Geographic Phenomena Research Articles

Chomsky’nin Üretici Dil Bilgisi Kuramı ile Klasik Nahiv İlminde Selika (Dil Yetisi)

Bir yönüyle dillerin kökeni tartışmalarıyla ilişkili olan dil selikası (yetisi), hem klasik dönem Müslüman dilbilimcilerin hem de modern dönem Batılı dilbilimcilerin gündemini meşgul etmiştir. Müslüman dilbilimcileri Arap dili özelinde, Batılı dilbilimciler ise genel olarak dilde bu olgunun ne ifade ettiği, edimsel bir beceri mi yoksa fıtri bir yeti mi olduğu konusunda farklı görüşler öne sürmüşlerdir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, klasik dönem Arap dilbilim temsilcilerinden olan ve selikayı coğrafi ve sosyolojik bir olgu olarak gören Câhiz (ö. 255/869), standart kurallara sahip bir sistem olarak gören İbn Cinnî (ö. 392/1002) ile yapısalcı ve yüzeysel bir olgu olarak gören Cürcânî’nin (ö. 471/1078), modern dönem Batılı dilbilimci, Üretici Dönüşümsel Dilbilgisi kuramını geliştiren ve bu kurama uygun farklı bir selika anlayışı ortaya koyan Noam Chomsky’nin dil selikası hakkındaki görüşlerini mukayeseli bir şekilde ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmanın sonunda da modern dönem Arap dilbilim temsilcilerinden ve çalışmanın yazarı olan Temmâm Hassân’ın dil selikası hakkındaki görüşleri yer almaktadır.

МЕТОДОЛОГІЧНІ ПІДХОДИ ДО ОБҐРУНТУВАННЯ КАТЕГОРІЇ «МОНОРОЗВИТОК» У СУСПІЛЬНІЙ ГЕОГРАФІЇ

The methodological approaches to substantiation of the category “mono-development” have been analyzed in the article. The leading and traditional approaches in social and geographical studies are historical-geographical (retrospective) and territorial (geospatial), which should be combined with genetic, in which all geographical phenomena are considered as processes with their genesis, dynamics, differences, patterns. To study the processes of systemic formation, an integrated approach is essential, which requires a comprehensive analysis of the development of the main factors of formation of modern social and economic processes in the regions. The systematic approach allows considering the functioning and development of the territorial mono-system and its basic types as systems of territorial organization of society at different hierarchical levels, revealing their integrity and mechanisms that ensure effective management of such mono-development. Along with the systematic approach, a synergistic approach is of increasing use, which requires a detailed study of the factors of formation of the mono-system and processes. In modern conditions, self-organization plays a major role in the transmission of information about the processes occurring in the territorial system, respectively, the role of applying the information approach is increasing. The structure of the territorial system, as a specific historical and temporal form of organization of society, can be considered in component-functional and territorial-functional aspects. In the face of various challenges characteristic of the last decade, one of the most important forms of social adaptation to new social realities has been the formation and strengthening of territorial (local and regional) identities in certain territories with a stable historical, cultural, economic and social specificity. In connection with this, cluster (formation of so-called network structures), behaviorist (explanation of the territorial identity of the mono-system), participative approaches (strategic planning of the territorial development of the mono-system) are of greater use along with the system.

Žemaitijos vardas senuosiuose žemėlapiuose: formos ir transformacijos | Žemaitija on Ancient Maps: Forms and Transformations of its Name

The first written mention in historical sources of the name of Žemaitija (or Samogitia), the west Lithuanian region, is well-known. In 1219, the Hypatian Codex described how Žemaitijan dukes, along with Lithuanian dukes, made peace with Volhynia. Much less is known about the emergence of the name of Žemaitija on ancient maps, despite the fact that old cartography often provides the first records of various geographical, socio-cultural and socio-economic phenomena. The article not only tries to trace the first appearance of the name Samogitia on maps, but also discusses its various forms and transformations, explaining the motives behind choices of particular forms of the name. The author examines nearly all the maps created before the early 19th century as cartographic sources. For the classification of this volume of material, she uses the concept of the three-stage cartographic depiction of Lithuania proposed by Vaclovas Chomskis. More than 200 maps of different scales and representing different areas, including Lithuania, Lithuania and neighbouring countries, Lithuania and Poland, Europe, Prussia, etc, were researched in order to track the use of different names for Žemaitija.

