General Principles Of Organization Research Articles

Территориальное общественное самоуправление: история и современность, перспективы совершенствования законодательства

The article examines, taking into account the amendments and additions made to the Constitution of the Russian Federation in 2020, the key characteristics of territorial public self-government, history of the development of legislation regulating social relations related to it, starting with the provisions of the USSR Law “On the general principles of local self-government and local economy in the USSR” of 1990, the Law of the RSFSR “On Local Self-Government in the RSFSR” of 1991, the federal laws “On the General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” of 1995 and 2003. The legal positions of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation related to territorial public self-government are also analyzed. Various points of view of legal scholars on the relationship between local self-government and territorial public self-government are studied. The subject of this study is also the right to exercise territorial public self-government and the article concludes this legal possibility is inherently a fundamental right within which the constitutional right to exercise local self-government is exercised. In addition, the author came to the conclusion the institutions of territorial public self-government should be given the status of public legal entity.

Brain asymmetry as minimization of free energy: a theoretical model.

The asymmetry between the left and right sides seems to be a general principle of organization of the nervous systems in Bilateria, providing the foundations for a plethora of leftward and rightward biases in behaviour as documented in species ranging from Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes to humans. Several theories have been put forward to account for the existence and maintenance in the evolution of the asymmetric organization of the brain at both individual and population levels. However, what is missing in theorizing about the evolution of brain asymmetry is an overarching general hypothesis that may subsume all different aspects of current models. Here, we tried to provide an overarching general framework based on the energy and free-energy minimization principle, which proved so valuable in other areas of neuroscience. We found that at the individual level the antisymmetric singlet configuration realizes the lowest energy state of the system, whereas at the group level, the spontaneous emergence of directional asymmetry arises as a consequence of the minimization of the free energy of the system, which guarantees its stability and equilibrium. We thus argue that the various phenomenological aspects of brain asymmetry that have been captured in biology-e.g. sparing of neural tissue, control of unitary motor responses and, at the population level, evolutionarily stable strategies described by mathematical games theory-may be thought of as the manifestation of a more general principle of energy minimization generating, among others, asymmetry of the brains.

Virtual exhibitions for scientific knowledge propagation

Scientific knowledge propagation is among the key functions of the Common Scientific Knowledge Digital Space (CSKDS), and the virtual exhibitions (VE) as an efficient instrument enable to accumulate heterogeneous scientific information on phenomena, events or scholars. The authors discuss the general issues and principles of VE organization, content selection, VE structure and main sections. Three VE types are specified, namely autonomous, remote and combined VE. Selection and content structuration methods are proposed for each of the types. The authors introduce extensibility and flexibility as VE characteristics. They also describe in detail the VE experience of the RAS Interdepartmental Supercomputer Center as a model CSKDS element. They describe the VE “Mrs. Penicillin” dedicated to Zinaida Vissarionovna Ermolyeva, a microbiologist who created the preparation of penicillin in the USSR in the late 1930s. The exhibition offers information about Ermolyeva, her scientific and pedagogical work.The study is accomplished at Russian Academy of Sciences Interdepartmental Supercomputer Center, branch of RAS Research Institute of System Analysis within the framework of the Government Order No. FNEF-2024-0014.

Implementation of External Budgetary Control over Business Partnerships and Entities with Regional Participation in Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation

The paper analyzes the reasons for external state financial control over the activities of business partnerships and business entities with participation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, as well as the specifics of inspections of such business entities performed by regional control and accounting authorities. Based on the study of federal and regional regulatory legal acts, acts of the control and accounting bodies of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the practice of courts and the activities of control and accounting bodies, the author defines the problems of such control and analyzes the arguments of the audited entities used to protect their rights during control and the assessment of these arguments by the courts. The author concludes that it is necessary to include a list of objects controlled by sub-federal control and accounting bodies in Federal Law No. 6‑FZ dated 07.02.2011 «On General Principles of Organization and Activities of Control and Accounting Bodies of Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation, Federal Territories and Municipalities» in order to unify the approach to external budget control. The paper substantiates that finances, property and activities of these legal entities are subject to control exercised by regional bodies of external budget control due to the importance of these resources in the process of generating budget revenues of the relevant public legal entities, and the inspectors act primarily as representatives not of the shareholder or participant, but of public legal entities protecting public interest. It also gives them the opportunity to suggest ways to improve the regulatory framework of the region and the management processes of individual legal entities.

