The Act of July 7, 2023, amending the Act on Spatial Planning and Development and certain other acts (Journal of Laws 2023, item 1688) introduced the general municipal plan into the Polish spatial planning system. Pursuant to Article 13a(7) of the Act of March 27, 2003, on Spatial Planning and Development (Journal of Laws 2024, item 1130, as amended), these plans constitute acts of local law. Consequently, the solutions they establish will determine the entire spatial management process within a municipality. They will also be of significant importance for environmental protection, which cannot be effectively implemented in isolation from the spatial context in which the protected environmental components are located. An important role in this regard is played by the provisions of protection plans developed for national parks, landscape parks, and nature reserves – forms of nature protection referred to in Article 6 of the Act of April 16, 2004, on Nature Protection (Journal of Laws 2024, item 1478, as amended). Against this background, this article discusses the role of protection plans in the environmental protection system, their legal nature, and the manner in which the restrictions they impose should be incorporated into the development of general plans.

Land resources are the key wealth and natural basis on which all human activities in the field of agriculture are largely based. The studies were conducted based on the «Methodology for Determining the Amount of Damage from Soil and Land Degradation dated July 29, 1994 №3-14-2 / 1139» and the author's methodology of Kotsur E.V. [1]. The analysis of the current situation on the territory of the rural settlement was carried out based on the materials of the general plan of the Aslaninsky rural settlement of the Yalutorovsky district of the Tyumen region (2024), the territorial planning scheme of the Yalutorovsky municipal district (2020), cartographic materials of the soil survey (soil map of the south of the Tyumen region by L.N. Karetina) and the Report«On the environmental situation in the Tyumen region» (2023), the Report «On the state and use of lands in the Tyumen region in 2023». The study period is 2023-2025. Based on the sources used, the authors of the article developed a map-scheme of degradation processes in the Aslaninsky rural settlement. The study found that the main type of land degradation in the Aslanin rural settlement (RS) is waterlogging, both in terms of area and degree of impact. Overwatering of soils covers significant areas. The total area of land subject to water erosion is 1,128.5 hectares, of which 252.4 hectares (22.4%) are arable land. The area of agricultural land subject to waterlogging is 1,774.5 hectares. At the same time, the largest share of wetlands is accounted for by hayfields – 49.5%, arable land – 39.1%, and only 11.4% is accounted for by pastures.

A Scoping Review of Transition to Adult Care in Pediatric-Onset Multiple Sclerosis: An Opportunity to Advance Research.

The conversion of agricultural land has become a strategic issue with direct implications for food security, particularly in urban areas experiencing rapid development and population growth. Bengkulu City, as a provincial capital, has also undergone intensive agricultural land conversion. However, to date, no specific local policy has been established to ensure the protection of sustainable food agricultural land. This study examines the role of local regulations in preventing agricultural land conversion while identifying the need for adaptive policy innovations aligned with the local characteristics of Bengkulu City. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with relevant stakeholders, field observations in agricultural areas affected by land conversion, and document analysis of applicable local regulations. Data analysis followed the Miles and Huberman interactive model, reinforced by NVivo-assisted qualitative analysis to identify key themes and regulatory indicators. The findings reveal that the Bengkulu City Government currently relies on Local Regulation No. 4 of 2021 on the Regional Spatial Plan (2021-2041) concerning the Regional Spatial Plan as the primary instrument for controlling agricultural land conversion. Although this regulation normatively establishes spatial zoning, it has not effectively restrained agricultural land conversion due to the absence of specific provisions on the protection of sustainable food agricultural land. NVivo analysis identified three major regulatory indicators: regulations that support innovation, regulations that hinder innovation, and bureaucratic hierarchy. The lack of a specific regulation on Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Protection (LP2B), weak law enforcement, and complex cross-sectoral coordination are the main factors inhibiting policy innovation. This study concludes that ineffective control of agricultural land conversion in Bengkulu City is not caused by regulatory rigidity but by overreliance on general spatial planning policies without supporting technical and innovative derivative regulations. Therefore, this research recommends the formulation of a specific Local Regulation on Sustainable Food Agricultural Land Protection (LP2B) as an adaptive and integrated policy innovation.

