General Physical Properties Research Articles

Thermomechanical properties of bat and human red blood cells—Implications for hibernation

Hibernation is a widespread and highly efficient mechanism to save energy in mammals. However, one major challenge of hibernation is maintaining blood circulation at low body temperatures, which strongly depends on the viscoelastic properties of red blood cells (RBCs). Here, we examined at physiologically relevant timescales the thermomechanical properties of hundreds of thousands of individual RBCs from the hibernating common noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula), the nonhibernating Egyptian fruit bat (Rousettus aegyptiacus), and humans (Homo sapiens). We exposed RBCs to temperatures encountered during normothermia and hibernation and found a significant increase in elasticity and viscosity with decreasing temperatures. Our data demonstrate that temperature adjustment of RBCs is mainly driven by membrane properties and not the cytosol while viscous dissipation in the membrane of both bat species exceeds the one in humans by a factor of 15. Finally, our results show that RBCs from both bat species reveal a transition to a more viscous-like state when temperature decreases. This process on a minute timescale has an effect size that is comparable with fluctuations in RBC viscoelasticity over the course of the year, implying that environmental factors, such as diets, have a lower impact on the capability of RBCs to respond to different temperatures than general physical properties of the cell membrane. In summary, our findings suggest membrane viscoelasticity as a promising target for identifying mechanisms that could be manipulated to ensure blood circulation at low body temperatures in humans, which may be one first step toward safe synthetic torpor in medicine and space flight.

Experimental investigation of metakaolin ingredients on bonding of steel fibers to cement in paste of steel fiber concrete under sulfate and sulfate–chloride attack

The present study aimed to produce specimens made from steel fibers/metakaolin (SFs/MK) composite concrete that would achieve superior strength characteristics and controlled cracking behavior under aggressive media (i.e. sodium sulfate and sodium chloride). The composite of SF and concrete is full of porosity, creating weak zone in the specimens. Therefore, the use of clay materials is required to reduce the porosity. In this context, the general physical and chemical properties of clay, including structure and the percentage of alumina and quartz, play a significant role in forming composites with suitable mechanical properties. The changes in weight of SFs, effects of the aging period in terms of strength, and effect of aggressive solution are investigated and compared with SF reinforced concrete. The findings from N2 adsorption-desorption, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and compressive strength tests indicate that MK with disordered stacking and higher percentage of alumina, and lower quartz content provides better bonding in the concrete composite. According to the experiments conducted in this study, a 15.0 % MK and 2.0 % SF replacement of cement increased the sulfate and chloride resistance due to porosity, and water absorption values, respectively.

SOME FACTORS AFFECTING THE FERTILITY OF IRRIGATED SOILS

This article provides information on soil fertility, mechanical composition, general physical properties, and classification by erosion level. Erosion processes influence soil fertility and, in turn, soil agronomic properties.

The Brans–Dicke field in non-metricity gravity: cosmological solutions and conformal transformations

We consider the Brans–Dicke theory in non-metricity gravity, which belongs to the family of symmetric teleparallel scalar–tensor theories. Our focus lies in exploring the implications of the conformal transformation, as we derive the conformal equivalent theory in the Einstein frame, distinct from the minimally coupled scalar field theory. The fundamental principle of the conformal transformation suggests the mathematical equivalence of the related theories. However, to thoroughly analyze the impact on physical variables, we investigate the spatially flat Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker geometry, defining the connection in the non-coincidence gauge. We construct exact solutions for the cosmological model in one frame and compare the physical properties in the conformal related frame. Surprisingly, we find that the general physical properties of the exact solutions remain invariant under the conformal transformation. Finally, we construct, for the first time, an analytic solution for the symmetric teleparallel scalar–tensor cosmology.