Kazakh Steppe as a Historical Geographic Phenomenon in the Works of Russian Scientists of the XVIII century

Kazakh Steppe as a Historical Geographic Phenomenon in the Works of Russian Scientists of the XVIII century

The Third Revolution

The Third Revolution

Geo-informatic spectrum analysis of land use change in the Manas River Basin, China during 1975-2015.

Geo-informatic spectrum analysis method was used to understand the complex geogra-phical phenomena concisely in graphic language. It is important for the integration research on spatial pattern and temporal process of land use change over multiple temporal and space scales. Based on remote sensing images in 1975, 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005, 2010 and 2015, we built the geo-spectrum of land use/cover change (LUCC) and quantitatively analyzed both the process and rend of LUCC in Manas River Basin. Results showed that the range of land use change in this basin was gradually decreasing, and land use structure tended to be simplistic, then tended to stable in later stage during 1975-1990. At the same period, the area of grassland increased greatly, which was mainly derived from unused land. The area of cultivated land expanded from 1990 to 2015, which mainly converted from unused land, forestland, and grassland. The geo-spectrum of land use change model showed that prophase change type, anaphase change type and continuous change type accounted for 1.3% of the total basin area. The overall characteristics of geo-spectrum unit were dominated by unused land converted to cultivated land, forestland and grassland. The land use change process was relatively stable. The Manas River Basin was covered 61.2% by region with comparatively stable spatial pattern. The most frequent way of land use change was increasingly expanding of cultivated land, which was displayed as: Liumaowan Bay Town of Shawan County and Liuhudi Town of Manas County were the center, then expanded to the two sides and spread to the Gurbantunggut Desert. The construct geo-spectrum of LUCC enriched the LUCC spatial-temporal analysis method system and provided an effective approach for the future research of LUCC under multiple temporal and spatial scales.

GEOBIA Achievements and Spatial Opportunities in the Era of Big Earth Observation Data

The primary goal of collecting Earth observation (EO) imagery is to map, analyze, and contribute to an understanding of the status and dynamics of geographic phenomena. In geographic information science (GIScience), the term object-based image analysis (OBIA) was tentatively introduced in 2006. When it was re-formulated in 2008 as geographic object-based image analysis (GEOBIA), the primary focus was on integrating multiscale EO data with GIScience and computer vision (CV) solutions to cope with the increasing spatial and temporal resolution of EO imagery. Building on recent trends in the context of big EO data analytics as well as major achievements in CV, the objective of this article is to review the role of spatial concepts in the understanding of image objects as the primary analytical units in semantic EO image analysis, and to identify opportunities where GEOBIA may support multi-source remote sensing analysis in the era of big EO data analytics. We (re-)emphasize the spatial paradigm as a key requisite for an image understanding system capable to deal with and exploit the massive data streams we are currently facing; a system which encompasses a combined physical and statistical model-based inference engine, a well-structured CV system design based on a convergence of spatial and colour evidence, semantic content-based image retrieval capacities, and the full integration of spatio-temporal aspects of the studied geographical phenomena.

MODERNIZATION OF GEOGRAPHIC EDUCATION AT HIGH SCHOOL: GEOINFORMATION TRAINING MODELS

The paper deals with contemporary trends of modernization of higher education in the countries of Europe, emphasizes relation between the quality of education and the level of development of the countries' economy, confirms the importance of digital education and provision of new forms of educational services. The problem of mastering new technologies using geoinformation systems and technologies in the process of training future specialists-geographers and geography teachers is analyzed. It is proved that one of the ways of addressing the outlined problem is the implementation of geoinformation training models, and the place of such models among other types of geography training tools is determined. The paper explains the concepts "training model", "geoinformation training model" and outlines their didactic peculiarities. The system of graphic-sign geographic training models is presented, with geoinformation training models being their subtype. The trends of applying geoinformation systems and technologies in the process of teaching geographic disciplines at higher education institutions are characterized. Based on the experience of application of geoinformation training models, the paper emphasizes that they are tools of students’ independent cognitive activities. The paper distinguishes three groups of these models (general, special, combined) and characterizes their varieties. Considerable attention is paid to characterizing special geoinformation models, viz. rendering models, first of all digital elevation models, "draping" models, as well as models of kinematic animation or dynamic interactive visualization of 3D images, routing optimization and self-training models. A considerable didactic potential of electronic maps and atlases is emphasized, which make it possible to study geographic objects, processes and phenomena in the spatial aspect. The conclusion is made that the application of geoinformation training models, on the one hand, allows students to explore independently certain natural or socio-economic objects of the environment. On the other hand, tutors can plan students’ efficient training activities at a high level of complexity and in accordance with their interests.