Relevance. In the late 1960-s, the plan of reconstruction and development of Kursk was adjusted, which initiated the mass construction of 9-12-storey brick and large-panel houses in the creation of new neighborhoods and point development of the central part of the city, with the abolition of dilapidated one-storey housing. The process of building up and reconstruction of the city was accompanied by many difficulties, which were overcome in time and allowed to realize the planned plans of housing construction in a short time. The study of the Soviet experience of urban development can be useful in modern conditions.Purpose. To analyze the process of housing construction according to the plan of development and reconstruction of the historic center in the late 1960-s and early 1970-s.Objectives: to study the problems of implementation of the plan of building and reconstruction of the city, measures to control the progress of construction, identification and elimination of shortcomings in the work of construction organizations.Methodology. The author's methodology is based on the principle of objectivity, methods of analysis, synthesis, ideographic.Results. The implementation of the plan for the construction and reconstruction of the city of Kursk was accompanied by numerous difficulties. They were related to frequent redesigning of housing construction objects, insufficient quality of construction and finishing works, resulting in delayed delivery of objects. Control by the city authorities was of great importance in optimizing construction and combating shortcomings. The Standing Construction Commission identified shortcomings and proposed ways to solve the problems that arose during the construction process.Conclusion. During the period under study in Kursk, grandiose housing construction was carried out. Implementing the general plan of construction and reconstruction of Kursk, its improvement was carried out. Active reconstruction of the city center was carried out, where nine-storey residential buildings were built. The construction of the first houses with higher storeys improved the architectural expressiveness of the city center. But, as can be seen from the materials of the study, the pace of reconstruction of the city center remained low, the terms of construction projects were constantly disrupted. The main reasons can be considered as low mechanization, shortage of workers, under-delivery of construction materials, untimely demolition of dilapidated housing.

Communities face time and funding constraints in plan-making. To understand which plan types are preferred and how those preferences relate to local politics, implementation action, and equity, this research assembled the first comprehensive state-wide database of General Plans and Climate Action Plans (CAPs). Through plan scoring, term counts, siting of electric vehicle (EV) charging ports, and Community-Based Organization (CBO)–led climate readiness workshops hosted across the state, we find that addressing EV policy in both CAPs and General Plans statistically increases the likelihood that the jurisdiction sites EV charging ports. Underlying community characteristics impact plan choice. For every increase in the percentage of Democrat voters, a jurisdiction is 4 percent more likely to create a CAP. At the same time, neither CAPs nor General Plans included a fulsome focus on equity, indicating room for additional planning focus. To ensure climate readiness planning, we recommend that state and federal agencies support a flexible local planning approach while increasing opportunities for local jurisdictions to learn from and celebrate advances.

The energy transition stands as the central focus of Indonesia’s national energy policy, as outlined in the National Energy General Plan (RUEN). This study aims to analyze the extent to which RUEN has accommodated the principle of Heffron’s Energy Justice Framework, both from the perspective of intergenerational and intragenerational justice. Using qualitative policy analysis, the paper assesses distributive, procedural, and recognition justice within RUEN and identifies structural gaps in implementation. The study highlights that although the RUEN has established measures to support the energy transition, significant barriers remain to ensuring a fair and sustainable distribution of energy, particularly unequal energy access, limited stakeholder participation, and a slow reduction in fossil fuel dependence. The results of this study are expected to yield more inclusive and equitable policy recommendations to support the energy transition, while also enhancing RUEN’s effectiveness in achieving energy resilience, sustainability, and justice in Indonesia.

