Generation ELISA Research Articles

Sero-Epidemiology And Pattern Of Transfusion-Transmissible Infectious Diseases Among Family Replacement And Voluntary Blood Donors In Lagos University Teaching Hospital (2018-2019), South-West Nigeria

Abstract Introduction/Objective Despite innovations and giant strides achieved in medicine, blood transfusion has continually remained an integral aspect of patient care and management. Currently, blood and blood products are part of the World Health Organisation (WHO) model list of Essential Medicine (EML). However, despite being a ‘life saver’, potential risks of transfusion of fatal infections (TTI) are associated with its use, hence this study to evaluate the trend of TTI in blood donors. Methods In this study, 21,464 donors were screened for HIV, HBV, HCV and Syphilis between 2018 and 2019 via 4 th generation ELISA. Retrospective data was gotten from records. The results were read using a spectrophotometer. Optical Density was calculated for positive and negative controls and only results from runs in which controls had passed were used and released. Results Of the 21,464donors tested, 3818 (17%) were voluntary blood donors (VBD) and 17,646 (83%) were family replacement donors (FRP). Total number of TTI was 1928 (0.1%) of units donated. Of the screened units positive for TTI, HBV accounted for the highest prevalence 1031 (54%), HCV 498 (26%), HIV 246 (13%) and Syphilis 147 (8%). A much higher incidence of TTI sero-positivity was observed in FRP (85%) as compared with voluntary blood donors (15%). Cumulative discard rate from TTI was approximately 0.1%. Conclusion Our results in this study showed that FRP are more likely to transmit TTI than VBD. Blood transfusion services should work more on replacing family replacement donors with voluntary donors. This can be achieved by reinforcing the culture of voluntary blood donation through the media, secondary and higher institutions as well as through advocacy. Indeed the WHO recommends 100% voluntary blood donations for all nations.

Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV-1 and Correlation with Molecular Markers among Multi-Transfused Thalassemia Patients in Western India.

BackgroundMultitransfused β-thalassemia major patients are always at high risk of having Transfusion Transmitted Infections (TTIs). This study was aimed to determine the seroprevalence of HBsAg, Anti-HIV-1/2, and Anti-HCV among these patients and to correlate the same with NAT testing.MethodsA total of 196 patients with β-thalassemia were included in the study. Patients were screened for the presence of viral markers by third-generation ELISA test as well as for viral DNA/RNA by NAT test.ResultsAmong 196 multi-transfused Beta-thalassemia patients, the seroprevalence of anti-HCV was very high 100 (51.1%), however, anti-HIV1/2 was 6 (3.1%), and HBsAg were 3 (1.5%). Surprisingly similar patterns were observed in the prevalence of molecular markers, as HCV-RNA were 66 (33.7%) of the patients along with HIV-1 RNA were 8 (4.1%), and HBV-DNA were 5 (2.5%) patients. Overall eight (4.1%) patients were found to have coinfections, where two were positive for HBsAg/anti-HCV by ELISA along with 3 (1.5%) were positive for HBV-DNA/ HCV-RNA, 1 (0.5%) was positive for HIV-RNA/HBV-DNA, and 2 (1%) had coinfection of HIV-RNA/ HCV RNA by NAT testingConclusionThe prevalence of HCV infection among multi-transfused β-thalassemia patients is significantly higher than that of the HBV and HIV infections. This scenario should be controlled and monitored by doing regular follow-up testing schedules of such patients and also the administration of the booster dose of the HBV vaccine along with HCV treatment with antiviral DAAs.

Association of KIR haplotypes with propensity for developing chronic hepatitis B induced liver diseases (cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma) and HIV-1 infection in a West African Cohort

Objectives: A subset of specialized KIR haplotype has been shown to be strongly associated with susceptibility or resistance to viral infections in humans. Therefore, this pilot investigation sought to determine the frequencies of KIR Haplotype in hepatitis B (HBV) and HIV-1 infected patients and their clinical impacts in disease progression and staging in Burkina Faso. Methods: Hepatitis B infected patients, Human Immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infected individuals and healthy individuals were selected for this study. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV antibodies and anti-HIV-1/2 antibody/antigen were screened using a 4th generation ELISA assay (ARCHITECT I 1000SR®TM, Abbott Laboratories, USA). In addition, SSP-PCR was used to search the frequencies of KIR haplotype. HBV viral load and HIV-1 viral load was determined in patients along with the CD4+ count.

