According to a report by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fishing and Nutrition (2022), olive oil accounted for a total turnover of 148.39 million euros in 2021, making olive oil Spain’s fifth agricultural product in terms of sales volume. Approximately one third of all production is exported, Germany leading European exports with 258 tons (t) of olive oil. Product descriptions must be translated for foreign markets, and in this case, particular attention must be paid to the terms used to describe olive oil quality, notably the geographical indications and olive oil categories. Terminological research (Ibañez Rodríguez, 2003) is thus a key dimension of translation here: the selected words must be recognisable by potential foreign customers, and they must be in line with the terminology established by the European Commission. In this study, we worked on a corpus of websites of Andalusian small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in both German and Spanish. These SMEs all actively produced and sold olive oil and had an EU geographical indication register. In order to analyse how geographical indications and olive oil categories were translated from Spanish into German and to determine whether EU terminology was applied, we used the Sketch Engine programme. We found a wide range of translations which were potentially creating misunderstandings and raising doubts in the minds of German consumers.

This research is motivated by the urgency of legal protection for Geographical Indications (GI) regarding the “Bima Ntanda Rawo” woven fabric as an intangible cultural heritage and a source of economic welfare for the community in Bima. The main objective of this study is to examine the effectiveness of GI legal protection after registration, focusing on its economic impact on artisans and the challenges faced in enforcement. The research method employs a normative-sociological approach, combining doctrinal and legal norms analysis (Law No. 20/2016, Ministerial Regulations, and TRIPs) with empirical data from interviews and field observations with weaving artisans. The results show that GI legal protection has increased sale prices, added value, and product image, although its implementation still faces administrative, financial, and legal socialization obstacles. Legal enforcement of GIs also faces issues regarding proof of violations and weak legal literacy among artisan communities. These findings enhance understanding of community-based legal effectiveness and imply the need for institutional strengthening, a simple reporting system, and technological integration for GI supervision. The study’s limitation lies in the empirical data scope, which does not yet cover cross-regional cases, and the optimization of digital analysis for GI product surveillance

Enhancing consumer awareness of sustainable nutrition is a key factor in promoting public health and supporting environmentally friendly food systems. Logos and claims on food packaging that indicate the use of sustainable production methods have the potential to increase awareness, improve accessibility, and encourage producers. This study represents the first systematic audit aimed at assessing the current situation in Türkiye concerning the use of sustainability-related labels and claims, while also providing scientific insights for producers. The presence of sustainability-related logos and claims was examined on food packages displayed in the shelves of one branch from each major grocery chain in a district of Türkiye’s Region 1. In total, 3,085 food products were assessed in three grocery stores. The analysis included logos and claims related to sustainability, such as animal welfare, organic production, recyclable packaging, the Green Dot (ÇEVKO), Rainforest Alliance certification, local production, geographical indication, good agricultural practices, and vegan/vegetarian declarations. All grocery stores provide recycling bins, and reusable shopping bags are strategically positioned in highly visible areas to encourage consumer use. It has been determined that the logo most frequently appearing on food packaging is the recycling logo (87.4%), while the least frequently appearing logos are the organic production logo (0.3%) and the animal welfare declaration (0.13%). The food categories displaying the greatest number of logos on their packaging, in order, were beverages, sugars (including candies), and meat, poultry, fish, and their products. There is a need to increase the number and visibility of sustainability-related logos and claims on food products. The food industry should be encouraged to adopt more environmentally sustainable practices, both in production and packaging.

Trademark protection is an integral part of the intellectual property system that protects a product's reputation, economic value, and identity. According to Article 3 of Law Number 20 of 2016 concerning Trademarks and Geographical Indications, trademark protection is only granted to registered trademarks. However, in practice, trademark infringement has occurred, as in Supreme Court Decision Number 119 PK/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2017, between PT Gudang Garam as the owner of the well-known trademark "Gudang Garam" and the party using the trademark "Gudang Baru" on cigarette products. The method used was a normative legal approach, with a conceptual lens, examining case studies and literature as data collection techniques. The results of the survey show that PT Gudang Garam initially lost at the first level and in cassation because the judge considered the registration of the Gudang Baru trademark to be administratively valid. However, through a case review (PK), the Supreme Court found bad faith and similarity in essence, so that Gudang Garam ultimately won the case. This shows that the protection of well-known trademarks still faces challenges in terms of evidence in court. From the perspective of Haq al-Ibtikar, such actions constitute the unlawful taking of another person’s rights, which is prohibited under Sharia law, because trademarks are intellectual works with practical and economic value. It is recommended that trademark rights be protected preventively through official registration, market monitoring, and legal education for business actors, as well as strict law enforcement against trademark registrations made in bad faith.