Abstract Once the tide of the war began to turn in their favor and the enormity of the crimes of the Axis powers became apparent, the Allied powers of World War II agreed that after their victory, those responsible should be prosecuted. They even agreed on which crimes should be prosecuted in such proceedings. Almost no attention, however, was given to the issue of sentence enforcement. Thus, even as the wheels of the Allies’ war-crimes tribunals in Europe and the Pacific were put in motion, there was no general plan regarding how to run the institutions where the war criminals would serve their sentences. In this article we present some preliminary conclusions of a research project that took a detailed look at the three most important prisons for WWII war criminals: Spandau, Landsberg, and Sugamo. Though the victorious powers faced similar legal and practical problems in the administration of all three institutions, the solutions they found differed considerably. The most significant common feature of the respective systems they established is their improvised nature.

Mongolia is the 19th largest country in the world, the 7th largest in Asia, and the second largest landlocked country. Mongolia is sparsely populated, with 20.9 percent of the population aged 15-35 [1], and they tend to marry relatively early. In Mongolia, landowners still lack property rights. In 2002, the parliament passed a law on land ownership for Mongolian citizens, which began granting Mongolian citizens one-time, free land ownership for family needs, but by the end of 2024, only 20.9 percent of the population had acquired free land ownership [2], which is an insufficient indicator. Even though Mongolian citizens who has land tenure right and those who want to own free land have applied, the land is not included in the general land management plan of the Aimag and the capital city, the general and partial development plans of the Aimag center and cities, or the annual land management plans of the Sum and district. Therefore, it is impossible to ownership free land for a family needs. In other words, it is believed that the relevant provisions of the law are slowing down the process of land acquisition. Article 5 of the Law on the Procedure for the Implementation of the Law on Land Acquisition for Citizens of Mongolia, adopted in 2008, states that the measure of granting land for family use to citizens once and for free shall be implemented for 25 years starting from May 1, 2003, and terminated [3]. This study aims to analyze the process of granting land for family use to citizens of Mongolia once and for free. In terms of research methodology, a sample is collected using a redesigned questionnaire, and 1,115 Mongolian citizens participated in the study. Secondary data was also used. According to the study, 784 citizens are unable to acquire land for family use free of charge. 728 respondents reported satisfaction with the one-time, free land ownership measure for family needs, indicating that their family members and relatives expect to own free land in the future. 1017 or 91.2 percent of the respondents answered that they would like to get free land ownership rights in Ulaanbaatar city and the provincial center. This confirms that citizens want to own free land in areas with more developed production and infrastructure. The hypothesis that free land ownership for Mongolian citizens over the age of 18 for family needs will improve the quality of life of households by providing them with private land has been confirmed. The value of land is expected to increase further in the future. When citizens had private land, they would be able to engage in business, mortgage it, and even secure their livelihood. This study has theoretical and practical significance and can be further studied.

The construction sector is considered an important part of improving the economy and enhance the development of the countries. Therefore, executing a construction project with the signed time in the contract is essential to fix the general plan. On this base, construction delay will obstruct the estimated plan end and start another project. This literature review studies the recent articles in Iraq ten year ago by exploring the methodologies and the most reasons of delay in construction projects in different cities such as, Baghdad and Najaf. This study analyzed 12 articles and search respective to the used method; delay causes and mitigation. The results were 31 causes of delay in construction projects were selected but the most reason of delay is financial problems by both contractor and owner which repeated five times in the study articles, however, political and management issues repeated four times in the articles. Study conclusions that financial and management represent the main cause of delay. To avoid the possible delay in completing construction project in Iraq, project owners should put suitable plan with suitable payments in project budget and selecting management plan to solve any possible problems, however, political issues cause delay in construction projects without any mitigation from both contractor and owner.