СУБРЕГИОНЫ В ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЙ ОРГАНИЗАЦИИ РЕГИОНОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

In recent years, a number of factors have emerged significantly focused attention on the problems and prospects for the development of Russian local self-government. This is the order of the President of the Russian Federation V.V. Putin regarding the preparation of the new foundations for state policy in the field of local self-government; the introduction of a draft law on the general principles of local self-government organization in the country and, finally, the active dissemination of new forms of territorial structuring in the regions, such as agglomerations, economic zoning, various subregional entities, etc. All these tendencies relate to possible modifications in the activities of local self-government institutions. Using the example of a number of regions of Russia, the article examines the attempts of the subjects of the Federation to make certain changes in the interregional territorial structure and management of economic and social processes in order to ensure full and effective use of the municipal level potencial and the advantages of intermunicipal cooperation. Such innovations, in particular, are implemented as the formation of special subregions, which represent a territorial and economic phenomenon that is formed outside agglomerations and that establishes a system of sustainable intermunicipal economic interactions.

Long-Term Culturing of Placozoans (Trichoplax and Hoilungia).

The phylum Placozoa remains one of the least explored among early-branching metazoan lineages. For over 130years, this phylum had been represented by the single species Trichoplax adhaerens-an animal with the simplest known body plan (three cell layers without any organs) but complex behaviors. Recently, extensive sampling of placozoans across the globe and their subsequent genetic analysis have revealed incredible biodiversity with numerous cryptic species worldwide. However, only a few culture protocols are available to date, and all are for one species only. Here, we describe the breeding of four different species representing two placozoan genera: Trichoplax adhaerens, Trichoplax sp. H2, Hoilungia sp. H4, and Hoilungia hongkongensis originating from diverse biotopes. Our protocols allow to culture all species under comparable conditions. Next, we outlined various food sources and optimized strain-specific parameters enabling long-term culturing. These protocols can facilitate comparative analyses of placozoan biology and behaviors, which together will contribute to deciphering general principles of animal organization.

Some Aspects of the Regulatory Environment of Local Self-Government in Federal Cities

The issues of legal regulation of the organization and functioning of all government bodi es have always been the subject of numerous studies, discussions and even disputes. The rapid new reorganization of the legal foundations of the unified system of public power that started in 2020, having passed the federal and regional level of state power, "stumbled" at the level of local self-government. The draft federal law No. 40361-8 "On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Unified System of Public Power", which was submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Fe deration on 16 December 2021, has so far remained at the level of "proposals and comments for the second reading". This allows us to focus on the analysis of problematic issues of the current situation with the legislative basis of local self-government in Russia in order to avoid and take into account in the future existing errors and shortcomings, as well as to improve the current system of legal regulation of local self-government as soon as possible. The Authors of this study attempt to analyze and draw the attention of other researchers, representatives of federal and regional legislative authorities to the existing obvious problems in the legislative regulation of local self-government in federal cities. Specific examples of the texts of the laws of Moscow, St. Petersburg and Sevastopol, allow us to draw disappointing conclusions about the significant abuse by the legislators of these constituent entities of the Russian Federation of their rights to regulate certain issues of organization and functioning of local self-government in the territory of federal cities. Evidently, the existing conflicts should be eliminated as soon as possible and taken into account by the federal legislator in the formation of future legislative framework for determining the specifics of local self-government in federal cities. The current situation seriously affects the principle of direct and immediate effect of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as the priority of federal legislation over regional legislation on issues of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation and its constituent entities.