Geographical indications: Comparing protection models and reviewing scientific literature on wines

Identification of the geographical indication origin of Gastrodia elata Blume based on FT-NIR spectroscopy

Tales or labels? The impact of storytelling and geographical indication label on consumers' attitudes towards brazilian canastra cheese

Does the geographical indications protection policy encourage more sustainable agriculture in the territories? Moving from claims to empirical evidence

How geographical indication products impact agricultural economic resilience: Evidence from China

Sustainability, governance and symbolism in Spanish geographical indication: A discourse analysis through Q methodology

Decoding the aroma signature of Jinhua ham: Flavoromics-driven machine learning models for age-discrimination with hardware implementation.

Introduction: In the European Union and other developed markets, systems for the protection of the origin of agricultural products are widely used in practice, while in the Western Balkans, this concept is still in the early stages of development. Protected designations of origin serve as a legal and market mechanism that highlights the specific characteristics of products that are inextricably linked to the geographical area they come from, including the tradition, knowledge, and natural conditions of that region. Aim: The primary aim of this research is a quantitative analysis of products with geographical indications in Europe by year, country, and category. Materials and Methods: The data used in the research were obtained from the eAmbrosia website, which serves as an online database of agricultural and food products, wines, and spirits that are registered and protected worldwide. It provides direct access to information on all registered geographical indications, including legal protection acts and product specifications. The data was analyzed to identify patterns, regional differences, and potential growth in interest in geographical indications, using descriptive statistical methods. Results: The results indicate significant differences between countries, with certain categories being prominently present in specific regions. The dominant years in the observed period, based on the number of newly registered products, are 1996 for both groups of protected designations of origin and 2021 for Protected Geographical Indications. The countries with the highest number of protected products are Italy, France, and Spain for both types of protected designations. This dominance of the listed Mediterranean countries can be explained by their rich tradition of producing specific regional products and their long-standing culture of protecting local food specialties. The most represented product categories under protection are cheeses (Protected Designation of Origin) and fruits, vegetables, and cereals – both fresh and processed (Protected Geographical Indication). Conclusion: This analysis provides a basis for further research on the impact of geographical protection on economic development, the promotion of cultural heritage, and the preservation of traditional production.

This research is a normative legal study using a case study approach that analyzes the legal and ethical implications of relabeling practices conducted by influencers in Indonesia. The problem arises from the case of Shella Saukia and Umama Scarf, in which original hijab products were resold after their brand labels were replaced with a private “SS” label without authorization. This practice poses serious legal concerns regarding consumer deception, violation of trademark rights, and unfair business competition in digital commerce. The study relies entirely on secondary data through library research, using primary legal materials such as Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, Law Number 20 of 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications, and Regulation of the Minister of Trade Number 73 of 2015 on Mandatory Labeling on Goods. The analysis applies a normative qualitative method by correlating Indonesian positive law with principles of fiqh muamalah—particularly ṣidq (honesty), bayān (transparency), and ‘adālah (justice). The findings show that unauthorized relabeling violates consumers’ rights to accurate information, infringes trademark protection, and distorts fair market competition. From an Islamic legal perspective, such practices constitute tadlīs (deception), gharar (uncertainty), and ghasb (unlawful appropriation), all of which are categorically prohibited. As a comparative framework, this study also refers to the United States Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regulations, which strictly mandate truth-in-labeling and prohibit deceptive or unfair marketing practices. These standards provide valuable insight for strengthening Indonesia’s regulatory safeguards. The study concludes that harmonizing positive law, Islamic legal principles, and international best practices is essential to ensuring a fair, transparent, and ethical digital trade ecosystem.