Spatiotemporal Dengue Disease Clustering by Means Local Spatiotemporal Moran’s Index

Spatiotemporal analysis has been used widely to explain some geographic phenomenon, especially in an epidemiology study. Spatial and temporal autocorrelation coefficients are usually used to assess the spatial and temporal dependencies in set geographic events. However, those statistics are usually computed separately and may lead to the misleading conclusion. Analysing spatiotemporal autocorrelation would be useful to understand the geographical evolution simultaneously. Spatiotemporal autocorrelation can be used to identify the spatiotemporal clustering and outlier via local spatiotemporal autocorrelation. This paper develops a method to estimate and test the local spatiotemporal autocorrelation based on the local spatial Moran’s Index. Randomization permutation test is used to obtain the p-value which is used to construct the disease clustering. The method was applied to identify the spatiotemporal clustering and outlier detection for dengue disease data in Bandung city. Based on image analysis, this method presents the better result compare than the local spatial Moran’s Index which is done for every time separately.

(Re) Imagining the Intra-connections in Geography Education through the Notion of Place

One of the challenges facing geography educators at higher education institutions in South Africa is to prepare students by providing them with an integrated conceptual and pedagogical toolkit that would adequately equip them to teach a type of geography that is current and relevant to local (but also global) environmental and social phenomena. As an intra-disciplinary science, Geography offers multiple avenues for fostering this type of integration, yet as argued elsewhere, [1] because of a fragmented school Geography curriculum, teacher educators struggle to foster holistic and integrated learning among novice student teachers. In fact, academic geographers most often privilege their own field of specialisation rather than work towards integration [2]. Ultimately, this perpetuates a fragmented teaching practice and conceptual understanding of geographical phenomena. This paper provides a theoretical exploration to demonstrate how Geography Education could retain its holistic nature and advance integration by (re)turning to its own intra-disciplinarity. It was found that the notion of “place” (one of Geography’s big ideas) could serve as a potential point of departure for fostering integrated thinking in the discipline. The argument is made that place-based approaches offer fertile avenues to pursue in Geography Education programmes for equipping student teachers with a holistic conceptual and pedagogical toolkit.

Review on Manifestations of Rural Hollowing

Rural hollowing is a recent geographic phenomenon that has received significant attention in China, which experienced rapid urbanization. It is formed due to many houses was kept empty by the owner and a lot of new rural house were built outside the village and retaining the old ones in the inner village. It has led to the wasteful use of land resources and abandoned the houses. The purpose of this paper is to review recent research on the manifestation of rural hollowing phenomenon around the world. In this regard, is revise done based on two objectives: Firstly, to identify each manifestation of rural hollowing and secondly to examine the characteristics of each manifestation. The review made mainly in accordance with point researchers findings particularly on the Phenomenon of Rural Hollowing in China, Iran, Europe, and other developed countries or regions. The review found that the problems of rural hollowing manifest themselves in the following aspect: Land Hollowing, Population Hollowing, Economic Hollowing, Physical Hollowing, Infrastructure and Social Services Hollowing, and Cultural Hollowing. Each of manifestations has its own characteristics in order to categorize each of the manifestations of rural hollowing. The review is particularly useful especially in Malaysia, and need for further research in Malaysia according to the problems of vacant and idle houses in the rural area.

Affective governance among street-involved women and their services providers

ABSTRACTAffect modulates and directs the governance of street prostitution in encounters between street-involved women and their social services and healthcare providers through three nodes on a circuit of affect. The first is the street, constituting a set of geographic and psycho-social phenomena that exert a formative and often intergenerational impact on street-involved women’s lives. The second, selfhood, connects an understanding of trauma as inhibitory to cognitive development with the governmentality of mental health diagnoses. The third, embodied abjection, links the physical states and practices connected with addiction, homelessness, incarceration, and other forms of social suffering, with street-involved women’s abjection.