Three is the magic number: Distance measurement of NGC 3147 using SN 2021hpr and its siblings

Context. The nearby spiral galaxy NGC 3147 hosted three Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in the past decades that have been the subjects of intense follow-up observations. Simultaneous analysis of their data provides a unique opportunity for testing different methods of light curve fitting and distance estimation. Aims. The detailed optical follow-up of SN 2021hpr allows us to revise the previous distance estimations to NGC 3147 and compare the widely used light curve fitting algorithms to each other. After the combination of the available and newly published data of SN 2021hpr, its physical properties can also be estimated with higher accuracy. Methods. We present and analyse new BV griz and Swift photometry of SN 2021hpr to constrain its general physical properties. Together with its siblings, SNe 1997bq and 2008fv, we cross-compared the individual distance estimates of these three SNe given by the Spectral Adaptive Lightcurve Template (SALT) code, and we also checked their consistency with the results from the Multi-Color Light Curve Shape (MLCS) code. The early spectral series of SN 2021hpr was also fit with the radiative spectral code TARDIS to verify the explosion properties and constrain the chemical distribution of the outer ejecta. Results. After combining the distance estimates for the three SNe, the mean distance to their host galaxy, NGC 3127, is 42.5 ± 1.0 Mpc, which matches with the distance inferred by the most up-to-date light curve fitters, SALT3 and BayeSN. We confirm that SN 2021hpr is a Branch-normal Type Ia SN that ejected ~1.12 ± 0.28 M⊙ from its progenitor white dwarf and synthesized ~0.44 ± 0.14 M⊙ of radioactive 56Ni.

General Physical Properties of Fermi Blazars

We study the general physical properties of Fermi blazars using the Fermi fourth source catalog data (4FGL-DR2). The quasi-simultaneous multiwavelength data of Fermi blazars are fitted by using the one-zone leptonic model to obtain some physical parameters, such as jet power, magnetic field, and Doppler factor. We study the distributions of the derived physical parameters as a function of black hole mass and accretion disk luminosity. The main results are as follows. (1) For a standard thin accretion disk, the jet kinetic power of most flat-spectrum radio quasars can be explained by the Blandford–Payne (BP) mechanism. However, the jet kinetic power of most BL Lacertae objects (BL Lacs) cannot be explained by either the Blandford–Znajek mechanism or the BP mechanism. The BL Lacs may have advection-dominated accretion flows surrounding their massive black holes. (2) After excluding the redshift, there is a moderately strong correlation between the jet kinetic power and jet radiation power and the accretion disk luminosity for Fermi blazars. These results confirm a close connection between jet and accretion. The jet kinetic power is slightly larger than the accretion disk luminosity for Fermi blazars. (3) There is a significant correlation between jet kinetic power and gamma-ray luminosity and radio luminosity for Fermi blazars, which suggests that gamma-ray luminosity and radio luminosity can be used to indicate the jet kinetic power.

The Way of Water: ALMA Resolves H2O Emission Lines in a Strongly Lensed Dusty Star-forming Galaxy at z ∼ 3.1

We report Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) high-resolution (≲0.3″) observations of water emission lines p-H2O(202 − 111), o-H2O(321 − 312), p-H2O(422 − 413), in the strongly lensed galaxy HATLASJ113526.2-01460 at redshift z ∼3.1. From the lensing-reconstructed maps of water emission and line profiles, we infer the general physical properties of the interstellar medium (ISM) in the molecular clouds where the lines arise. We find that the water vapor lines o-H2O(321 − 312), p-H2O(422 − 413) are mainly excited by far-infrared (FIR) pumping from dust radiation in a warm and dense environment, with dust temperatures ranging from 70 to ∼100 K, as suggested by the line ratios. The p-H2O(202 − 111) line, instead, is excited by a complex interplay between FIR pumping and collisional excitation in the dense core of the star-forming region. This scenario is also supported by the detection of the medium-level excitation of CO resulting in the line emission CO (J = 8–7). Thanks to the unprecedented high resolution offered by the combination of ALMA capabilities and gravitational lensing, we discern the different phases of the ISM and locate the hot molecular clouds into a physical scale of ∼500 pc. We discuss the possibility of J1135 hosting an active galactic nucleus in its accretion phase. Finally, we determine the relation between the water emission lines and the total IR luminosity of J1135, as well as the star formation rate as a function of water emission intensities, comparing the outcomes to local and high-z galactic samples from the literature.