Home-based HIV testing: Using different strategies among transgender women in Argentina

BackgroundIn Argentina, HIV prevalence among transgender women (TGW) has been reported at 34%. The stigma is one of the most important factors limiting their access to healthcare services. The aims of this study were to compare different HIV testing methodologies, to determine the factors associated with HIV diagnosis and to determine the feasibility of a home-based HIV testing service for TGW.MethodsA multidisciplinary team performed home-based HIV testing interventions in four cities of Argentina. Participants self-identified as TGW, older than 14 years and with a negative or unknown HIV status. Blood samples were screened by two rapid tests (RT), one based on antibodies (Determine™ HIV-1/2) and the other on antigen and antibodies (Determine™ HIV-1/2 Combo), and the subsequent blood processing via 4th generation ELISA (VIDAS HIV DUO). All reactive samples were confirmed with a viral load (VL). We compared the results of both RT with the ELISA. Samples were pooled in groups of 6 and a VL (Abbott Real Time) performed to identify acute HIV infections. Factors associated with HIV infection were evaluated with multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsA total of 260 TGW were tested, 51 tested positive (HIV prevalence 19.6%). There were no discordant results between both RTs nor between RTs and 4th generation ELISA, therefore the correlation was 100%. The VL identified 2 additional positive samples. The final analytic sample for positive cases consisted of 53 TGW. In the multivariate analysis, factors associated with a positive HIV result were history of other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and not being previously tested for HIV. TGW tested for the first time were at 4 times greater risk of being HIV positive compared to those that were tested previously.ConclusionsA multidisciplinary home-based HIV testing service among TGW is feasible and effective to detect cases of HIV infection. The testing algorithm should start with an RT followed by molecular diagnosis. The history of STIs and never having been tested for HIV were the factors associated with HIV-positive results and should determine efforts to reach this population. Home-based testing reaches individuals that were not tested before and who have more risk of acquiring HIV.

CRISPR gene-engineered CYBBko THP-1 cell lines highlight the crucial role of NADPH-induced reactive oxygen species for regulating inflammasome activation

Summary CRISPR-Cas9 engineered CYBBko THP-1 cell lines display an inflammatory profile with increased IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α secretion as consequence of NADPH-induced ROS deficiency. This phenotype is reminiscent of the one observed in phagocytes from CGD patients.

To determine the frequency of Hepatitis C Infection in patients with Ischemic Stroke at CMCH Larkana.

Objectives: To determine the frequency of Hepatitis C infection in patients with ischemic Stroke at CMCH Larkana. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Medical wards of Shaheed Mohtarma Benazir Bhutto Medical University Larkana. Period: From January 2018 to December 2018. Material & Methods: This study was conducted on 125 diagnosed ischemic stroke patient with age >18 years or both genders. Patients with sudden history of partial or complete weakness of half the body persisting for more than 24 hours and clinical examination supporting reduced power and presence of focal sign and CT brain showing hypodense area in respected blood supply. Patients were considered suffering from Hepatitis C who were reactive to anti HCV on second generation ELISA. Results: We surveyed 125 patients admitted with clinical diagnosis of ischemic stroke after exclusion criteria with mean age of 54.53 ± 10.994. In this study male were 51.2% and female were 48.8%. About 40 (32% patients were anti HCV reactive. Conclusion: It is revealed that HCV infection significantly increased the risk of stroke.

The Prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Patients with Sexually Transmitted Diseases.