An interactive cortical architecture for perceptual organization by accentuation

Accentuation has been proposed as a general principle of perceptual organization. Here, we have developed a neurodynamic architecture to explain how accentuation affects boundary segmentation and shape perception. The model consists of bottom-up and top-down pathways. Bottom-up processing involves a set of feature maps that compute bottom-up salience of surfaces, boundaries, boundary completions, and junctions. Then, a feature-based winner-take-all network selects the most salient locations. Top-down processing includes an object-based attention stage that allows enhanced neural activity to propagate from the most salient locations to all connected locations, and a visual segmentation stage that employs inhibitory connections to segregate boundaries into distinct maps. The model was tested on a series of computer simulations showing how the position of the accent affects boundary segregation in the square-diamond and the pointing illusion. The model was also tested on a variety of texture segregation tasks, showing that its performance was comparable to that of human observers. The model suggests that there is an intermediate stage of visual processing between perceptual grouping and object recognition that helps the visual system choose between competing percepts of the ambiguous stimulus.

Legal Support for the Development and Use of Municipal Information Systems

The paper deals with the current issues of development and use of municipal information systems, and proposes their legal solutions. In particular, it is noted that federal legislation lacks a precise definition of a municipal information system. The analysis of regional and municipal lawmaking allows us to identify several attributes of municipal information systems: development or acquisition of the system by a decision of a local governing body; the powers of local governing bodies to implement the systems; full or partial financing from the local budget. In this regard, the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” proposes to define a municipal information system as an information system created or acquired through a decision of a local governing body at the expense of the local budget and designed to solve the issues that are in jurisdiction of municipalities. The current municipal information systems can be divided into two groups: specialized information system complying with federal laws and general information systems designed to support the functioning of local governing bodies or municipal enterprises and institutions. At the same time, general municipal information systems of different municipal entities are rarely integrated. Therefore, when it is necessary, it becomes impossible or very difficult. This problem is mainly of organizational and technical nature. However, it is also a result of collisions and gaps in the regulatory framework of municipal information systems. To solve them, it seems necessary, firstly, to state in article 13 of the Federal Law “On Information, Information Technologies and Information Protection” the possibility to define the specifics of legal regulation of municipal information systems not only by legislative, but also bylaws on local selfgoverning; secondly, to indicate in the Federal Law “On General Organizational Principles of Local Self- Governing in the Russian Federation” the possibility of the subjects of the Russian Federation to be involved in lawmaking in municipal information systems.

Модернизация порядка замещения должности высшего должностного лица субъекта Российской Федерации: новеллы и преемственность

The present article refers to the improvement of the procedure for filling the position of the Governor of a con-stituent entity of the Russian Federation, which occurred as a result of the adoption of the Federal Law No. 414-FZ of December 21, 2021 “On General Principles of Organization of Public Power in Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation”. The impact of the reform of public power in the subjects of the Russian Federation on direct and indirect gubernatorial elections is assessed, the results of the legislation modification of the Russian Federation subjects on the organization of public power are analyzed, the forecast about further directions of the reform is given. In the author’s opinion, the adoption of the new federal law has insignificantly affected the procedure for filling the position in question, which indicates the stability of the institution under study. Certain novels, objectively dictated by political expediency, legislatively formalize the actually established format of subordination relations between the President of the Russian Federation and the governors of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

THE FATE OF THE HEADS OF THE SCIENTIFIC LIBRARY OF ODESA I. I. MECHNIKOV NATIONAL UNIVERSITY AT THE TURN OF ERA (1917–1922)