The year 2025 marks the tenth anniversary of the issuance of the General Plan of Chinese Football Reform and Development, and the deepening development of China’s football reform necessitates a robust policy framework for support. Quantitative research on policy texts enables an objective evaluation of the policy efficacy in China’s football reform. This study constructs a quantitative assessment and empirical analysis framework encompassing nine primary variables and 40 secondary variables by employing methods such as textual analysis, the Delphi method, content analysis, and the PMC index model. Combining the PMC index model with surface plots, it conducts a quantitative evaluation of ten representative national-level policy texts introduced by China. The results indicate that, the overall assessment of these ten policies is “good.” Among them, two policies (P1 and P3) are classified as exemplary policies, four (P4, P6, P7, and P8) are rated as good policies, and the remaining four are categorized as moderate policies. This suggests that while the policy design is generally scientifically sound and effective, there remains room for improvement in increasing the number of exemplary policies. The research conclusions suggest that exemplary policies exhibit characteristics of both localized top-level design and a leading-by-example effect; good policies encounter practical issues of coordinated policy design with localized deficiencies; and moderate policies still display governance phenomena of specialized institutional outputs coupled with mutual constraints. Therefore, the national strategy for China’s future football reform is characterized by longevity and gradualism, and there remains a lag in the implementation and actualization of policies. It is imperative to adopt a process-oriented mindset to achieve a substantive transformation from the advantages of policy texts to governance efficacy.

The purpose of the work is to develop basic urban planning principles and conceptual foundations for the reconstruction of highly urbanized territories that have been destroyed for the tasks of restoring the urban settlement system. An analysis of the experience of restoring cities and territories in the post-war period was conducted. Positive examples are based on an integrated approach with compliance with two conditions ‒ the involvement of local communities and the development of comprehensive development strategies. situational response ‒ when solving the tasks of urban development, provided many negative consequences of a significant scale. At the initial stage of anti-crisis management, the priority task is to update the city's general plan. The general plan acts as a key document that formalizes the rules, priorities and tasks of urban development activities. The restoration of territories in conditions of reduced urban potential has a number of specific features: a decrease in population, loss of industrial production, as well as the degradation of transport and engineering infrastructure. This is accompanied by a general deterioration in the qualitative and quantitative indicators of the development of the urban environment. During the development of the updated general plan, modern principles of spatial development should be laid down: safety, environmental friendliness, autonomy, energy efficiency, convenience and comfort, transport accessibility, creation of conditions for employment. It is proposed to structure the restoration process by hierarchical levels and types of objects. It is also worth identifying the subjects of management related to reconstruction and forming an information package for planning and implementing design solutions. The matrix for analyzing planning units of destroyed territories is proposed as a tool that allows for typology, determining priorities and creating a basis for forming regulatory regulation of restoration. It is proposed to use a subject-oriented restoration model.

Agritourism is an emerging concept that integrates agriculture with tourism, allowing visitors to engage in farming activities such as planting and harvesting while local producers provide lodging, meals, and guided experiences. Globally, agritourism often emphasizes farming practices, agricultural products, and recreational activities: however, in Nepal, it is distinguished by its focus on local cuisine, handicrafts, and rural hospitality. The research identifies a lack of awareness regarding agritourism, of its hospitality components, and the negative impacts of mass tourism as major challenges in the study area. This paper examines the current state of agritourism in Shree Antu, Ilam, and explores design strategies for sustainable agritourism accommodations. The NOISE framework (Needs, Opportunities, Improvements, Strengths, and Exceptions) is employed to evaluate existing accommodation practices. To better understand visitor perceptions and experiences, Google reviews of local accommodations were analyzed. Drawing on previous research and contextual analysis, the study proposes general architectural planning and design guidelines for agritourism accommodations, including farm stays, cottages, and eco-resorts. The findings emphasize that achieving sustainability requires accommodations to be carefully sited and oriented to capture natural views, constructed with locally sourced materials, and equipped with appropriate thermal insulation across building zones. Ultimately, agritourism accommodations should adhere to sustainable architectural principles while reflecting the local architectural character. The outcome of this research aims to inform architects, property owners, and potential investors, fostering the growth of agritourism and supporting sustainable rural development in Nepal.