This study focuses on tea enterprises in Thai Nguyen province to identify factors affecting brand identity strength (BIS). Survey data of 230 enterprises were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM) with four factors: Visual identity and packaging, Heritage and geographical indications, Brand story and communication, Product quality and consistency. The results show that all four factors have a positive impact on BIS, of which Visual identity and packaging has the strongest influence. The model explains 56.8% of the variance of BIS. In theory, the study adds empirical evidence to theories of brand identity and signaling. In practice, the results suggest that Thai Nguyen tea enterprises need to focus on packaging consistency, exploiting heritage, building brand stories and maintaining stable quality to strengthen identity and competitiveness.

This study maps and analyzes the Global Value Chains (GVC) of Bali’s coffee industry using a descriptive qualitative design based on in-depth interviews with farmers, collectors, and roasteries in Tabanan, Buleleng, and Bangli, complemented by field observations. The Miles–Huberman–Saldaña interactive approach guides data reduction, display, and verification. Findings indicate a value chain dominated by smallholders with limited landholdings, a local market structure tending toward monopsony, and post-harvest infrastructure gaps that incentivize sales as red cherries (≈IDR 11,000/kg). Substantial value is captured downstream green beans (≈IDR 80,000–85,000/kg) and roasted beans (≈IDR 85,000–120,000/kg) primarily by collectors/roasteries with superior access to information, technology, and markets. Exports to China, the United States, Taiwan, and South Korea occur sporadically due to complex licensing procedures. The Geographical Indication Protection Society (MPIG) helps safeguard quality and origin, yet its price-setting influence warrants caution to ensure broad, equitable benefits. The study underscores information asymmetries and market access barriers that weaken farmers’ bargaining power and constrain value distribution upstream. Policy recommendations include strengthening cooperatives/marketing partnerships, investing in post-harvest technology and quality assurance (e.g., cupping scores/GI), improving price transparency through market information systems, and streamlining export regulations. The results contribute to GVC governance insights for Bali coffee and outline an agenda to enhance value added, sustainability, and smallholder welfare.

This study analyzes the integrated ethnoscience system of the Wayang patterned Gringsing cloth, examining its role as an active agent in rituals, and understanding its function as a marker of cultural identity for the Bali Aga Tenganan Pegringsingan community. Qualitative-ethnographic research in Tenganan Pegringsingan, Bali. Data collection techniques: in-depth interviews, participant observation in the Usaba Sambah ritual, and analysis of awig-awig documents. Data analysis techniques: Miles and Huberman's model, Spradley's ethnographic analysis. Theoretical framing: ethnoscience, cultural semiotics, and structuralism. Gringsing is a woven codex that integrates ethno-chemistry (overdyeing as Rwa Bhineda) and ethno-technology. This cloth functions as spiritual armor during liminal rites of passage and a portable constitution that replicates the Tri Mandala. Structural homologies are found that connect the logic of purity in the domains of cloth, body (endogamy), and law (awig-awig). This study introduces productive inefficiency (slowdown as resistance) and structural homology as theoretical frameworks. Practically, this study identifies a controlled commodification model in which Geographical Indications (GI) are used as a defensive shield, leveraging market value to address the artisan regeneration crisis.

Functional foods attract attention with both their nutritional properties and their positive health effects. In recent years, increasing consumer interest in natural and functional ingredients has led to the development of traditional products such as ice cream that contain functional ingredients. While ice cream offers some of the nutritional advantages of milk, its content of functional elements such as antioxidants, fibre and phenolic compounds is limited. Therefore, it is important to enrich it with ingredients such as probiotics, prebiotics, dietary fibres, herbal ingredients, and functional stabilisers. Maraş ice cream, a traditional product with a geographical indication in Turkey, provides a suitable basis for functional food applications in this context. This study aims to examine current approaches to producing functional ice cream and evaluate innovative ways to enrich Maraş ice cream with functional ingredients.