Overview of coal sludge gravity concentration technologies

The purpose of the study is to collect data and analyze modern development trends of gravity concentration technologies and equipment for coal sludge enrichment. Conducted generalization and analysis of scientific and technical information allowed to state that some attempts have been made recently to enrich coal slimes using mainly gravity concentration methods. Each of these methods involves a number of processes based on general physical and physicochemical properties serving the criteria for material separation as well as on the differently applied additional separating forces and machinery and apparatus designs. The latter include heavy-media cyclones, spiral separators, hydrosizers, concentration tables and wash boxes. The author considers the operation principle of the listed gravity equipment, demonstrates the advantages and disadvantages of each of the apparatuses. The data given indicate that, modern gravity equipment used for coal sludge enrichment features satisfactory indicators of the average probable deviation. To identify the rational topology of concentration diagrams for a particular object, the most optimal type of gravity concentration equipment or its combination is selected depending on the characteristics of the material composition. The analysis of data has shown that the most promising, highly efficient, effective, environmentally friendly and resource-saving gravity concentration method is spiral separation.

Degradation Feature Extraction Method for Prognostics of an Extruder Screw Using Multi-Source Monitoring Data

Laboratory-scale data on a component level are frequently used for prognostics because acquiring them is time and cost efficient. However, they do not reflect actual field conditions. As prognostics is for an in-service system, the developed prognostic methods must be validated using real operational data obtained from an actual system. Because obtaining real operational data is much more expensive than obtaining test-level data, studies employing field data are scarce. In this study, a prognostic method for screws was presented by employing multi-source real operational data obtained from a micro-extrusion system. The analysis of real operational data is more challenging than that of test-level data because the mutual effect of each component in the system is chaotically reflected in the former. This paper presents a degradation feature extraction method for interpreting complex signals for a real extrusion system based on the physical and mechanical properties of the system as well as operational data. The data were analyzed based on general physical properties and the inferred interpretation was verified using the data. The extracted feature exhibits valid degradation behavior and is used to predict the remaining useful life of the screw in a real extrusion system.

Morphological structure, agrophysical and agrochemical properties of irrigated typical gray and grass soils

The article presents information on morphological structures, general physical and agrochemical properties of typical irrigated gray and grassland soils. The general physical properties of the soil are that in typical gray soils the bulk density decreases and the porosity increases, while in grassland soils the bulk density decreases and the total porosity increases compared to typical gray soils. A typical irrigated gray soil is composed of large dust particles according to its mechanical composition and belongs to the category of medium sandy loam. According to the level of availability of humus and nutrients of the studied soils, typical gray and meadow soils irrigated are low in humus (0.36-0.87%), very low in mobile phosphorus (5.33-15.60 mg/kg), exchangeable potassium It is highlighted that it is provided with low (100-200 mg/kg).

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Āmla (Emblica officinalis) tree is deciduous with fleshy fruit nearly about the size of lemon. It is one of the richest sources of ascorbic acid and is used for its healing properties in Unani and Ayurvedic system of medicine since antiquity. Āmla contains iron, calcium, phosphorus and tannins. It is haematinic, anabolic, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective and nephroprotective. Scientists have reported that Āmla possesses radiomodulatory, chemoprotective, free radical scavenging, anti-neoplastic and immunomodulatory effects. In traditional systems of medicine āmla is used in anemia, palpitations, and anxiety. Its sharbat is considered to be useful in jaundice, hemorrhoids, flatulence, and dyspepsia. This review is aimed to be acquainted with general description, physical, chemical and medicinal properties of āmla (Emblica officinalis). Need of the hour is to validate the healing properties of āmla on scientific grounds in order to avail the said benefits at low cost with no undesirable effects.

Mycological composition of soils in Kuban rice agrocenoses as a biotic component for their health

Studies of the water-physical, physical-chemical and biological properties of meadow-chernozem soils were carried out on a rice irrigation system located in the present-day delta of the Kuban River. Rice meadow-chernozem soils have good water and general physical properties of humus layers. An increase in compaction is observed in the lower horizons of these soils. Meadow-chernozem soils are distinguished by low content of organic matter in arable horizons (3,2-3,4 %), neutral reaction of soil solution (рН 6,8-6,9) and high indices of cation exchange capacity (38,7-39,1 mmol/100g). The mycological composition of the studied soils in the autumn-spring periods was identified and identified. The soil was more saturated with representatives of the suppressive group at the beginning of rice vegetation, the opportunistic group was not detected and the antiphytopathogenic potential was 1:2. The spring-fed rice crop rotations soils are prone to soil stresses that are oversaturated with suppressors. In autumn, the ratio of conditionally suppressive to saprotrophic and pathogenic mycota was 1.5:4.5:7. The growth of colonies of the micromycete genus Trichoderma is traced, which confirms the beginning of a long process and the slow recovery of soil degradation processes.

