Abstract Aims Insect gut fungi, as specialized symbiotic microorganisms, represent a valuable source for the discovery of novel bioactive metabolites. This study aims to explore the diversity and bioactivity of culturable gut fungal communities in Anax parthenope. Methods and Results A total of 53 fungal strains from the gut of A. parthenope were distributed across three classes in 22 genera. Antibacterial tests showed that 10 strains exhibited antibacterial activity against at least one pathogenic bacterium. Phytotoxic tests indicated that 16 strains showed significant phytotoxic activity against Echinochloa crusgalli with inhibition rates exceeding 80%, and 11 strains showed potent phytotoxic activity against Abutilon theophrasti with inhibition rate exceeding 70%. Furthermore, four metabolites were isolated from the Alternaria sp. QZB-4. Compound 2 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo), with inhibition zone diameter (IZD) of 17.0 and 11.7 mm respectively, which were comparable to those of the positive gentamicin sulfate. Compound 3 also showed moderate antibacterial activity against Xoo and Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Xoc) with the IZD of 12.2 and 12.3 mm, respectively, which were less effective than those of positive control. In addition, at a concentration of 100 μg·mL−1, compounds 1 and 3 exhibited strong phytotoxic activity against E. crusgalli and A. theophrasti, with inhibition rates of 90% and 93%, respectively, which were slightly lower than those of the positive 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid with the inhibition rate of 100%.

Over the past decade, there has been an increase in the number of patients suffering from chronic dermatoses complicated by secondary infections. A number of factors contribute to an increase in the risks of dermatoses, both from the external environment (temperature and humidity, cleanliness of air and drinking water, food, stress), and the state of the human body (age, gender, hormonal background, the presence of concomitant diseases). An important factor determining the risk of skin pathology is the state of the microbiota, which depends, among other things, on the use of antiseptics, antibiotics, including topical ones. Insufficient activity of antimicrobial treatment may be accompanied by the development of dysbiosis, the appearance of antibiotic-resistant strains. One of the main directions of treatment of combined skin pathology is the use of polycomponent drugs in the form of creams and ointments. A combination of three components is widely used: betamethasone dipropionate, gentamicin sulfate, and clotrimazole. The pharmaceutical market of the Russian Federation is attended by both the original Triderm drug and generic drugs, in particular, Akriderm GK. There are some differences between these drugs regarding the composition of the excipients, since the developers of the ointment and cream Acryderm GC aimed to increase the penetration of antibiotic and antimycotic into the skin, increasing the effectiveness of treatment, which may reduce the risks of antibiotic resistance. At the same time, there is a study that shows the therapeutic equivalence of Akriderm GK to Triderm cream in the treatment of eczema. Akriderm GK is an interchangeable drug for Triderm cream, and can be used in the clinic as an effective, safe and cost-effective replacement for an imported drug. In this review we summarized the scientific evidence from 39 domestic and foreign research reports on both the treatment of dermatoses and the pharmacological features of agents used for the treatment of inflammatory skin diseases.

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is driven by mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction, often triggered by nephrotoxic agents like cisplatin and gentamicin, yet effective targeted therapies remain limited. Although C. bassiana shows promising renoprotective effects, its preventive and therapeutic potential in diverse AKI models, particularly from spore-derived aqueous extracts, remains insufficiently explored. Aims: This study evaluated the preventive and therapeutic efficacy of the aqueous extract of Cordyceps bassiana spore powder (AE-CBSP) against chemically induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Methodology: AE-CBSP was prepared via aqueous boiling, and its nucleosides were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Human renal proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) cells were used to establish in vitro AKI models induced by gentamicin (GEN) and cisplatin (DDP). The cytoprotective effects of AE-CBSP (50–800 μg/mL) were assessed in preventive (pre-treatment) and therapeutic (post-treatment) paradigms utilizing Cell Counting Kit-8 viability assays. Results: HPLC analysis confirmed AE-CBSP is abundant in nucleosides, including adenosine (980.96 μg/g) and guanosine (353.96 μg/g). Cytotoxicity screening demonstrated AE-CBSP is safe for HK-2 cells up to 800 μg/mL. In the 5 mM GEN-induced AKI model, AE-CBSP exhibited significant dose-dependent protection. Specifically, pre-treatment and post-treatment with 800 μg/mL AE-CBSP significantly elevated cell viability by 14.18% and 10.86% (P<0.05), respectively. Conversely, in the 5 μM DDP-induced model, neither preventive nor therapeutic AE-CBSP administration mitigated cytotoxicity. Conclusion: AE-CBSP exerts significant preventive and therapeutic protection against GEN-induced renal tubular epithelial cell injury but lacks efficacy against DDP-induced damage. These findings suggest that the renoprotective utility of AE-CBSP depends heavily on the specific nephrotoxic mechanism, providing an in vitro pharmacological basis for developing targeted treatments for aminoglycoside-induced AKI.

Colorimetric and fluorometric dual-response system for rapid analysis of gentamicin in real samples.

Poultry Proteus mirabilis in selected areas of Hunan, China: Resistance profiles and virulence genes.