Background:Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission pattern in Iran has been changed from injection drug to sexual contact. Lack of accurate assessment of HIV in people with sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in Iran prompted us to conduct this study to determine the frequency of HIV infection in these patients.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study which conducted in 2016–2017, overall, 190 patients with STDs referring to two hospitals of Hamadan were enrolled in the study. All of the patients were examined for HIV in the first visit by rapid test and then 1 and 4 months later by the 4th generation ELISA. A questionnaire including demographic data, clinical manifestations, and high-risk behaviors was completed for all of the referring people. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical tests.Results:Of 190 patients, 126 (66.3%) were female with a mean age of 34.1 ± 10.1 years and 64 (33.7%) were male with a mean age of 30.8 ± 7.8 years. One hundred twenty-eight (67.4%) got married, 73 (38.4%) and 76 (40%) had a diploma and postgraduate education, respectively, 32 (16.8%) mentioned the history of unsafe sex, and 23 (12.1%) had used condoms continuously during sexual contacts. The most common STDs were reported genital warts, 107 patients (56.3%), vaginal discharge (28, 14.7%), and genital ulcer (33, 17.4%). Two (1%) patients were positive for HIV at the first visit.Conclusion:Patients with STDs should be considered as an important source of HIV transmission, so clinicians should pay more attention to screening these patients for HIV infection.

Role of Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) genes in stages of HIV-1 infection among patients from Burkina Faso.

Objectives A cluster of specialized KIR genes of specialized KIR genes has been shown to be associated with susceptibility or resistance to viral infections in humans. Therefore, this pilot study, this pilot investigation sought to determine the frequencies of KIR genes human immunodeficiency virus type 1( HIV-1) patients and establish their potential clinical involvement in disease progression and staging. Methods HIV-1 infected and healthy individuals were selected for this study. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV antibodies and anti-HIV-1/2 antibody/ antigen were screened using a 4th generation ELISA assay (Cobas e 411 Analyzer, Roche Diagnostics GmbH Mannheim, Germany). SSP-PCR was used to evaluate the frequencies of KIR genes. CD4+ T counts and HIV-1 viral load were measured in patients using respectively BD FACSCount and Abbott m2000rt instruments. Results We found a significant association between the frequencies of KIR2DL2 (OR=4.41; p < 0.001), KIR2DS2 (OR=4.76; p < 0.001), KIR2DS3 (OR=2.27; p=0.004), KIR2DS4 (OR=1.76; p=0.026), KIR3DS1 (OR=2.43; p=0.016) and HIV-1 infection; whilst the KIR3DL1 gene (OR= 0.39; p < 0.001) was associated with protection against HIV-1 infection. HIV-1 replication was found to be associated with the presence of KIR2DS2 (OR=6.08, p = 0.024). In contrary the pseudogene KIR2DP1 (OR=0.39; p=0.026) were linked to a protective status with the highest number of lymphocyte T CD4 counts. Conclusion Our data showed that KIR2DL2, KIR2DS2, KIR2DS3, KIR2DS4, and KIR3DS1 were significantly associated with HIV-1 infection whereas KIR3DL1 was associated with protection against HIV-1 infection. Further investigations are needed to fully comprehend the clinical significance of KIR genes in HIV disease progression.

Prevalence of Transfusion Transmitted Infections from Eastern Part of India

Background: Blood transfusion saves millions of lives everyday across the world. However, transmission of infections along with blood transfusion though can be minimized but cannot be completely avoided. The chance of transmitting infections is higher in underdeveloped laboratories with limited resources. Transfusion transmitted infections (TTI’s) can cause significant morbidity and mortality as well. Methods: A retrospective data analysis was carried out in SMIMS, Gangtok, in the far eastern part of India to estimate the incidence of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI’s) in the last five years, from January, 2013 to December, 2017. 5 ml of venous blood was collected from each donor and blood was screened for HBsAg, HIV, HCV, Syphilis and Malaria using card tests. The reactive cases were confirmed with third generation ELISA, TrueLISATM. Result: A total of 10,011 blood donors were screened from January, 2013 to December, 2017. Male voluntary donors were more compared to female donors. Among the 135 seropositive cases 92 donors (0.91%) were positive for HBsAg, 23 donors (0.22%) were positive for anti HCV, 16 donors (0.15%) were positive for HIV while 4 donors(0.04%) were positive for syphilis. No case of malaria was noted in our study. The overall prevalence of HBsAg, HCV, HIV and syphilis was 0.91%, 0.15%, 0.22%, and 0.04% respectively. Conclusion: The goal of routine blood transfusion should be to decrease the seroprevalance of TTI’s. Strict blood donor selection and proper screening methods along with nucleic acid detection can help in reducing the seroprevalance of TTI’s.