Importance of humine preparation and organic fertilizers in improving the fertility of eroded typical gray soils

In the world, scientific work is being carried out in a number of priority directions on maintaining, restoring, and increasing soil fertility, as well as returning plant residues to the soil, minimal processing, and the preparation and use of organic fertilizers from household waste. In this regard, special attention is paid to studies aimed at optimizing the agrophysical, agrochemical and other properties of soils based on the soil-climatic conditions of the regions, developing agro-measures based on the soil-climatic conditions of each region, restoring, maintaining and increasing soil fertility. Effective use of land, water and other natural resources, providing the population with ecologically clean and high-quality products, maintaining and increasing soil fertility, and using high-performance modern resource-saving technologies in the care of agricultural crops are the main tasks in Uzbekistan today. In the article, the general physical properties of irrigated gray soils distributed in Piskent district of Tashkent region, the general physical properties of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium in the environment of humus, poultry manure, the positive effect of their use on the development of cotton crops and the amount of yield were determined.

Research of strength and features of deformations of rocks in uranium deposits

The subject of the research was physical and mechanical properties of rocks from uranium deposits in Ukraine. The purpose of the work was to study the strength characteristics and features of deformation of rocks of uranium deposits beyond their strength limit to ensure the stability of mine workings at great depths. Research methods were experimental with using stationary laboratory equipment and special recording equipment. The studies were carried out within and beyond the strength limits. The rock specimens were made of material taken from a uranium mine. The complex of the studies included determination of general physical properties of rocks (density, specific gravity, porosity, humidity and adhesion coefficient); basic strength parameters (compressive and tensile resistance depending on humidity and layering, angle of internal friction, elastic modulus, Poisson's ratio, modulus of decrease and residual strength) and deformation characteristics. Calculations of the scale strength factor were made. The results were analyzed. It is shown that the rocks of uranium deposits in Ukraine are considered strong and very strong, according to the Protodyakonov scale. However, structural and textural features lead to the occurrence of a scale effect of strength of rocks. The complex structure of uranium deposits, the steep angle of dip of the rocks, their lamination, as well as the significant size of the mine workings further reduce the strength of the massif. It is also shown that when calculating stability of mine workings and choosing parameters for their support, the strength of rocks in the massif should be reduced by half from the value obtained by standard laboratory tests. The characteristics of rock samples within and beyond their strength limit indicate that they have almost no plastic properties. The ratio of the modulus of decrease to the static elastic modulus for all studied types of rocks of uranium deposits is greater than one. This indicates the tendency of rocks to accumulate potential energy and cause brittle failure of the massif beyond its compressive strength. That is, at great depths, the main problems in mine workings associated with rock deformation processes will manifest themselves in the form of rock bumps, collapses or other dynamic phenomena. This does not exclude the possibility of deformation or destruction of rock support due to static loads. Keywords: uranium deposit, rock, laboratory research, extreme stress, physical properties, strength, elasticity, scale factor.

Amplitudes, Hopf algebras and the colour-kinematics duality

It was recently proposed that the kinematic algebra featuring in the colour-kinematics duality for scattering amplitudes in heavy-mass effective field theory (HEFT) and Yang-Mills theory is a quasi-shuffle Hopf algebra. The associated fusion product determines the structure of the Bern-Carrasco-Johansson (BCJ) numerators, which are manifestly gauge invariant and with poles corresponding to heavy-particle exchange. In this work we explore the deep connections between the quasi-shuffle algebra and general physical properties of the scattering amplitudes. First, after proving the double-copy form for gravitational HEFT amplitudes, we show that the coproducts of the kinematic algebra are in correspondence with factorisations of BCJ numerators on massive poles. We then study an extension of the standard quasi-shuffle Hopf algebra to a non-abelian version describing BCJ numerators with all possible gluon orderings. This is achieved by tensoring the original algebra with a particular Hopf algebra of orderings. In this extended version, a specific choice of the coproduct in the algebra of orderings leads to an antipode in the resulting Hopf algebra that has the interpretation of reversing the gluons’ order within each BCJ numerator.

