Geographical Indications Research Articles

The Information Value of Geographical Indications

We conduct laboratory experiments in Spain (N = 148) and France (N = 143) simulating a wine shopping experience in which participants choose between four wines in a limited information environment, and access to Geographical Indication (GI) information, winery names, and expert review scores are “purchased” in multiple price listing elicitation sessions. Data analysis leverages the sequential nature of the rounds, experimental treatments, and a wine knowledge questionnaire to investigate the hierarchical structure and level of redundancy between alternative information sources, the role played by wine prices, and previously acquired expertise. We estimate that the average value of accessing GI information in a pre-purchase scenario lies between EUR 0.33 (Spain) and EUR 0.37 (France) for each purchasing occasion, and expert reviews provide a similar level of information. These findings are consistent across different price segments (high: €13-€17 vs. low: €4-€7). Firm names have lower average valuation but are more useful to high-knowledge consumers. GIs, firm names, and expert reviews are found to be imperfect substitutes, suggesting that GIs capture elements of both horizontal and vertical differentiation. The discussion is structured along three main thematic areas of contribution: the role of GIs as signals of quality, the extant literature studying how consumers interpret quality signals, and the contrast between our findings and the modeling assumption adopted in the GI theoretical literature.

TECHNOLOGICAL PROSPECTION OF THE USAGE OF BARU FRUIT (DIPTERYX ALATA VOG.) TO IMPROVE THE LIVING CONDITIONS OF QUILOMBOLAS, EXTRACTIVIST COMMUNITIES IN BRAZIL

Barueiro (Dipteryx alata Vog.) is an arboreal plant species native to Brazil's fertile Cerrado region. holds great promise for cultivation and technological development due to its versatile uses and the complete reuse of its parts. Given its local significance, increased research support is essential, as the species has the potential to generate high-value products and offer a sustainable income source for its producers. This study is a prospective analysis of articles and patents on barueiro (baru fruit), highlighting that most technologies have low technological readiness levels (TRL 3-4) and remain at the bench stage, with most patents filed by universities. Collaboration between extractive communities and academia is crucial for knowledge transfer, cooperative creation, and project development for processing centers, training, and decentralized energy generation, thereby supporting SDGs and circular economy principles by adding value and improving community well-being. Once these cooperatives and processes are established, applying for geographical indication could further enhance the value of baru-based products.

An analysis of geographical indications in terms of international, bilateral and regional agreements

Abstract A geographical indication (GI) serves as a quality label that identifies and assures a product’s origin for consumers, highlighting its unique features and the link between these characteristics and its geographical source. Registering a GI provides protection for products that have earned a reputation based on their quality, tradition, regionally sourced raw materials, and local attributes. GIs play a dual role: they not only help transmit local culture to future generations and promote economic development within a country, but they also encompass products with substantial profit potential in international trade. Items such as cheeses, processed animal products, and naturally grown goods (e.g., hazelnuts, grapes, figs) are commonly traded internationally under GI protections. This study aims to analyze international, bilateral, and regional agreements related to GIs, specifically those covering appellations of origin. The analysis includes the 1883 Paris Convention, the 1891 Madrid Convention, the 1958 Lisbon Agreement, and more recent agreements on trade-related intellectual property rights under the World Trade Organization (WTO), as well as bilateral and regional agreements on GIs among countries. Although these agreements address international disputes and trade matters concerning GI products, findings indicate that they can also lead to various challenges between countries regarding the protection and trade of these products. Keywords: Agricultural Trade, Geographical Indication, TRIPS, International Trade Agreements, WTO, Intellectual Property JEL Classification: F13, F15, O34, Q17

Geographical indication in Indonesia: A review on the spatial distribution and classification of geographical indication‐registered products and ‐related publications

AbstractThe status and trends of geographical indication (GI) registration in Indonesia is presented and analyzed. Indonesia amended the GI‐related legal systems in 2019, and despite its increase in registration and policy developments, the extent of coverage and classification of GI‐registered products remain unclear. Thus, we analyze the current status and trends of GI registration by mapping the spatial distribution and classification of GI products. We supplemented our analysis by capturing and reviewing GI‐related publications in Indonesia. Results showed that GI‐registered products are concentrated in Java and Sumatra regions, with agricultural products as leading commodities. The spatial distribution further exhibits that cultural and traditional values play an important role in shaping GI products. Meanwhile, for GI publications, we documented that scientific literatures produced by domestic scholars are more abundant than international publications. Although this is a positive assertion, reviewed publications are mostly focused on the legal aspects. Other aspects such as GI promotion, development, and benefits are lacking. The policy and practical implications of such findings highlighted the critical role of provinces and domestic scholars in promoting GIs of Indonesia to the global arena.