Reavaliação laboratorial da infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C em dialisados atendidos na década de 1990, em Belém, estado do Pará, Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To describe aspects of laboratory serological and molecular diagnosis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in patients undergoing treatment at a dialysis clinic in Belem, Para State, Brazil, from 1990 to 1993. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study for reassessment of serum samples from dialysed patients using serological tests for the detection of HCV (anti-HCV and Ag-Ab HCV) and HCV-RNA by molecular RT-PCR. RESULTS: A total of 115 dialysed patients with serum samples collected during the study period were included. Analysis of these samples showed a 16.5% prevalence of anti-HCV reagent, among which 4.3% showed an indicator of active viral replication (HCV-RNA reagent). Seroconversion rate was detected in 55.2% of patients in the analyzed period. The anti-HCV group, Ag-Ab HCV and HCV-RNA reagent were the most prevalent (41.7%). For non-reactive anti-HCV samples, viral replication with HCV-RNA reagent was 22.7%. Genotypes 1 and 3 were detected. Genotype 1 was prevalent in 73.0% of the samples. CONCLUSION: When laboratory screening for HCV (anti-HCV) was introduced in the dialysis clinic, it was possible to observe: high prevalence of HCV infection among patients under treatment; high rates of seroconversion; equation between serological results using second and third generation ELISA methods; presence of viral replication among nonreactive anti-HCV patients; and higher prevalence of HCV genotype 1. Keywords: Hepatitis C Virus; Serological Tests; Hemodialysis

Anti-infliximab antibodies: How to compare old and new data?

BackgroundAnti-drug-antibodies (ADA) against infliximab are frequently measured in patients receiving infliximab treatment with loss of response and undetectable infliximab concentrations. Different ADA bridging assays (1st generation, 2nd generation and ready-to-use kit) have been developed successively and were applied over the last 10 years, making comparison between ADA concentrations very challenging. A cutoff of 8 μg/ml was established to discriminate low from high ADA concentrations using the 1st generation ADA bridging assay. The objective of this study was to enable comparison of ADA concentrations determined with the different assays that were developed over the years. Methods166 serum samples were collected from patients with inflammatory bowel disease treated with infliximab. 98 samples were measured simultaneously with the 1st and 2nd generation ADA assay, 67 serum samples were measured with the 2nd generation assay and the ready-to-use kit. ResultsFrom our ADA concentration comparison experiments, we deduced that the previously established cutoff of 8 μg/ml with the 1st generation ELISA has a similar impact as the cutoff of 374 ng/ml with the 2nd generation ELISA and a cutoff of 119 ng/ml in the ready-to-use ELISA kit. ConclusionADA concentrations measured with the different assays were compared and a cutoff concentration was determined for each of them to distinguish between low and high ADA concentrations. These cutoff concentrations may serve as a tool for clinicians to make treatment decisions for patients with a loss of response to infliximab and undetectable infliximab serum concentrations.

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B infection among apparently clinically healthy blood donors in Northern mid-Karnataka

Aim: To determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B infection among healthy blood donors in the blood banks of Gadag. Materials and Methods: The study included blood donors over a period of 3 years from August 2015 to July 2018 in two blood banks of Gadag i.e. Gadag Institute of Medical Sciences (GIMS) blood bank and Indian Medical Association (IMA) blood bank. A total of 20,144 donors were included in the study. It included both replacement donors and voluntary donors. Donors were screened using donor questionnaire and general physical examination was done for medical and surgical illness. Eligible blood donors donated blood and their blood samples were subjected to a test that detected the presence of HBsAg antigen by using commercially available Qualisa 3rd generation ELISA kit. Result: In the present study, out of 20,144 donors, 19,676 (97.67%) were males and 468 (2.33%) were females. Total number of seropositive cases was 388. The overall seroprevalence was 1.93%. Out of 388 seropositive cases, 385 cases were males and 3 were females. Seroprevalence was highest among males accounting for 1.96% and that among females was 0.64%. The prevalence of seropositive cases among voluntary donors was 0.77% and among replacement donors was 7.19%. Conclusion: Seroprevalence of hepatitis B in the region of Gadag is 1.93%. Keywords: Seroprevalence, Voluntary donors, Replacement donors.