The article examines the biographies and fates of the heads of the Scientific Library of Odesa I. I. Mechnikov National University at the turn of the century in the period 1917–1922, when, against the background of socio-political and socio-economic transformations, the reorganization of its subordination, structure, staff and other components of activities. The funds of the State Archive of Odesa region contain historical primary sources that allow us to reconstruct individual fragments of their biographies. Based on the analysis of a wide range of historical sources and scientific literature, the biographies of three librarians who represented new generation of representatives of Odesa scientific corporation were studied. The factors that influenced the appointment of representatives of the new generation to the position of library manager and their activities were determined. The activities they carried out while holding the position of head of the library, as well as the results achieved by the library during a separate period of their leadership, were mentioned. The results of the prosopographic analysis of the figures of the library managers are given. An attempt was made to determine the social composition of the leaders as representatives of the library business and to trace their fate in the context of the vicissitudes of the specified period. The working conditions, material and household level and social status of the leaders are characterized. The general organizational principles, content and directions of activity of the Soviet government in the matter of reforming the library network of the higher school of Odesa are analyzed. Changes in the composition and position of library employees are summarized. The study is devoted to the study of little-known facts of the biographies of the forgotten figures of the heads of the library, who played an important role in the development of the library business during the era of radical changes in the state system and society. Contradictory tendencies of the policy of the Soviet government, which accompanied the development of the library business in Odesa and influenced the position of the heads of the libraries, were traced.

Metamodal Coupling of Vibrotactile and Auditory Speech Processing Systems through Matched Stimulus Representations.

It has been postulated that the brain is organized by "metamodal," sensory-independent cortical modules capable of performing tasks (e.g., word recognition) in both "standard" and novel sensory modalities. Still, this theory has primarily been tested in sensory-deprived individuals, with mixed evidence in neurotypical subjects, thereby limiting its support as a general principle of brain organization. Critically, current theories of metamodal processing do not specify requirements for successful metamodal processing at the level of neural representations. Specification at this level may be particularly important in neurotypical individuals, where novel sensory modalities must interface with existing representations for the standard sense. Here we hypothesized that effective metamodal engagement of a cortical area requires congruence between stimulus representations in the standard and novel sensory modalities in that region. To test this, we first used fMRI to identify bilateral auditory speech representations. We then trained 20 human participants (12 female) to recognize vibrotactile versions of auditory words using one of two auditory-to-vibrotactile algorithms. The vocoded algorithm attempted to match the encoding scheme of auditory speech while the token-based algorithm did not. Crucially, using fMRI, we found that only in the vocoded group did trained-vibrotactile stimuli recruit speech representations in the superior temporal gyrus and lead to increased coupling between them and somatosensory areas. Our results advance our understanding of brain organization by providing new insight into unlocking the metamodal potential of the brain, thereby benefitting the design of novel sensory substitution devices that aim to tap into existing processing streams in the brain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT It has been proposed that the brain is organized by "metamodal," sensory-independent modules specialized for performing certain tasks. This idea has inspired therapeutic applications, such as sensory substitution devices, for example, enabling blind individuals "to see" by transforming visual input into soundscapes. Yet, other studies have failed to demonstrate metamodal engagement. Here, we tested the hypothesis that metamodal engagement in neurotypical individuals requires matching the encoding schemes between stimuli from the novel and standard sensory modalities. We trained two groups of subjects to recognize words generated by one of two auditory-to-vibrotactile transformations. Critically, only vibrotactile stimuli that were matched to the neural encoding of auditory speech engaged auditory speech areas after training. This suggests that matching encoding schemes is critical to unlocking the brain's metamodal potential.