Implementation of the EU's geographical indications in CETA and JEFTA: EU‐Phoria or GI‐mmick?

AbstractOver the last two decades, the EU's foreign trade strategy shifted diametrically from the multilateral World Trade Organization to the bilateral free trade agreements (FTA) route. Accompanying this shift, the EU's regulatory ambitions became more apparent, as can be gleaned from its strategy documents. The main question is whether the EU is succeeding in effectively exporting or promoting its regulations. In this paper, we combine the two disciplines of law and international relations to gauge the EU's success in achieving its external regulatory goals through FTAs. The EU is described in the political science literature as a regulatory power which is trying to promote or export its regulations outside its own jurisdiction. Using two case studies of the recent EU FTAs with Canada and Japan, we conduct a rigorous legal analysis of these FTA texts as well as their implementation in the local jurisdiction by focusing on the area of Geographical Indications (GI). These regulations are compared with the EU's goals mentioned in its strategy documents and from interviews with EU representatives involved in the FTA negotiations. Our results show that the EU has been moderately successful in both FTAs in achieving its general goals such as equal protection for foodstuffs and alcoholic drinks, ex officio protection, and the clawback of some generic names. Overall, the EU was most successful in getting Japan to embrace an EU‐inspired sui generis GI system, whereas Canada showed less leniency and favoured its trademark system.

Consumer responses and determinants in geographical indications agricultural product consumption: A ten-year systematic review

Consumer responses and determinants in geographical indications agricultural product consumption: A ten-year systematic review

Intellectual property law reform: Comparative insights and valuable lessons from the experiences of Vietnam, Malaysia, and Mexico within the CPTPP framework

The Intellectual Property (IP) chapter of the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) is recognized for its extensive coverage, encompassing a broad range of innovation areas such as patents, trademarks, geographical indications, and copyright. This chapter sets a new global benchmark for IP protection, posing significant challenges to the existing legal frameworks of member countries and necessitating rapid adaptation, particularly for developing members like Vietnam, Malaysia, and Mexico. These nations have undertaken comprehensive revisions to their IP laws to align with the international standards established by the CPTPP. Despite their unique national contexts, the legal amendments reflect distinct strategies and methodologies in meeting international standards. This paper conducts a qualitative analysis of Vietnam, Malaysia, and Mexico, comparing their law amendment strategies, contents, and techniques across three dimensions. It highlights the distinctive characteristics and impacts of their legal revisions, offering valuable insights for other prospective developing members within the CPTPP framework on the practice of IP law reform.

Influence of orchards fertilization management and post-harvest storage time on Malus domestica cv. ‘Gala’ fruit volatiles and quality parameters

“Maçã de Alcobaça” is a type of apple from the West coast of Portugal with Protected Geographical Indication (PGI). This study evaluated the influence of the orchard’s fertilization and post-harvest storage time on the quality of “Maçã de Alcobaça”, ‘Gala’ cultivar. Five orchards were studied for four years, using three fertilization treatments [Standard, twice Standard (2xStandard) and twice Standard including organic matter (2xStandard_OM)]. The fruits’ volatile profile, emanation index, and quality parameters were determined in apples after harvest time (T0), three- (T3) and five months (T5) after storage. At T0, the intact apples volatiles were dominated by trans,trans-α-farnesene (48–79 %). trans,trans-α-Farnesene emanation index was larger in T0 apples independently of the orchard and fertilization treatment, and showed an accentuated decrease from T0 to T5. Fruits quality at T0 and T5, showed significant differences per orchard, but their average weight, TSS, and firmness, were not significantly altered with fertilization treatment. Storage did not significantly affect the fruits weight, but TSS and firmness always decreased regardless of the orchard or fertilization treatment. Among other things, the observed variations among orchards after fertilization treatments may relate to the cultural practices of each orchard as well as the fact that their ages and rootstocks varied.