Geospatial epidemiology of hepatitis C infection in Egypt 2017 by governorate

BackgroundGeographic Information Systems (GIS) and spatial epidemiological methods may provide a basis for disease investigation through which hotspots and disease determinants can be identified. Applying these methods for hepatitis C virus (HCV) in Egypt would support a more effective strategy to control its transmission. Therefore, this study used GIS software to draw one of the first HCV maps in Egypt elucidating and analyzing geographical and epidemiological differences in HCV distribution within the country. MethodsA cross-sectional survey of 21 governorates (n = 12169, 8080 rural, 3733 urban and 356 slums areas) was completed. All participants were interviewed regarding potential exposures to HCV. Third generation ELISA was used to test serum for HCV antibody. Quantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to test anti-HCV positive subjects for HCV-RNA. ResultsThe participants ranged in age from 14-90 years. Overall, anti-HCV sero-prevalence was 14.8%. The prevalence of HCV-RNA, was 9.5%. Proportionally, 65.8% of anti-HCV positives were positive for HCV-RNA. The map of Egyptian governorates highlighted the darkest spot of HCV infection in Menoufeya (37.8%) followed by Beni Suef (29.2%) and Minya (28.6%). Anti-HCV prevalence was higher among males and logistic regression models revealed a strong independent association with increasing age, rural residence and parenteral anti-schistosomal therapy. ConclusionsRural residences and HCV hotspots should be prioritized for HCV prevention programs. The unique age distribution first shown in this study shows that the older age groups (≥60 years old) constitutes a considerable reservoir of infection and must not be neglected.

Consecutive reactive results in screening of transfusion transmitted infections: Family history of blood donors is also important

BackgroundEnzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test is used for screening of transfusion transmitted infections (TTI) in blood donors. Consecutive reactive results in ELISA is due to sample/reagent carryover or donor related. In this study we tried to find out the possibilities of family history/close contacts with patients of hepatitis among these consecutive reactive donors. AimTo analyze the consecutive reactive results in ELISA tests for TTI testing on samples of healthy blood donors. Material and methodsA retrospective observational study was conducted from January 2016 to July 2018 in a tertiary care hospital, North India. Consecutive reactive results by fourth generation ELISA for TTIs screening were evaluated for possible reasons. Confirmation tests were not done. Reactive donors were contacted telephonically for relevant history of close contact with infected personnel. ResultsOut of 53,740 donations 1,061 were reactive for TTIs during our study period. Prevalence of Hepatitis B (HBV), Human Immunodeficiency (HIV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) virus infection in blood donors were 1.27%, 0.20% and 0.50% respectively. Consecutive reactive results for HBV were 9.20% (63/685), for HCV 6.0% (16/266) and nil for HIV. There was no sample carryover in this. Out of 79 consecutive reactive donors 69 donated for same patients and 32 were related with infected patient which are statistically significant (p < 0.0001). DiscussionThis study recommends that in analysis of consecutive positive results in ELISA along with looking for procedure/sample error, there is also a need to take retrospective history of donors for close contact with infected patients.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE 4TH GENERATION ELISA/CLIA ASSAYS USED FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF HIV INFECTION IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