Biosynthesis and biotechnological engineering of aminoglycosides: Pathways, enzymes, and industrial prospects.

Integrative network toxicology and proteomics identifies key pathways in gentamicin-induced ototoxicity.

ABSTRACT In this study, for the first time, chromium (III) oxide‐glutardialdehyde modified boron‐doped diamond electrode (Cr 2 O 3 ‐GA 2 /BDDE) was used as a sensor for the electrochemical analysis of gentamicin sulfate. The Cr 2 O 3 ‐GA 2 suspension used in electrode modification was physically coated on the BDD electrode by a simple drop‐casting method. Characterization of Cr 2 O 3 ‐GA 2 used in the modification was made by scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS), and the electrochemical method. The behavior of gentamicin sulfate on Cr 2 O 3 ‐GA 2 /BDDE was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV), and its electrochemical analysis was done by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Electrochemical analysis of gentamicin sulfate on Cr 2 O 3 ‐GA 2 /BDDE was carried out in a pH 9 Britton–Robinson (BR) buffer by the DPV method. The linear working range of gentamicin sulfate on Cr 2 O 3 ‐GA 2 /BDDE was calculated as 5.96 × 10 −6 −6.54 × 10 −5 mol L −1 , and the correlation coefficient was calculated as 0.997. The limit of detection (LOD) was found to be 2.84 × 10 −6. mol L −1 . Additionally, Genta, a 3% eye/ear drop solution, was preferred to determine the applicability of gentamicin sulfate in a commercial formulation. As a result, it was shown that the method developed on Cr 2 O 3 ‐GA 2 /BDDE for the determination of gentamicin sulfate can be applied to commercial drugs.

UV-spectrometric study of antibiotic long-term release by different osteoplastic materials used in dentistry

Development and Preclinical Validation of a Novel Coffea arabica L. Extract-Infused Gentamicin Sulphate Hydrogel: Comparative Wound Healing Efficacy in a Rat

ABSTRACT Gentamicin (GEN) is an effective aminoglycoside whose clinical use is limited by dose-dependent nephrotoxicity. This study evaluated renoprotective effects and mechanisms of zinc nanoparticles synthesized with an extract of the edible mushroom Boletus edulis (BE-ZnNPs). BE-ZnNPs were characterized by UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD and STEM. Thirty-five rats were divided into five groups: Control; GEN (100 mg/kg, i.p.); GEN +BE-ZnNPs (1 mg/kg, p.o.); GEN + BE-ZnNPs (3 mg/kg, p.o.); and BE-ZnNPs (3 mg/kg) alone. Biochemical (BUN, creatinine), molecular (qRT-PCR for Bax, Bcl-2, Casp-3, Cyt-c, Nrf2, HO-1, Hsp27, Hsp70), histopathological, and immunohistochemical (8-OHdG, 4-HNE, dityrosine, cleaved caspase-3) analyses were performed. GEN caused significant renal dysfunction, histological damage, and increased oxidative-stress and apoptosis markers. BE-ZnNPs treatment—particularly at 3 mg/kg—markedly improved BUN/creatinine and histology, reduced oxidative and apoptotic immunopositivity, upregulated Bcl-2, Nrf2, and HO-1, and downregulated Bax, Casp-3, Cyt-c, Hsp27, and Hsp70. Protection is mediated by activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway and inhibition of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic cascade. BE-ZnNPs are a promising biocompatible agent to mitigate drug-induced kidney injury.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic pathogen characterised by multidrug resistance and is among the leading causes of nosocomial infections. This study investigated the role of capsular polysaccharides (CPS) in antimicrobial resistance and host-pathogen interaction. CPS-deficient mutant (∆galU) displayed increased susceptibility to gentamicin, tetracycline, colistin, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). In the absence of CPS, bacteria adapted by forming biofilm, characterised by a thicker extracellular matrix. These biofilms displayed increased resistance to colistin, chlorhexidine, and hydrogen peroxide, but remained sensitive to tetracycline and SDS. CPS were also essential for the resistance to photodynamic therapy induced by blue light and chlorophyllin. Gene expression analysis revealed upregulation of galU gene under the exposure to antibiotics, blue light, fetal bovine serum, and during the contact with macrophages. CPS-deficient mutant and its derived outer membrane vesicles elicited a stronger pro-inflammatory response, compared to wild-type. CPS shielding A. baumannii demonstrated the ability to induce caspase-3 activation to a greater extent compared to the mutant strain. Moreover, purified CPS induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in sterile infection and promoted neutrophil chemotaxis. Altogether, this study demonstrates that CPS not only mask A. baumannii virulence surface structures, but also actively modulate host immune response and antimicrobial resistance.