Protection of Geographical Indication of Cashew Nut Products in Wonogiri

Protection of Geographical Indication of Cashew Nut Products in Wonogiri

The Basmati rice war between India and Pakistan

The current study highlights the challenges for GI protection of trans-border products, in Basmati rice. Various international treaties, e.g., Lisbon Agreement, Paris convention, and TRIPS Agreement describe partly the protection of geographical indications (GIs) or appellations of origin. Both India and Pakistan are TRIPS member countries and claim Basmati rice as their GI and have tagged Basmati as GI in their respective territories. Europe is an expanding market for Basmati, and EU is implementing import regulations on food products based on GI reputation for high quality products. India has sought GI protection of Basmati rice in EU followed by staunch opposition by Pakistan. Current study will briefly highlight the recent developments of this GI dispute on Basmati rice between India and Pakistan in EU,New Zealand and Australia.

Akibat Hukum Terhadap Pendaftaran Merek Produk Barang Yang Memiliki Persamaan Pada Pokoknya

Introduction: Trademarks or names are marks used by companies or businesses on the products they trade because Trademarks are used as identifiers. As stipulated in Law No. 20 Year 2016 on Trademarks and Geographical Indications in Article 1 paragraph (1). Trademarks also cannot be registered when they have elements of similarity in the trademark as stipulated in Article 20-21 of the Trademark and Geographical Indications Law. However, this is contrary to the incident in the chocolate product brands Chacha Delfi and Chacha Lokal, where Chacha Delfi tried to apply for registration at the Directorate General of IPR and KEMENKUMHAM but was rejected because the Chacha Delfi brand has an element of similarity in its principal to the Cha-Cha Lokal product brand, because we know that the Cha-Cha Lokal brand from PT. Mayora who registered the brand first.Purposes of the Research: To know and explain about the procedure of product registration Trademark Chacha Delfi and Cha-Cha Local, which has similarities in essence and know and, analyze the legal consequences of registration of trademarks that have similarities in essen.Methods of the Research: The legal research method used for this research is based on primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials, and uses a statute approach and conceptual approach and case approach.Results of the Research: The results showed that the Chacha Delfi trademark registration procedure was rejected by the Directorate General of IPR and KEMENKUMHAM, because the trademark did not meet the registration procedures where the trademark has similarities to the pre-existing trademark, namely the local Cha-Cha trademark that has done the trademark registration first. because based on the Trademark Law and PERMENKUMHAM who register first then the trademark will be recognized ownership of the trademark. So that the legal consequences obtained by Chacha Delfi brand is rejected and dismissed to trade products Chacha Delfi brand and subject to sanctions under the Trademark Act and PERMENKUMHAM. Therefore, it is expected that the Directorate General of IPR and KEMENKUMHAM, in order to publish the trademarks that have been registered, so that businesses and other companies can see, so that there is no more Trademark Equation and does not lead to a Trademark Equation dispute.

“Can you ban the bees from the honey?”: exploring an integrated labour law and geographical indications approach for protecting the rights of forest-dwelling communities over non-timber forest produce

ABSTRACT In this article, we study the fragmented approach of two Indian statutes, namely, the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act 2006 (“FRA 2006”) and the Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration and Protection) Act 1999 (“GIA 1999”). The article critically examines the labour law approach under the FRA 2006 and intellectual property ownership under the GIA 1999 with a specific focus on the production and commercialization of non-timber forest produce. The analysis leads to an argument for an integrated approach that starts with recognizing the agency of the communities, followed by guaranteeing protections under the labour rights approach and integrated protection through GIs. The integrated approach would facilitate cooperative experiments that go beyond strict private and public law distinctions. This can offer sustainable livelihood opportunities for forest-dwelling communities.

Price Premiums for Single‐Name and Compound‐Name Geographical Indications in Swiss Cheese Trade

ABSTRACTGeographical indications (GIs) have become increasingly important in agri‐food markets, especially in Europe. For Swiss cheese imports and exports, we analyze whether GIs are associated with higher trade prices. We find that price premiums can be obtained for both exports and imports. However, this is only the case for cheeses with single name GIs where the whole name is protected (e.g., Gruyère, Roquefort). There is no price premium for cheeses with compound names, consisting of a generic part and a geographical part (e.g., Gouda Holland, Raclette du Valais). As the generic part of the name (here Gouda, Raclette) can be used by competitors from other regions, such GI products may have difficulties in differentiating themselves. We conclude that higher prices in international cheese trade are not a matter of having a GI label or not. Rather, having a compound name seems to offset the benefit of the GI protection.