Municipal Procedural Activity: Concept and Content

The paper presents the author’s vision of the content of municipal procedural activity, the grounds for its separation from the structure of general municipal activities carried out by local self-government entities when solving issues of local importance and other issues enshrined in Federal Law No. 131‑FZ of 06.10.2003 «On General Principles of Local Self-Government Organization in the Russian Federation». The author proposes to consider municipal procedural activity as dynamic purposeful, normatively conditioned activity of local self-government bodies carried out by adopting them in the development of the procedural norms of municipal legal procedural acts. These are to be contained in the laws and applying procedures that ensure the implementation of their powers to resolve issues of local significance and other normatively conditioned issues. This activity also means to include ensuring the implementation of local self-government and participation of bodies of territorial public self-government and other public associations. The author believes that the application of municipal procedures in practice is a legal condition for local selfgovernment bodies to resolve issues of local significance and other regulatory issues. Municipal procedural activity is an integral subspecies of municipal activity, which includes constituent, law-making, control, personnel, financial and other activities carried out by subjects of local self-government. The realization of municipal procedural activity is conditioned by the provisions of Part 3 of Article 132 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation (as amended in 2020), which established the need for interaction between local self-government bodies and state authorities for the most effective solution of tasks in the interests of the population living in the relevant territory. The need to solve this problem increases the importance of scientific research on the problems of improving municipal procedural activity as a subspecies of procedural support for the activities of local self-government bodies.

Methodological and organizational features of teaching swimming to children of younger school age

The article examines the peculiarities of teaching swimming skills to children of primary school age. An important condition for successfully teaching children to swim is the sequence of learning movements: from simple movement on the bottom to learning certain swimming movements (sliding, swimming with a board in hands or in an easy way, etc.), because this is the key to mastering more complex swimming techniques from diving up to the waist to full execution exercises at a greater depth. Purpose: determination of methodical and organizational features of swimming training for children of primary school age. Methods of work: theoretical research methods were used in the work: analysis, comparison, induction, deduction, systematization, and generalization of scientific and methodical literature. Results: because of the conducted research, the general didactic and organizational principles of building classes during initial swimming training were clarified. It has been established that the conscious and active attitude of children to exercises and games in the water is of good importance for achieving positive results in learning to swim, because understanding the meaning of the tasks stimulates interested and active performance of them, contributes to the gradual assimilation and awareness of the exercises. The basis for mastering swimming skills by children aged 7-9 is the formation of stable neuro-coordinative connections that arise as a result of repeated exercises for sliding in a horizontal streamlined body position with further coordination of technical elements and breathing. Conclusions: Despite the availability of publications on the methods of teaching swimming, questions regarding the regulation of physical load during the use of the game method in the pool are practically not disclosed, which complicates its application in classes and requires further study.

Discovery of the Lanthipeptide Curvocidin and Structural Insights into its Trifunctional Synthetase CuvL.

Lanthipeptides are ribosomally-synthesized natural products from bacteria featuring stable thioether-crosslinks and various bioactivities. Herein, we report on a new clade of tricyclic class-IV lanthipeptides with curvocidin from Thermomonospora curvata as its first representative. We obtained crystal structures of the corresponding lanthipeptide synthetase CuvL that showed a circular arrangement of its kinase, lyase and cyclase domains, forming a central reaction chamber for the iterative substrate processing involving nine catalytic steps. The combination of experimental data and artificial intelligence-based structural models identified the N-terminal subdomain of the kinase domain as the primary site of substrate recruitment. The ribosomal precursor peptide of curvocidin employs an amphipathic α-helix in its leader region as an anchor to CuvL, while its substrate core shuttles within the central reaction chamber. Our study thus reveals general principles of domain organization and substrate recruitment of class-IV and class-III lanthipeptide synthetases.

Discovery of the Lanthipeptide Curvocidin and Structural Insights into its Trifunctional Synthetase CuvL

AbstractLanthipeptides are ribosomally‐synthesized natural products from bacteria featuring stable thioether‐crosslinks and various bioactivities. Herein, we report on a new clade of tricyclic class‐IV lanthipeptides with curvocidin from Thermomonospora curvata as its first representative. We obtained crystal structures of the corresponding lanthipeptide synthetase CuvL that showed a circular arrangement of its kinase, lyase and cyclase domains, forming a central reaction chamber for the iterative substrate processing involving nine catalytic steps. The combination of experimental data and artificial intelligence‐based structural models identified the N‐terminal subdomain of the kinase domain as the primary site of substrate recruitment. The ribosomal precursor peptide of curvocidin employs an amphipathic α‐helix in its leader region as an anchor to CuvL, while its substrate core shuttles within the central reaction chamber. Our study thus reveals general principles of domain organization and substrate recruitment of class‐IV and class‐III lanthipeptide synthetases.