The article examines the socio-spatial processes of adapting Soviet-era residential areas within the contemporary urban environment of Ivano-Frankivsk. The study focuses on the morphological evolution of residential districts built between the 1950s and 1980s and the specific features of their transformation under post-industrial urbanization. The research substantiates the hypothesis that Soviet housing estates, despite their physical and moral obsolescence, preserve considerable spatial and infrastructural potential for sustainable renewal. The methodological framework combines historical-morphological analysis with socio-urban approaches, emphasizing the relationship between architectural structure and community dynamics. The authors identify four principal groups of adaptation factors-demographic, sociocultural, spatial-functional, and technological-which together define the evolution of these areas. The paper demonstrates that post-Soviet transformations are not limited to architectural reconstruction but also include social reorganization, emergence of homeowners’ associations, and new patterns of civic participation in spatial development. A key finding is that adaptation represents an evolutionary process transitioning from spontaneous, fragmented interventions toward systematic renovation guided by the principles of sustainability and urban resilience. The study reveals the potential of Soviet residential estates to become active components of a polycentric urban structure through morphological renovation, functional diversification, and eco-social modernization. The authors argue that maintaining the morphological identity of housing estates while integrating energy-efficient technologies and inclusive design practices can ensure long-term viability of these districts. Practical significance lies in developing a scientific basis for municipal renovation programs and strategic planning documents, including the General Plan and Sustainable Urban Mobility Plan of Ivano-Frankivsk. The conclusions emphasize that Soviet housing legacy should be viewed not as a burden but as a spatial and cultural resource for shaping a balanced, human-oriented city. The article contributes to contemporary Ukrainian urban studies by localizing the broader post-socialist discourse within the context of a medium-sized city. It offers methodological tools for assessing adaptation capacity and provides conceptual recommendations for policymakers, architects, and urban planners seeking to integrate historical continuity with modern standards of energy efficiency and community involvement.

This article analyses the planning, development, and changes in the public transport structure of the Danish capital. It highlights the factors affecting road infrastructure, which depend on government decisions, regional policies over the decades, and social, geographic, and ecological conditions. It presents the assumptions and results of actions undertaken within the framework of designated general plans for passenger transport in Copenhagen, their public perception, and environmental benefits. It suggests directions for other urban agglomerations to build a sustainable urban transport system by presenting the key planning, infrastructure, and financing mechanisms that have been integral part of gaining by Copenhagen a position amongst the leaders in cycling and sustainable transport.

This article studies the methodological principles of housing policy, which provide a theoretical foundation for the development and implementation of public policy in housing sector. The study focuses on key methodological principles that ensure internal consistency among housing policy goals, tools, and mechanisms, while addressing the critical issue of balanced spatial development. The objective is to identify and systematize these principles to enhance the effectiveness of government housing policy and enable their adaptation to socio-economic challenges. The research methodology involves a comprehensive analysis of contemporary scientific frameworks, regulatory legal acts, and strategic planning documents at federal, macro-regional, and sectoral levels. Particular emphasis is placed on comparing existing methodological bases with specific housing policy and construction industry practices. As a result, the author formulates ten complementary methodological principles that define the structure and content of strategic housing policy. These principles foster coherence across all policy components, incorporate territorial characteristics, and promote a differentiated regional development approach. However, the study reveals a lack of formal normative consolidation of these principles within Russian practice. Despite general strategic planning principles applied in other public policy domains, their specific application to housing policy remains unclear. The practical application of these findings consists in the development and implementation of housing sector documents, the establishment of an institutional environment leading to sustainable socio-economic growth, and the enhancement of policy evaluation and management effectiveness. The research underscores the necessity of a holistic, systematic approach to housing policy, reflecting internal dynamics, current challenges, and regional disparities.