How European consumers value wine credence attributes: a cross-country comparison of France, Greece and Italy

Several attributes can be used to differentiate wine products to meet consumer interest and thus increase producer visibility, attractiveness and revenues. The perception towards the same attribute may depend on various factors that characterise the subjects, such as individual, behavioural and situational characteristics, like their country of origin. This study aims to identify which credence attributes and related levels motivate consumers the most to buying wine, by comparing the results obtained in three different European countries: France, Greece and Italy. A conjoint experiment based on linear assumption was administered using price, production method, geographical indication and wine origin as product attributes. The conjoint data were analysed in three steps: performing a model with the whole sample; performing three models using national data to compare results between the countries; performing a cluster analysis using the Ward method to associate consumer characteristics with product attributes. Results show that origin is the most valued attribute for choosing wine, followed by the production method. Cross-country evaluation reveals several significant differences among the attributes of the production method, geographical indication and origin. The cluster analysis identified three groups named: High price and national wine seekers; Certification seekers and Price-sensitive seekers. This paper provides several implications for both academicians and enterprises. Indeed, it is the first evaluation comparing the role given by consumers to biodynamic certification in a cross-country evaluation. Several indications are also provided for producers who can help differentiate better wine production by earning a higher income.

Straw Craftsmanship from Port of Sauípe-BA: Possibility of Become a Geographic Indication

Objective: Present the potential of the Geographical Indication for straw handicrafts from Porto de Sauípe – Bahia based on the Methodology for Identifying Potential Brazilian Geographical Indications, developed by the Micro and Small Business Support Service (Sebrae). Theoretical Framework: The article shows some reports that provide information about the history and context of straw crafts in Porto de Sauípe, including local traditions and the role of artisans in the production of the products. Method: The research has a qualitative approach with data collection through bibliographic survey and interviews with local artisans. Results and Discussion: The results showed that the Porto de Sauípe region has factors that provide a quality product (handicrafts) with unique characteristics. The handicrafts have market potential, notoriety and great socioeconomic importance for local artisans. One of the main restrictions for the Geographical Indication is related to the criteria that require more attention, such as governance, research involved and vision of the future. Research Implications: The research makes it possible to analyze the potential of Geographical Indications in other regions that have potential for manufacturing products with notoriety and requirements for registration. Originality/Value: The study provides support to academics and artisans in Brazil, demonstrating the importance of the piassava production chain for maintaining crafts and generating local employment and income.

Reviewing the Standards for protection of Geographical Indications in Tanzania: A case of Kyela Rice

This paper examines the standards for effective protection of Geographical Indications in Tanzania. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights Agreement (herein after the TRIPS Agreement) provides for obligations of state parties to the Agreement to protect intellectual property rights in their respective countries. However, the TRIPS Agreement does not specifically state the conditions or standards for the protection of geographical indications. This paper reviewed various legal instruments to establish the essential standards that can be adopted to protect geographical indications of Kyela Rice. The methodology used to collect data is documentary review and data are analyzed using content analysis.

Deciphering the dynamics and trophic mode distribution of the leaf spot-associated fungal community of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

The invasion of phytopathogens impacts the composition and associations of the internal microbial inhabitants. Leaf spot is one of the most devastating diseases in eggplant var. Mattu Gulla which is unique in terms of geographic indication (GI) status. Leaf spot samples (asymptomatic and symptomatic) were collected to characterize the fungal community associated with them using culture-based and next-generation ITS rRNA-based metabarcoding approaches. Both methods showed that Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were the predominant phyla in both groups. In the asymptomatic group, Didymosphaeriaceae, Pleosporaceae, Trichomeriaceae, and Capnodiaceae were the most differentially abundant families. In contrast, Phaeosphaeriaceae, Pleosporaceae, Didymellaceae, Rhynchogastremataceae, and Bulleribasidiaceae were the most differentially abundant families in the symptomatic group. At the genus level, Cladosporium was the most differentially abundant genus in the asymptomatic group. In the symptomatic group Alternaria, Remotididymella, Vishniacozyma, Bulleribasidium, Occultifur, Epicoccum, and Loratospora were the abundant genera. The pathotroph-saprotrophic mode was the most common mode identified in both groups, with an increased abundance in the symptomatic group. Seven fungal families and two genera were identified as common according to the culture-based method and NGS analysis based on ITS rRNA metabarcoding. Our study indicated that the composition of the core microbial community varies with plant health status, and a combination of culturable and next-generation ITS rRNA-based metabarcoding approaches could be a reliable option for obtaining a detailed understanding of plant-associated fungal communities.