Small-Group Work and Relational Thinking in Geographical Mysteries

Relational thinking is a necessary skill for building students’ individual capabilities and a core concept in geography education. Geographical relational thinking refers to being able to give interrelated, causal explanations for geographical phenomena such as regional change. The aim of this study was to gain more insight into differences in relational thinking between small groups of students working together on an assignment to explain a regional event which was framed as a geographical mystery. This insight could help teachers to advance students’ geographical relational thinking skills. Two geographical mysteries were examined with data from 69 small groups in Dutch upper secondary education. The two mysteries resulted in differences in the level of relational thinking, which were partly explained by small-groups’ on-task behaviour. Many student groups showed a low level of geographical relational thinking. Findings point to the need to incorporate exercises into geography lessons which require the use of thinking and reasoning with interrelated causal relationships.

Reproducibility and Replicability in Geographical Analysis

The scientific method is predicated on the assumption that research designs and results can be reproduced and replicated. However, recent findings in some disciplines suggest that many studies fail to reach this standard, moving issues surrounding reproducibility and replicability forward into the research agenda of those fields. While the topic has yet to become a point of controversy in geography, the intricacies of geographic phenomena and spatial data analysis make the field vulnerable to criticism. This commentary discusses how uncertainties related to the conception, measurement, analysis, and communication of geographic analyses contribute to difficulties in the reproduction and replication of geographic research. Investigating how these uncertainties collectively impact the reproducibility and replicability of spatial data analyses should be a critical focus of future Geographical Analysis research. A call to action for geographers to improve the reproducibility and replicability of their work and specific recommendations on how Geographical Analysis might facilitate this process conclude the commentary.

Caracterización geográfica de la vivienda en México: un enfoque de Ciencia de Datos

Una tendencia global en los primeros años del siglo XXI ha sido la generación de plataformas y datos abiertos por parte de entidades gubernamentales para la consul- ta pública. Estos datos permiten a los ciudadanos generar nuevas técnicas y meca- nismos para su análisis con la intención de lograr mejoras en el sistema político, social y económico de un país. En esta investigación, proponemos una metodología de Ciencia de Datos centrada en la caracterización geográfica de la vivienda mexi- cana, utilizando datos abiertos del período 2014-2017 y aplicando técnicas de aprendizaje automatizado no supervisado. La aplicación de esta metodología permi- tió descubrir, que son 7 los tipos de viviendas en México, todos ellos distribuidos a lo largo y ancho del territorio mexicano. Los resultados son desplegados en mapas que podrán ser de gran utilidad en ciencia aplicada, para el estudio de fenómenos humanos y geográficos en diferentes dominios del conocimiento, tales como: segu- ridad, transporte, salud, economía, industria, agricultura, entre otras.

A scalable fuzzy division model of topological space on GIS

It is difficult to describe topological relationship of complicated geographical phenomena and entity with fuzziness and uncertainty in the real world. Aiming at the above problem, this paper has summarized to the topological relationship of between spatial entities with 4-intersection model and 9-intersection model firstly. On the basis of point-set topology, the formal description model of the topological relationship between fuzzy geographical entities is analysed and gives a detailed and accurate formalization-description and strict math formula. Lastly, this paper proposes a method, which improves and expands topological division to between fuzzy geographical entities. It shows that analysing result, the model can analyse and divide the entity fuzzily from simple entity to complicated entity.

Geographical transition of urban areas. When regeneration not necessarily means gentrification. A case study from Bologna (Italy)

Some cities or neighborhoods with a specific socio-economic vocation suffer the phenomenon of change and abandonment, which generates socio-functional and economic redefinitions. This has also happened to the city of Bologna which, over the last 150 years, has experienced a rapid process of economic development, moving from a primary sector economy to a economy based on the industry, to then end up with the most advanced specializations in the tertiary sector. Thus, industries and factories (which had attracted a substantial national workforce) were closed. This has produced the formation of numerous «urban voids», which have turned into abandoned and degraded areas, such as in the Bolognina neighborhood. The consequence was initially the abandonment by the resident population: dwellings remained empty were subsequently occupied by new arrived inhabitants. At first this transition generated contrasts between the pre-existing citizens and the new ones. For this reason, the municipal administration has initiated a series of interventions, aimed on the one hand at the regeneration of the neighborhood in its ethno-socio-economic peculiarities, on the other at the refunctionalization of abandoned areas, to the point of generating a partial process of gentrification. With reference to the territorial Municipality data and according to some published essays and field researches through the Bolognina neighborhood (site inspections and conversation with residents), this article confirms the idea that urban gentrification, urban transition, and urban regeneration are territorial processes in opposition to each other. Each of them can have characteristics and features that are appearently typical of the others, but which, taking shape in a particular territory, are complex geographical phenomena.