This study explores the importance of protecting the Geographical Indication (GI) of Lamsi Tobacco from Temanggung to safeguard its authenticity and maintain product quality, in accordance with Law Number 20 of 2016 on Marks and Geographical Indications. Lamsi Tobacco is known for its distinctive taste, aroma, and quality, which are influenced by the geographical conditions of Temanggung as well as traditional cultivation practices passed down through generations. However, without legal protection, the authenticity and reputation of this product risk being diminished due to counterfeiting or unauthorized use of its name. The research method employed is normative juridical, which focuses on library research or secondary data by viewing law as a set of written norms enacted by authorized institutions. To strengthen the analysis, this study is also supported by a socio-legal approach that combines legal studies with social sciences so that law is understood not only as written norms but also as a practice that lives within society. The findings indicate that Lamsi Tobacco meets the criteria for Geographical Indication as stipulated in Law No. 20 of 2016 Protection through Geographical Indications not only plays a role in preserving the authenticity and quality of the product but also generates positive economic and social impacts for the community, particularly farmers. Nevertheless, several obstacles remain, such as low legal awareness, administrative difficulties, and the absence of a strong managing institution. Therefore, coordination between the central government, local government, farmer associations, and the community is necessary to realize effective legal protection. Through the registration and protection of Geographical Indications, Lamsi Tobacco is expected to maintain its reputation, increase competitiveness in the market, and make a tangible contribution to the welfare of the Temanggung community as well as the preservation of local culture.

The increasing influx of imported goods in Indonesia has intensified market competition and created complex challenges in protecting the rights of local trademark holders. Weak enforcement mechanisms and limited public awareness have facilitated imitation and unfair competition, threatening economic sustainability and consumer confidence. This study examines the adequacy of Indonesia’s trademark protection and reinterprets it through the ethical and normative framework of Islamic economic law. Using a normative juridical approach with statutory, conceptual, and comparative methods, the research analyzes Law No. 20 of 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications alongside Islamic legal principles such as maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah (objectives of Islamic law), hifẓ al-māl (protection of wealth), and maṣlaḥah ‘āmmah (public interest). This analytical synthesis evaluates the harmony between positive law and Islamic ethics in regulating fair competition. The findings reveal that Indonesia’s legal framework provides sufficient formal protection but remains ineffective due to weak implementation, inadequate sanctions, and the limited capacity of small and medium enterprises. Conversely, Islamic economic principles emphasize moral accountability, fairness, and transparency as essential to market justice. Integrating these ethical values into trademark regulation would not only strengthen compliance but also foster socially responsible trade practices. This study contributes to contextualized Islamic law by proposing an integrated model that harmonizes intellectual property protection with Islamic moral economy. It advances theoretical understanding by linking fiqh mu‘āmalah with modern IP law and offers policy recommendations for promoting ethical branding, fair competition, and sustainable economic protection for Indonesian industries

Korla Fragrant Pear(Pyrus sinkiangensis Yu), a high-value Geographical Indication product from Xinjiang, China, faces declining fruit quality due to soil degradation from intensive monoculture. This study investigated microbial fertilizer (JF) and green manure (oil sunflower - DK1, DK2; sweet clover - CM1, CM2) intercropping in a pear orchard to improve soil and fruit quality, compared to conventional fertilization (CK). Comprehensive analyses assessed soil properties, fruit minerals, metabolites (monosaccharides, fatty acids, amino acids), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs).Both JF and green manure treatments improved soil physicochemical properties, with CM1 showing the greatest effect. Treatments JF, CM1, CM2, DK1, and DK2 significantly increased fruit K, P, Fe, and Mn content but significantly decreased Zn content. JF significantly enhanced monosaccharide accumulation, while CM1 and high-density oil sunflower (DK2) notably increased fatty acid and free amino acid content. However, all treatments (JF, CM1, CM2, DK1, DK2) significantly reduced total fruit VOCs. Correlation analysis indicated fruit Zn content was positively correlated with most VOCs. Reduced Zn inhibited alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD) activity, leading to decreased VOC synthesis. Therefore, while CM1 is recommended as the optimal strategy for improving basic nutritional quality and soil fertility, coordinated zinc nutrition management is essential when implementing green manure to balance nutritional enhancement with maintaining characteristic flavor, ensuring sustainable industry development.