The aim of the work was to compare the five most widely used ELISA diagnostic kits on the territory of the Russian Federation, which are used for screening for HIV infection.Materials and methods. 5442 samples from visitors of diagnostic centers who came for blood donation for non-infectious analyses, cohorts with a high risk of HIV infection, as well as patients with potentially interfering conditions were used as a material for the study. Additionally, seroconversion panels and a panel of viral diversity were used to evaluate the analytical characteristics. The following test systems were compared: Architect HIV Ag/Ab Combo (Abbott), Genscreen Ultra HIV Ag-Ab (Bio-Rad), CombiBest HIV-1,2 AG/AT (Vector-Best), DS-ELISA-HIVAGAT-SCREEN (Diagnostic Systems), HIV-1,2-AG/AT (Medical-Biological Union).Conclusion. The diagnostic sensitivity of all tests was 100% with the exception of one (Medical-Biological Union), in which it turned out to be 99,54%. Diagnostic specificity ranged from 99,58% to 99,89%, but unexpectedly strongly depended on the test population, decreasing on a group with a high risk of HIV infection to 93,26% (Vector-Best). The convergence between initial and repeat reactive samples ranged from 100% (Abbott) to 89,51% (Vector-Best). The results of the analysis of seroconversion panels showed that the tests differed slightly from each other, receiving positive results from 22,12% (Diagnostic Systems) to 27,88% (Abbott) samples. When testing the panel of viral diversity, diagnostic tests from foreign manufacturers showed better results, revealing 100% (Abbott) and 85,9% (Bio-Rad). The smallest number of panel samples was detected by the kit of the Medical-Biological Union (52,1%). This work is the only study where the 4th generation ELISA kits, widely used in the Russian Federation for screening for HIV infection, were compared in an extensive sampling. The results obtained make it possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of the listed kits in routine diagnostic practice.

Pulmonary lentivirus infection in sheep

Abstract Pulmonary affection is by far the most severe and widespread disease form caused by Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SRLV) in sheep. The infection implies direct contact between animals and the most important infection route is by the respiratory tract. Disease is insidious and might be seen in one-year-old animals onwards. Non-productive dyspnea is the most common clinical sign and interstitial pneumonia with increased lung size and volume are the pathologic landmarks. Early detection of infected animals is a key step for the diagnosis and it is best achieved by third generation ELISAs that include a multistrain design to detect divergent genotypes. Differential diagnosis must be established with ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma, the visceral form of ovine caseous lymphadenitis, ovine respiratory complex, gangrenous pneumonia and bacterial and parasitic (Dyctiocaulus filaria, Oestrus ovis) infections. Control is achieved by combining serological and management measures and is based on total or selective culling of infected animals and replacement with uninfected lambs. Serological segregation and replacement with the offspring of seronegative ewes is also a suitable option for control. Selection of resistant sheep might be a future option. Pulmonary affection by SRLV in sheep must be taken into account in the face of a chronic, non-productive dyspnea.

Hepatitis B, C and Delta Viruses’ Infections and Correlate Factors Among Female Sex Workers in Burkina Faso, West-Africa

Background:Female Sex Workers (FSW) have increased vulnerability to viral hepatitis B, C and D transmission. Our study aimed to assess the seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and D viruses and their associated factors among FSW in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study among FSW at least 18 years old in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso. Data were collected from February 2013 to May 2013 using Respondent-Driven Sampling (RDS). Hepatitis B, C, and D tests were performed on FSW storage serums using fourth generation ELISA kits. Survey-weighted bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed using Stata version 14 to identify factors associated with viral hepatitis infections.Results:Population-weighted prevalence of viral hepatitis infections in FSW was respectively 18.2% (95%CI: 14.4-22.9) for Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), 10.6% (95%CI: 07.5-14.8) for Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) and 1.5% (95Cl: 0.2-10.3) for Hepatitis D Virus (HDV). Factors independently associated with HCV include positive HIV status, inconsistent condom use during the last 12 months, condom reuse with clients, sex with clients in the street, bars or public gardens. No sociodemographic or behavioral factors were independently associated with HBV infection.Conclusion:The prevalence of HBV and HCV was high among FSW and the prevalence of HDV was relatively low in this group in Burkina Faso. These findings suggest urgent and comprehensive prevention of these viruses through education for safer sex and behaviors, and immunization against HBV for FSW.