Gentamicin (GM), a renally eliminated drug, is widely used to treat infections in neonates. Neonatal dosing is typically based on body weight and postmenstrual age (PMA). Although serum creatinine (Cr) is the gold standard for evaluating renal function, Cr at birth may reflect both neonatal and maternal levels. This study aimed to identify determinants of trough GM concentrations, focusing on renal function parameters. This retrospective, single-center, observational study included 78 neonates who started intravenous GM on postnatal days 0-1. Dosing regimen was stratified by birth weight: < 1200g (n = 22), 5mg/kg every 48h; 1200-1999g (n = 10), 4mg/kg every 36h; ≥ 2000g (n = 46), 4mg/kg every 24h. Dose-normalized trough concentration (C/D) was calculated by dividing trough GM concentration by 24-h equivalent GM dose. Cr level measured at birth (Crbirth) and the first Cr level measured after GM initiation (CrGM) were analyzed. In neonates < 1200g and 1200-1999g, CrGM was significantly higher than Crbirth. C/D correlated significantly with PMA, CrGM, and urine output, but not with Crbirth. Multiple regression analysis incorporating variables measured at birth (Crbirth and PMA) as covariates identified PMA as the only significant predictor of C/D. When variables available following GM initiation (Crbirth, PMA, CrGM, urine output, and ibuprofen co-administration) were included as covariates, Crbirth emerged as the sole independent factor predicting C/D. PMA-based dosing appears to be preferable for determining initial GM dosing on postnatal day 0, whereas Cr-based renal function parameters may be more effective for guiding maintenance dosing.

Electrospun polylactic acid (PLA)/Polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofibrous wound dressings incorporating caffeic acid and gentamicin for antibacterial and antibiofilm applications.

This study developed and validated a stability-indicating high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) method for the identification and quantification of gentamicin sulphate in an ointment formulation using silica gel 60 F254 HPTLC plates as the stationary phase and methanol: chloroform: ammonia solution (25%) (1:1:1, v/v/v) as the mobile phase. An ideal solvent ratio, chloroform: methanol (9:1, v/v), was used to dissolve the ointment sample before analysis. According to the guidelines of the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH), the HPTLC method was validated, demonstrating specificity by separating all three bands of gentamicin sulphate without interference from ointment excipients and/or degradation products resulting from photolytic, photolytic and oxidative, oxidative, acidic, and alkaline stress conditions. The findings of the study also revealed that the method has high levels of linearity within the range of 50–300 ng/band (R2 ≥ 0.99), with detection and quantification limits of 7.10 ng, and 21.53 ng, respectively. Additionally, the method does not require any sample pre-treatment, such as extraction from the ointment base, making it simple and convenient for the quality control of gentamicin ointments.

A zinc (II) gentamicin metalloantibiotic with outstanding antimicrobial activity and reduced susceptibility to bacterial resistance mechanisms: Experimental and theoretical explorations.

Melatonin alleviates gentamicin-induced acute kidney injury through the Keap1/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

Synergistic effects of gentamicin, levofloxacin, and cefotaxime against Aeromonas salmonicida: In vitro and In vivo evaluation.

Cucurbit[8]uril-mediated fluorescent indicator displacement: a novel "turn-on" fluorescent probe for gentamicin detection in water and food samples.

This study explores the use of AI-assisted data handlingin spectrophotometric method development, providing a flexible and globally accessible alternative to traditional manual software algorithms.Quadriderm cream combines four active ingredients: Clioquinol (CLIO), Betamethasone (BETA), Tolnaftate (TOL), and Gentamicin (GEN) with the preservative Chlorocresol (CC). Building on our previous research on complex pharmaceutical mixtures with challenging ratios, this study applied established protocols for CLIO and GEN while focusing on the more analytically demanding ternary subsystem (TOL, BETA, and CC).The integration of AI-enhanced spectral handling and interpretation reduces operator-dependent variability and streamlines the analytical workflow. This includes generating calibration graphs and regression equations, as well as effectively handling scanned spectral data via consecutive prompts. Validation data such as accuracy and precision are assessed to ensure reliability. Furthermore, the system enables intelligent, simultaneous analysis of laboratory mixtures and pharmaceutical formulations, enhancing both efficiency and accuracy. The AI strategy, trained on spectral data supplied and monitored by the expertiseanalyst, can automatically predict optimal wavelengths with minimal interference, while manual handling strategy rely on analyst-driven selection. Two novel approaches were developed: the factorized derivative ratio extraction using double divisor (MAN-[DD- DDE])via Spectra Manager® software and the automated double divisor derivative ratio (AUTO-[DD-DD]) via AI tools and for resolving ternary mixtures with severely overlapping UV spectra and comparing the results with those of(MAN-[DD- DD])at coincidence points. Linear working ranges were 0.5–5.0 µg/mL (TOL), 3.0–30.0 µg/mL (BETA), and 2.0–20.0 µg/mL (CC); LODs were 0.09, 0.09, and 0.26 µg/mL, respectively. AI-driven data processing strategy matched the accuracy and reproducibility of traditional strategy manipulation while reducing subjective steps and effort. Finally, the UV-spectrophotometric method for pharmaceutical cream analysis was evaluated using the MA Tool (2025) to assess sustainability across green, white, and AI-driven criteria. AI-assisted scoring via Microsoft Copilot enabled rapid, reproducible assessment, yielding a Whiteness Score of 60.9% and providing actionable recommendations for greener and more efficient workflows.