additionally, the Euphorbiaceae, Solanaceae, Cistaceae, and Anacardiaceae contribute the same percentage (5%). The remaining 18 families each constitute only 3%. Regeneration of young Argan and Thuya trees from seedlings displays varied morphologies, influenced by age and grazing effects, often accompanied by nursery plants. Rocks and blocks serve as significant shelters for seedling germination. Meanwhile, topographic analysis highlights the impact of differing slope gradients for this seedlings. Argan and Thuya seedlings both presents the highest percentage (40% and 50%) observed on mid-slopes and upper slopes. Notable presence of seedlings observed on various slope exposures, especially those facing West, North, North-West, and South-West. Field sampling reveals a correlation between natural regeneration and tree cover density, emphasizing the significance of medium-dense tree cover, even in humanized landscapes, with notable regeneration observed in abandoned terraces and formerly cultivated land in Thuya unit, showcasing ecosystem resilience in this region. Overall, this study offers a preliminary scientific foundation for further investigation into the natural regeneration of Argan and Thuya amidst ongoing climate change, while also serving as a cornerstone for decision-making in conserving these forest heritages.

Время в «Хожении» игумена Даниила

The article discusses the category of time in the Pilgrimage by hegumen Daniil in the context of the development of the Russian travel literature and the medieval perception of time and space. Their representation was largely determined by the peculiarities of the worldview of Old Russians deriving from the Orthodox binary notion of the universe structure, in particular the structure of the other world (heaven – hell) which, in its turn, influenced the assessment of the earthly geographical space. The Earth was divided into regions righteous and sinful, worthy or unworthy of description, etc. Hence, before the 15th century, the exclusive direction of the development of Old Russian travel literature was the description of only the Holy Land and Tsargrad. That defined the originality of the artistic world of Old Russian pilgrimages (‘walks’): Daniil, for example, says nothing about the way from Rus’ (from where the hegumen set off for the Holy Land) to Tsargrad, about his way back home, he does not specify the distance from Rus’ to Jerusalem, etc. That is what distinguishes the Old Russian travelogues (in fact, pilgrimage literature) from the West European itineraries: by the 15th century the latter included descriptions of travels to different parts of the world (Persia, Mongolia, China, et al.), including an ancient (from the 4th century on) pilgrimage tradition, mainly represented by the works close to travel guides in their type. This attitude to the world (its desacralization) is usually explained by the ‘gradual expansion of the neutral space of earthly life’, associated with spreading the doctrine of purgatory in Catholicism. The concept of time in the Pilgrimage by Daniil is multidimensional: the narration is structured by the present time of the journey and the reality of the author-pilgrim personality. ‘The unworthy hegumen Daniil of Rus’ land’ acts in his work as a reliable witness of God's presence on the Earth manifested to him by numerous relics confirming the inseparability of man's connection to Sacred History and to eternity. Every Christian (‘faithful man’) maintains this connection through prayer communion and participation in divine liturgy.

Топонимы в заглавиях современных немецкоязычных романов

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of toponyms presented in the titles of modern German-language novels created at the turn of the 20th-21st centuries. The purpose of the study is to explore the linguo-pragmatic potential of toponyms in the naming of novels. The material of the study included 67 titles containing toponyms. As research methods, we employed structural-semantic, descriptive, taxonomic, and quantitative analysis. A study of the identified units showed that toponyms in the titles of literary texts are used as part of substantive prepositional phrases with a dependent word in the dative case. When giving names to their texts, modern German-speaking novelists mainly use geographical names reflecting the space of Germany. Regional toponyms (astionyms, cononyms) are more often used both with the aim of a detailed and reliable description of urban space at the stage of the reader’s initial acquaintance with the text and as serving the purpose of plot development. A special group is made up of toponyms marking Berlin and its urban space as most significant for the semantic organization of novels of the period in question. The use of the geographical spaces of other countries helps novelists not only to activate the reader's knowledge of the selected foreign-culture locations but also to adjust readers’ expectations, through associations with toponyms, toward particular subjects and perceptions of other cultures. Toponyms in the titles of novels help to convey the general cultural context of works. The results of the analysis allow us to expand the idea of the axiological potential, pragmatics, and functional-and-stylistic features of the use of toponyms in the titles of literary texts written by modern novelists.

The Influence of Geographical Space on the Development of Middle-Aged Towns in the Province of the Southern Kazakhstan

The Influence of Geographical Space on the Development of Middle-Aged Towns in the Province of the Southern Kazakhstan

The Symbiotic Role of GIS in Economics: The Spatial Economic Approach

The object of this paper is what is termed the spatial economic approach (SEA), which is considered to be based on the fundamental principle that economic systems they have never been developed, cannot exist and seldom are applied (e.g., administering businesses) independent of Geographic Space. As a result, the conjunction of data science and spatial data science represents the spatial economic approach, which however require techniques to achieve its goals. The most successful of the new techniques are the Geographic information Science software and tools that can be used to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, and visualize both spatial and nonspatial data. The important aspects of the role and contribution of GIS is a fundamental factor of SEA and is presented to justify the position of this paper that the spatial economic approach by utilizing GIS should become the principal approach in economic studies.

НЕКОТОРЫЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ ИНТЕРНЕТ-ПРЕСТУПНОСТИ С ТОЧКИ ЗРЕНИЯ СУДЕБНОЙ ПРАКТИКИ

The Internet seems to have become an indispensable means of life today. Someone commented: “The Internet has become the fifth strategic space after four natural geographical spaces: sea, land, air and space”. It can be seen that the Internet has a huge impact on the development of an individual, country and society. However, since the development of all things should be a symbiosis of light and darkness, various contradictions and conflicts in the online world are becoming more and more noticeable, and various new crimes are also emerging at a rate exceeding the norm. This article mainly examines some issues affecting the application of criminal law in cybercrime, from the point of view of judicial practice.

The ‘Geographical Here’ and the Pursuit of Ontological Security: Spheres of Influence Narratives and Great Power Identity in Times of Threatened Status

This article explains why self-identified great powers seek to provide a ‘sphere of influence meaning’ to geographical space when such narratives have the potential to insult the smaller actors in the space over which such powers seek exclusive influence. The article draws and expands on the ‘physical turn’ in ontological security studies by introducing the notion of a ‘geographical here’ as key to a great power that perceives its status as threatened. The argument is illustrated through a comparative analysis of three US presidential administrations. The article analyses (i) how the US’ status is perceived and narrated, and (ii) what meaning officials assign to the ‘geographical here’.

Rutas enogastronómicas: la ruta del ribeiro

The conservation of customs and gastronomic tradition facilitate the configuration of enogastronomics routes, observing a growing trend of these routes as driving forces in rural areas. In this way, gastronomy, as a heritage resource, enhances the economic development of rural areas, through tourist demand, adding value to the quality tourist offer. This study analyzes the impact of these routes on the tourism system of the Comarca do Ribeiro. The exceptional nature of the geographical space is complemented by unique and differentiated products, endorsed by Designations of Origin (DOs), Protected Geographical Indications (PGIs) and "Regulatory Councils", which are in charge of its normative defense, protection, differentiation and strengthening before the consumers, interest groups and society as a whole. Based on these complementary characterizations of food and wine routes, we will elaborate and identify their strategic profile, as well as a competitive analysis of the route, from the tourist point of view.

From Plan Gideon to Plan Tnufa: Israeli defense strategy and the buildup of the Israeli Defense Forces in the wider context of the Middle East after the Arab Spring

Based on the content analysis method, this study analyzes the first ever published security strategy of the Israel Defense Forces, which was published in 2015. The main objective of the paper is not only to present the circumstances of its creation and discuss the main objectives of this strategic security document, but also to outline the broader geopolitical context from which it emerged. The authors argue that the document primarily emphasized two areas - the use of force and capacity building of the Israeli military. Among other things, the publication of the strategy was intended to have a deterrent effect. In the conclusion, the authors compare the Gideon Plan and its follow-up, the Tnufa Plan, and point to the considerable importance that consensus among political and military elites has in the implementation of such a document and reflect on what lessons and inspiration can be drawn from this case in our geographic space in the process of formulating or reformulating strategic security documents.

Externalisation of Domestic Economic Constraints: China’s Spatial Fix in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan

Growing capital over-accumulation and excessive industrial production have forced policymakers in Beijing to search for profitable outlets overseas. The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which focuses on infrastructure connectivity projects across Eurasia, reflects these efforts. This paper theorises BRI as a spatial fix aimed at overcoming the recurring problem of over-accumulation of capital. This paper focuses on BRI-led projects in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. By conducting unstructured interviews with experts and examining projects, this paper found that BRI-led projects in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan not only provided a new geographical space and under-saturated market for Chinese surpluses but also created the demand for Chinese State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs) which were facing a decline in returns. This paper also found that through elements such as non-competitive bidding, embedded conditionality, and double preferential loans, China has successfully stimulated overseas demand for its surpluses. The study, therefore, concludes that BRI-led projects in Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan serve as a spatial fix for China.

ONTEM E O HOJE DOS NOMES GEOGRÁFICOS DA IMPERIAL CIDADE DE PETRÓPOLIS/RJ

Historical Cartography along with Historical Toponymy makes it possible to understand the dynamics of geographic space through the occupation process, that is, historical maps contribute to the toponymic study, where geographic names present themselves as testimonies in the process of occupation of a given territory and space dynamics geographical. In this sense, the objective of the present work is to analyze the spatial dynamics regarding the origin of the geographical names of the genesis area of the imperial city of Petrópolis/RJ. For this purpose, it relied on the historical cartographic documents Koeler Map – 1846 and Otto Reimarus Map – 1854, and the cartographic base from 1999. Thus, the geographic names contained in the three referred cartographic documents were extracted and subsequently classified. Results show the prevalence of geographic names of Germanic and Portuguese origin, however, the names of Germanic origin went out of use over time. These geographical names of Germanic origin are closely related to the settlers who established themselves there in the mid-nineteenth century. However, the town was later occupied by, individuals of Portuguese origin, which is also associated with the creation of different entrances to the city and explains the modification of these names. Keywords: Historical Cartography. Historical Toponymy. Koeler Map. Otto Reimarus Map.