Analysis of hyperbolically symmetric fluid configurations in modified Gauss–Bonnet gravity

This paper studies in detail the general physical properties inherent to the static fluid configurations possessing hyperbolic symmetry through the mechanism of modified Gauss–Bonnet gravity (GBG). The energy density of the anisotropic fluid configuration seems to be essentially negative, which indicates that any possible application of these fluid distributions needs severe physical constraints wherein quantum processes become significant. Several exact hyperbolically symmetric solutions with their corresponding generating functions are presented by imposing certain conditions (i.e., conformal flatness, vanishing complexity factor and stiff equation of state) on the fluid variables in the presence of higher-curvature GBG-corrections. Few of the provided stellar solutions exhibit the evolution of hyperbolically symmetric matter configurations whose center of symmetry is surrounded by a vacuum cavity.

OVER-COMPACTION CHERNOZEMS OF THE PRYDNISTERSKA UPLAND UNDER CONDITIONS OF AGROTECHNICAL IMPACT

The article presents the results of the study of an agrotechnical influence on the general physical properties of arable chernozems of the Prydnisterska upland. The obtained results are aimed not only at the elucidation of the problem of over-compaction but also at the determination of the features of the agrogenic transformation of physical properties on the plains and slopes of arable chernozems of the study area. The data from analytical studies and the use of GIS technologies allowed to characterize the heterogeneity of the resistance of arable chernozems to the agrotechnical impact impact, to localize abnormally compacted slope areas and to visualize spatial differences in the manifestation of over-compaction of arable chernozems.
 In today's conditions, the mechanical cultivation of chernozems, as a factor in regulating agrophysical properties, is an integral part of technological operations in the agricultural system. However, the irrational intensification of agriculture has led to a deterioration of agrophysical properties, which directly affected crop yields, the efficiency of assimilation of mineral and organic fertilizers, and the growth of additional flow costs. The main problems that decelerate the restoration of the ecological resistance of arable chernozems to an external mechanical impact are a non-compliance with the norms of the agronomic load and a misconception about the homogeneity of the physical properties of arable land on the plains and slopes of the terrain. In particular, the results obtained in the process of the study of the physical properties of arable chernozems of the plains and slopes of the Prydnisterska upland indicate clear spatial differences that are manifested in the horizontal and vertical directions. Compared with the plains, the density of arable chernozems on the slopes increases with the increasing steepness of the terrain. Thus, in the upper parts of the gentle slopes, the density of the structure (in the layer of 0 – 20 cm) within the slopes with a steepness of ≥ 7 ° increases by 12-16%. To some extent, this can be explained by the decrease in the capacity of the humus-accumulative horizon and the involvement in plowing of the lower transitional soil horizons with the relatively low porosity.
 The analysis of the profile distribution of structural density indicators showed a certain variability of compaction, which is manifested with depth. Naturally, the smallest values of the density of the structure are recorded within the arable horizon, which is constantly exposed to agronomic influence. However, starting from the depth of 20 cm there is a sharp compaction of the soil layer. For example, in the plain watersheds the over-compacted stratum with the index ≥1.4 g / cm3 reaches the depth of 40-50 cm, and within the slopes it reaches the mark of 60 – 65 cm. The density of the chernozem structure beneath a subsoil horizon significantly decreases, especially in the presence of carbonates and areas with an active zooturbation (areas with moles, numerous ant passages and wormholes).
 The increase in the spatial heterogeneity of the physical properties of arable chernozems may be caused by the formation of abnormally compacted linear areas due to the passages of machine-tractor units. In particular, within a track formed after a single pass of a combine, the density of the structure increases by 4 – 5%, and in areas of the repeated passage of the agricultural machinery it grows to 9 – 13%.
 Based on the standards adopted in Ukraine, the chernozems of the experimental plots have undergone varying degrees of degradation due to the compaction that is identified by indicators of the porosity. Within the gentle sloping and sloping areas (soil profiles Rd–3 –4 and Sv–3 –4) a significant deterioration of the physical properties of arable chernozems of the study area is recorded. In particular, the porosity of arable and subsoil horizons indicates a predominant degree of a severe degradation. The average degree of degradation is fixed on the flat parts of the relief of the research areas, which have a significant potential in the restoration of the ecological stability of agricultural soils under a moderate agronomic load. 
 Key words: over-compaction, chernozem, plains and slopes of areas, Prydnisterska upland.