Purpose. Determining the development priorities for a network of car tunnels envisioned in the Kyiv city General Plan, considering the city’s climate neutrality problem; systemic evaluation of a car tunnel’s impact on the city’s functioning, traffic change, and ecological (climate) indicators. Methodology. Modified morphological analysis method for urbanized territories, considering the groups of structural and functional, and ecological (climate) factors and risks, including: air pollution (car exhaust fumes), route length, traffic jams, dynamic noise etc. The transport model for Kyiv was introduced as a combination of two components – the transport supply model (consisting of the city’s traffic system elements: road network, different public transport routes, stations etc.), and the transport demand model (which characterizes the purposes for the choice of modes and routes for movement, population mobility parameters etc.). The synthesis of these methodologies is considered by the authors as an important process of converting scientific methods into management decisions. Findings. A systemic decision support model was developed for evaluating priorities, and ranking (advisable queueing) of tunnel construction in Kyiv considering the climate neutrality factor; a comparative assessment was made, and the highest-ranking tunnel was determined (the track from Galytska square to the start of the Brovarskyi avenue). Testing the scenario that incorporates said tunnel into the transport model of Kyiv allowed to assess the overall expected traffic change, and demonstrated the capacity to reduce overall СО2 exhaust by 4 % of the total city’s emission. Originality. The novel construction of a morphological model for evaluating a system of car tunnels considering their impact on key risk factors that allowed to assess alternative configurations (scenarios) taking into account different priorities (weights) of a certain risk, particularly those impacting СО2 emission; a quantitative correlation was revealed between the tunnel’s track, its impact on the city traffic, and reduction of СО2 exhaust. Practical value. The paper demonstrates the high impact of car tunnels on the reduction of greenhouse gas emission (as well as mitigating a number of transport, territorial and safety issues) on the example of Kyiv city, providing the basis of considering the development of the underground traffic infrastructure as a constituent of achieving climate neutrality and sustainable development in big cities. Grant support. The research was conducted within the Horizon Europe frame program, project «Ukraine towards Carbon Neutrality (U_CAN)», grant agreement 101148374, and financed by the European Union.

The paper deals with the research of the concept of the General City Centre, which is in the General Urban Plan of Novi Sad for 2030, with the aim of improving the quality of life in the city. It also analyses the insufficiently defined phenomenon of the General City Centre, which envisages residential development with minimal business content, leaving room for investor urbanism. The design work focuses on the settlement of Jugovićevo, which is being developed without a clearly defined framework. As a solution, it is proposed to form a city-wide network of super-efficient transport that would connect settlements and improve the quality of life, clearly defining purposes, capacities and architectural expression. A network of super-efficient transport would reduce pollution and increase transport speeds, representing the first step towards an environmentally conscious city.

The article analyzes and clarifies the current legal and formal foundations governing the municipal development strategy document as a key instrument for coordinating municipal spatial policy. The authors argue that a properly prepared and up-to-date Strategy, together with the general plan and the local spatial development plan, can ensure a coordinated municipal spatial policy and thereby best achieve the principal objective of spatial planning in Poland, as defined by law—spatial order.

Sustainable food production and security depend on increasing agricultural productivity within existing arable land. This necessitates the effective translation of complex agronomic research into actionable, field-specific crop management recommendations. Despite substantial advances in agricultural research, a persistent knowledge-practice gap continues to impede the widespread adoption of evidence-based management practices. We evaluate whether large language models (LLMs) can bridge this gap by generating crop management recommendations from scientific literature. Using US soybean production as a case study, we developed a semi-automated, human-in-the-loop pipeline (hereafter called “our system”) adhering to systematic review protocols. Our system demonstrated high accuracy for literature screening, outperforming standalone models. However, when generating a general soybean management plan, expert evaluations rated two commercial LLMs’ output more favorably than the plan from our system. This work highlights the need to develop systems that address user trust and provide tailored, field-specific advice that is both trustworthy and practically useful for farming communities.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1038/s41598-025-30991-6.