Fostering innovation in Algerian artisanal crafts: The impact of cluster development in Constantine and Batna

This article explores the cluster approach as a lever to stimulate innovation and entrepreneurship in the artisanal crafts sector in Algeria, focusing specifically on the clusters of brass artisans in Constantine and jewelry artisans in Batna, two departments in Algeria. Drawing on Richard Florida's „3Ts“ model (Technology, Talent and Tolerance), the study analyzes how belonging to a cluster can enable artisans to acquire innovation capabilities and undertake collective projects. The methodology used in this research is a field survey conducted during the 21st International Traditional Crafts Fair in Algeria. The sample consists of 228 artisans, representing 30% of the fair's participants, with a distribution of 46% women and 54% men. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire based on the three key innovation factors defined by the „3Ts“ model. The data were then analyzed using descriptive analysis and cross-tabulation techniques. The results indicate that while artisans remain attached to traditional methods, they recognize the importance of innovation in preserving and promoting their craftsmanship. However, the adoption of information and communication technologies is limited, highlighting a need for increased training. The study also demonstrates the potential of clusters to enhance collaboration among artisans, facilitate knowledge exchange and improve their competitiveness in the global market. Finally, the article underscores the importance of protecting artisanal creativity through collective marks and geographical indications.

Foreign Arbitration As The Only Recourse In Resolving Trademark Disputes In A Civil Manner, Criticism of Act Number 20 Year 2016 About Brands and Geographical Indications

Introduction: Act Number 20 year 2016 on trademark and geographic indication opens up opportunities to resolve trademark disputes not only through the Commercial Court, but also to resolve disputes through the District Court.Purposes of the Research: The purpose of the study was to find a form of fair trademark dispute resolution. Conventionally, dispute resolution is usually done by litigation or dispute resolution before the court.Methods of the Research: Normative research is used to answer the formulation of problems regarding foreign arbitration as the only way to resolve trademark rights disputes in a civil manner. The method of approach is the approach of legislation that is to examine and analyze the regulation.Results of the Research: Indonesia also has repeatedly updated the regulation on trademark, but on the other hand, the level of trademark infringement is increasing, even the Commercial Court which should be a place for people to seek justice often gives decisions that do not reflect justice. Is it not better to start looking for other alternatives to resolve trademark disputes that can provide a sense of justice to the community. The court, which is only a mouthpiece of the acts, without regard to the conventions in the field of trademark that have actually been ratified by Indonesia, making the enforcement of trademark regulations in Indonesia, has not been able to provide a sense of justice to holders of rights to trademarks, especially holders of rights to well-known trademars. So that the settlement of famous brand disputes through foreign arbitration is expected to provide a sense of justice for the rights holders of the wellknown trademark.

Utility of dairy microbiome as a tool for authentication and traceability.

Milk microbiome contributes substantially to the formation of specific organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics of dairy products. The assessment of the composition and abundance of milk microbiota is a challenging task strongly influenced by many environmental factors. Specific dairy products may be designated by the Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) and Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) labeling, which however, occasionally fail to differentiate them according to specific quality characteristics, which are defined by different microbiota-driven reactions. Combining the above limitations, the scope of the present study, was to summarize the existing information toward three main issues. First, to assess the influence level of the diet type and grazing to rumen-GI tract, mammary gland, and udder microbiome formation in ruminants. Second, to discuss the factors affecting milk microbiota, as well as the effect of the endo-mammary route on milk microbial taxa. Lastly, to evaluate "milk microbiome" as a tool for product differentiation, according to origin, which will contribute to a more robust PDO and PGI labeling. Although the limitations are still a matter of fact (especially considering the sample collection, process, evaluation, and avoidance of its contamination), significant progress has been made, regarding the identification of the factors affecting dairy products' microbiota and its core composition. In conclusion, although so far not totally efficient in dairy products molecular identification, with the progress in soil, water, plant, and animal host's microbiota assembly's characterization, microbiomics could provide a powerful tool for authentication and traceability of dairy products.