Decomposition of Repulsive Clusters in Complex Point Processes with Heterogeneous Components

The decomposition of a point process is useful for the analysis of spatial patterns and in the discovery of potential mechanisms of geographic phenomena. However, when a local repulsive cluster is present in a complex heterogeneous point process, the traditional solution, which is based on clustering, may be invalid for decomposition because a repulsive pattern is not subject to a specific probability distribution function and the effects of aggregative and repulsive components may be counterbalanced. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a method of decomposing repulsive clusters in complex point processes with multiple heterogeneous components. A repulsive cluster is defined as a set of repulsive density-connected points that are separated by a certain distance at a small scale and aggregated at a large scale simultaneously. The H-function is used to identify repulsive clusters by determining the repulsive distance and extracting repulsive points for further clustering. Through simulation experiments based on three datasets, the proposed method has been shown to effectively perform repulsive cluster decomposition in heterogeneous point processes. A case study of the point of interest (POI) dataset in Beijing also indicates that the method can identify meaningful repulsive clusters from types of POIs that represent different service characteristics of shops in different local regions.

Modeling the Vagueness of Areal Geographic Objects: A Categorization System

Modeling vague objects with indeterminate boundaries has drawn much attention in geographic information science. Because fields and objects are two perspectives in modeling geographic phenomena, this paper investigates the characteristics of vague regions from the perspective of the field/object dichotomy. Based on the assumption that a vague object can be viewed as the conceptualization of a field, we defined five categories of vague objects: direct field-cutting objects, focal operation-based field-cutting objects, element-clustering objects, object-referenced objects, and dynamic boundary objects. We then established a categorization system to formalize the semantic differences between vague objects using the fuzzy set theory. The proposed framework provides valuable input for the conceptualization, interpretation, and modeling of vague geographical objects.

Uncovering Community Structure in Geospatial Networks: A Case Study of Urban Bus Networks in Hangzhou, China

Abstract. Complex systems are very often organized under the form of networks, where nodes and edges are embedded in the geographic space in which human beings live. A geospatial network is a complex network that includes road networks, flight connections, physical internet infrastructures, and power grids, etc. The properties of geographic spaces and network topologies are key to the geospatial network function and evolution. It is crucial to characterize and understand the structure and evolution of these geospatial networks for different domains, ranging from social sciences to geographic sciences. Community structures, whose nodes often cluster into tightly knit groups (with a high density of within-group edges and a low density of between-group edges), have been given much attention because of their significance in analyzing complex geospatial networks. Community structures, which account for the functionality of a complex system in geographic space, represent a partition (disjoint community) or cover (overlapping community) of a geospatial network that is expected to have an optimal solution. Community structure found in geospatial network, such as those present in networks capturing the movements of people or animals, are subject to environmental factors, physical constraints, and other spatial influences. Therefore, communities in spatial networks often have geo-graphic meanings such as neighborhood boundaries, urban structures, and habitat territories. Moreover, the influence of geospatial indicators on the detection of community structure must not be overlooked.Compared with disjoint community structures, overlapping community structures are more ubiquitous community structures, which represent the fundamental characteristic of any complex network form in the physical world. In a geospatial network, community structures represent the different functions or structural units of a geographic space. Furthermore, overlapping communities are the result of the network evolution process, which represent the share channel of a neighbouring community. In geographical space, overlapping communities are always in the middle of two different communities. Spatially and functionally, overlapping communities are the bridge in communication between neighbouring communities. Therefore, the detection of overlapping communities in geospatial networks is of great significance. Although there are many methods for the detection of overlapping community structures, existing algorithms usually focus on network topology characteristics and ignore the effects of geospatial attributes on overlapping community structures.Hence, in this paper, we proposed a new methodology for uncovering communities in geospatial networks. The focus of our methodology is the spatially constrained speaker-listener label propagation algorithm (SLPA), which adds spatial resistance and spatial adjacency relations to the community detection algorithm. Furthermore, we make a case study using urban bus network in Hangzhou, China. The results show that the algorithm is efficient and reasonable to discovering overlapping community structures in geospatial networks. Overall, this study will help to understand and monitor the spatial interaction development of geographic phenomena and explore the functional characteristics of the urban complex system that are useful and meaningful for policy makers and planners.