Modern Challenges to Effective Functioning of Local Self-Government (On the Example of Saint Petersburg)

In recent history the concept of “public authority” was collective and was not fixed in legislative and normative-legal acts. Under the Law of the Russian Federation on amendment of the Constitution of the Russian Federation dated 14.03.2020 № 1-FCL “On improvement of regulation of separate issues of organization and functioning of public authorities” local self-government bodies were eferred to public authorities. According to Article 132 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation “Local self-government bodies and public authorities are part of a unified system of public authority in the Russian Federation and interact to most effectively solve problems in the interests of the population living in the respective territory. Article 35.1 of Federal Law № 131-FL of 06.10.2003 “On General Principles of Organization of Local Self-Government in the Russian Federation” gives elected deputies of a municipal representative body the right to form political factions for the exercise of their powers. The activities of such factions are established and legitimized by a normative legal act of the municipality. As a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and emergence of the Russian Federation, proc-lamation of democratic values and democratization of society, political parties and other public organizations began to appear. New actors and leaders, were able to organize a collective, turbulently increasing action against the government, which immediately after the end of the protests, mobilized the protest mood of the electorate, which in the elections in 2017, 2019 in Moscow, 2019 in St. Petersburg held in local government in Moscow and St. Petersburg “independent” municipal deputies from the territorial executive government in representative bodies of local government, thereby creating pockets of political and social tension. An important aspect of the political struggle for the degree of influence on political stability, namely the change of power in the municipalities of Svetlanovskoye, Smolninskoye, Ligovka-Yamskoye, Liteiniy District, Vladimirskiy District of St. Petersburg, was the result of an intraparty struggle in the power structures. The intraparty struggle between the executive and legislative branches of power for the degree of territorial influence in St. Petersburg is a characteristic feature of federal cities, with their elites constantly fighting for the maximum concentration of power in their hands. As a result of the insufficient control of the electoral process by the territorial executive bodies of state power in St. Petersburg, an additional opportunity for opposition forces to exercise sufficient quality control of the electoral process for compliance with legislative requirements. As a result of this situation, the representative bodies were formed by independent non-systemic deputies. The pluralism of opinions that emerged in local government became particularly important, since without agreement for decision-making the work of representative bodies of local government was impossible, and consequently the exercise of the constitutional rights of citizens to exercise local government and the legitimate functioning of local government in addressing issues of local importance and the execution of certain state powers was impossible. The existence in the legal field of an internally highly conflictual representative body generates social tension in society, political destabilization and, as a consequence, a general distrust of public authorities in general, since public authorities are directly involved in the formation of local government in St. Petersburg, where the execution of local government authority is associated with such features as a high level of education of citizens, population density, the degree of involvement in electoral processes In 2015, an additional procedure for recruiting heads of municipalities was introduced - the selection of candidates for the post of head by a competitive commission, where half of the commission’s members should be representatives of regional authorities. It was expected that in this way the selection of heads of municipalities would become more controlled. In 2020, the amendments to the Constitution of the Russian Federation consolidated the “incorporation” of the local level into the system of state (public) power, finally depriving municipal authorities of formal autonomy from the state. The purpose of the article is to establish the causes of incapacity of the representative body of local government of St. Petersburg after the municipal elections of 2019, the search for possible ways to create conditions for further functioning of the municipality in the new conditions of pluralism of opinions among the new convocation of municipal deputies, the study of the causes of the created situation, the search and proposal of possible ways to solve the issue of adaptation of the representative body to the new conditions of functioning. Based on the research conducted, the authors declare the necessity to take measures to respond to the public authorities aimed at finding opportunities and creating conditions for the performance of powers by the representative body, deputies and heads of the municipality in the new conditions of functioning of local self-government.