ABO and Rh association to transfusion transmitted infections among healthy blood donors in Jamnagar, Gujarat, India

Background: International society of blood transfusion has defined 33 blood group systems and 700 erythrocyte antigens of them some have direct association with infections. Aims & objectives: This study aims at investigating the seroprevalence, correlation between ABO and Rh groups and transfusion transmitted infection namely: HIV, HBV, HCV & syphilis. Methods: The serum samples of the donors were tested for the most common transfusion transmitted infections as mentioned above by Third generation ELISA for HBV and HCV, Fourth generation sandwich HIV -ELISA and RPR tests for syphilis. Blood grouping of the donors was done through standard tube agglutination technique with forward and reverse grouping. The results thus obtained were put for chi square analysis in order to determine statistical significance. Results: Total, 41909 serum samples were tested from January -2013 to March-2015, of which 317 were positive for transfusion transmitted infections. The seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV and syphilis was 0.57%, 0.05%, 0.10% and 0.05% respectively. HCV infection were significantly associated with blood group of donors (P<0.05). Percentage of HCV was found to be higher in donors with blood group A. There was no significant association found between HIV, HBV and syphilis with blood group of donors. Conclusion: Prevalence of transfusion transmitted infections among blood donors of G. G. Hospital is relatively low as compared with different regions of India. From the study it was concluded that blood group type of an individual has got some association with HCV infection. Keywords: ABO Blood groups, Rhesus (Rh) blood group, transfusion transmitted infections

Hepatitis B and C Virus Infections among Blood Donors in Blood Transfusion Center, Pokhara, Nepal: Seroprevalence and its Associated Risk Factors

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) infections lead to chronic diseases and are the most common causes of liver cirrhosis and cancer in developing countries like Nepal. The study is carried out to determine the seroprevalence of HBV and HCV by using a Rapid kit method and Elisa Method to find out its risk factors. The cross-sectional study was done among blood donating people from 16th August 2016 to 19th November 2016. Blood donors in Pokhara Valley were screened for anti-HCV antibodies, anti-HBV antibodies using third generation ELISA kits and automated ELISA Processor in serology laboratory at Central Blood Transfusion Service (CBTS) of Nepal Red Cross Society (NRCS) in Pokhara, Nepal. 1777 (87.2%) units were male blood donors and 260 (12.6%) units were female donors out of 2037 participants. Gender wise, the ratio between male and female was 1:0.1. HBV and HCV infection rate in blood donors were detected at 0.7% (15/2037) and 0.5% (8/2037) respectively. HBV infection rate in volunteer blood donor people was 0.7% (14/1881) which was higher than the replacement donors i.e. 0.6% (1/156). Similarly, in HCV infection rate in volunteer donor were 0.4% (8/1881). HBV infected people are detected higher than the HCV infected people among the blood donors. In addition, there was no significant relationship between positive results of HBV and HCV tests with the gender, age, tattoo, donor type.

Comparative study of rapid 3RD &amp; 4TH generation Elisa in diagnosis of HIV in blood donors

Background: Blood is a life saving resource but at the same times however, blood transfusion can be a source of life threatening infections, if screening is not carried out properly [1]. It is also the most efficient vehicle for the transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hence there is a need for accurate screening of HIV among blood donors. Material and method: The material for the study was collected from the 500 random donors coming to blood bank, N.H.L. Medical College, V.S. Hospital Ahmedabad affiliated with Gujarat University. Serum samples of donors were tested for HIV by rapid, 3rd generation ELISA & 4th generation ELISA.Results: 500 blood donors were evaluated with rapid immune chromatography, 3rd generation Elisa & 4th generation Elisa. Among them 54 donors fall in age group of 20 years & below, 192 of them were from 21-30 years, 174 of them were from 31-40 years, 65 of them were from 41-50 years & 15 of them were from 51-60 years of age group. All were negative for HIV with all methods.Conclusion: The rapid tests have advantages such as ease of use, minimal training required for the user, easy interpretation, and a long shelf life. These tests can be done with a short turnaround time, avoiding the delay incurred in batching. Thus, rapid tests can be used as an alternative to ELISAs in blood banks.