Идеоматериальные полисистемы и политика

The article proposes a theoretical concept of social ideomaterial polysystems (SMPS), considers its applications in the field of political science. The highest type of SMPS are civilizations, the most complex systems in the universe. IMPS is a complex of ideomaterial systems (IMS). SMPS are holistic sociocultural systems that make up a developed society. A feature of such systems is that some of the elements of these systems are material, and some are ideal, many of them do not have clear boundaries, the strength of interactions in these systems and between them varies from weak and unstable to strong and constant. Ideomaterial systems of people, artifacts and, in some cases, animals and plants form an integrity due to the system of ideas that unites them. It gives meaning to social IMPS, unites the community, determines its behavior and direction of development. IMPS are very diverse: they can be scientific communities in which science brings together scientists, scientific instruments, theory, texts, social institutions, buildings; it can be religions in which faith unites priests, parishioners, temples, sacred texts and attributes, there can be simpler communities, like sports fans, there can be large and small non-profit organizations united by some social goals. The complex of ideas on which these systems are based is of a holistic character. Humans and other material elements also form holistic systems. These systems are necessarily self-reproducing, that is they must reproduce the people who carry the ideas, making them, respectively, scientists, believers, chess players, fans, music lovers, and so on. Each of these people can simultaneously be an element of other ideo-material systems, giving them part of the time of their lives. These systems often have fuzzy boundaries, they are also in a network of regular and sporadic, synergistic and antagonistic interactions with each other. They compete for the time of people, their carriers. A huge number of interacting IMSIs create systems of systems: modern civilizations. For the analysis of complexes and conglomerates formed by ideo-material systems located in a network of fuzzy interactions, the concept of polysystems by I. Even-Zohar was used. The largest ideomaterial polysystems include ethnic groups, nations, states, world religions and global ideologies. Based on a few existing scientific approaches, the central of which is the sociology of knowledge, the general principles of organization and self-reproduction of such unifying systems of ideas are analyzed. As a measure of the power of ideomaterial polysystems, it is proposed to use the total time spent by the communities of these systems to maintain their functioning. Possible directions of application of the concept of ideomaterial polysystems in political research are considered.

Inter-individual deep image reconstruction via hierarchical neural code conversion

The sensory cortex is characterized by general organizational principles such as topography and hierarchy. However, measured brain activity given identical input exhibits substantially different patterns across individuals. Although anatomical and functional alignment methods have been proposed in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, it remains unclear whether and how hierarchical and fine-grained representations can be converted between individuals while preserving the encoded perceptual content. In this study, we trained a method of functional alignment called neural code converter that predicts a target subject’s brain activity pattern from a source subject given the same stimulus, and analyzed the converted patterns by decoding hierarchical visual features and reconstructing perceived images. The converters were trained on fMRI responses to identical sets of natural images presented to pairs of individuals, using the voxels on the visual cortex that covers from V1 through the ventral object areas without explicit labels of the visual areas. We decoded the converted brain activity patterns into the hierarchical visual features of a deep neural network using decoders pre-trained on the target subject and then reconstructed images via the decoded features. Without explicit information about the visual cortical hierarchy, the converters automatically learned the correspondence between visual areas of the same levels. Deep neural network feature decoding at each layer showed higher decoding accuracies from corresponding levels of visual areas, indicating that hierarchical representations were preserved after conversion. The visual images were reconstructed with recognizable silhouettes of objects even with relatively small numbers of data for converter training. The decoders trained on pooled data from multiple individuals through conversions led to a slight improvement over those trained on a single individual. These results demonstrate that the hierarchical and fine-grained representation can be converted by functional alignment, while preserving sufficient visual information to enable inter-individual visual image reconstruction.

Инвестиционная деятельность организации

The topicality of the article is the result of the fact that there is investment policy as a result of the existing strategic organization.The article discusses the main actions to limit investment activities, as well as general methods and organizational principles of the enterprise investment activity. The most important tasks of the organization and monitoring stages of investment activity and effective use of investment resources are defined.