Optimized formulation of asphalt compound containing bio-oil and shredded rubber

Under the influence of complex environments and increasing traffic loads, asphalt pavements expose early failure due to the dependence of asphalt on temperature and loading-rate. This problem has been investigated to some extent by preparing modified asphalts. In order to obtain high-performance and sustainable asphalt materials, this study focused on using biomass oil (BO) such as castor oil, and solid waste materials such as crumb rubber (CR) to replace a part of the base asphalt. Based on the general physical properties of the modified asphalt, the order of adding the two modifiers was determined. To obtain the modification process with the best compatibility between BO and asphalt, the storage stability test, atomic force microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry were used as evaluation indexes. Similarly, orthogonal experiments were designed to obtain the best preparation process of BO/CR modified asphalt based on the evaluation indexes such as softening point, ductility and elastic recovery tests. Results showed that the softening point and elastic recovery of BO/CR modified asphalt prepared by adding BO first and then adding CR increases by 3.8 °C and 10.5%, respectively. The BO modified asphalt showed good compatibility of each component in terms of macroscopic properties, microscopic morphology, and thermodynamics at a preparation temperature of 140 °C, shearing time of 30 min, and shearing rate of 5000 rpm. The optimal preparation process of BO/CR asphalt composite with excellent performance was determined by multi-index orthogonal test, and that is, the swelling time was 90 min, the shearing time was 60 min, and the breeding time was 60 min. This study elucidated the effect of modifier addition order on the physical properties of modified asphalt. The influence of the preparation process on the compatibility of BO/CR with asphalt was revealed from multiple perspectives. A high-substitution and high-performance modified asphalt preparation process was obtained, which laid the foundation for the sustainable development of asphalt.

РІДКІСНОЗЕМЕЛЬНІ МЕТАЛИ ЯК КРИТИЧНА СИРОВИНА. КОРОТКИЙ ОГЛЯД

Rare earth metals REE is vital to modern technology and society and are among the most critical elements. The general physical properties of REE, the history of their discovery, the main natural resources and general applications are highlighted. The criteria by which REE belong to critical raw materials (deficit risk factor, economic importance) are considered. Europe, erbium and dysprosium have the highest vulnerability to supply constraints at the global level. The world's largest producer of REE by a wide margin from competitors is China (in 2021, about 168000 metric tons of rare earth oxides were mined). Ukraine has significant resources of rare earth metals, although it does not produce them. Here are known deposits of both traditional types associated with carbonates (Novo-Poltava) and Mariupolites (Oktyabrske) and non-traditional: rich zirconium and rare earth-zirconium ores of non-core siesites (Azov and Yastrebetske). Ores of most deposits of Ukraine belong to the poor, which are difficult to attract into operation. The structure of REE use has changed significantly over the past 20 years. If in the 90s of the twentieth century about one-third of resources were used for polishing glass and making ceramics, today this segment is occupied by permanent magnets of various applications. Rare earth magnets have become virtually indispensable in a wide range of strategic industries such as aerospace, automotive, electronic, medical and military industries. REE is actively used for high-efficiency engines of hybrid-electric vehicles and in wind power. Attention is focused on REE recycling technologies. Onlyabout 1% of RSM is processed from final products, and the rest is taken out of waste and removed from the material cycle. The main ways of recovery are hydrometallurgical and pyrometalurgical methods, as well as phytoextraction. Recycling rare earth elements from e-waste can significantly contribute to sustainability and environmental protection.

Quantum phase diagram for two-species hardcore bosons in one-dimensional optical lattices with resonantly driven Rabi frequency

We propose an experimental realization of the time-periodically modulated Rabi frequency and suggest density-dependent hoppings of two species hardcore bosons in a one-dimensional optical lattice. Distinct from the previous work [Phys. Rev. Research {\bf 2}, 013275 (2020)], we study effects in the first resonance region. In the effective Hamiltonian, the intra-species hopping occurs only if the density discrepancy of the other species on these sites is zero, while the inter-species one is allowed once the relevant density discrepancy becomes nonzero. At integer-$1$ filling, the quantum phase diagram of the effective Hamiltonian is determined by the perturbation analysis together with numerical calculations. We find that in the limit of dominant $J_{1}$, the system becomes a double-degenerate dimerized state, with spontaneously breaking the translation symmetry. The interplay of $J_{0}$, $J_{1}$ and the fixed ${\bar U}=1$ leads to three BKT transition lines and a tricritical BKT point. Exact transition lines are obtained by the level spectroscopic technique. Besides, general physical properties, including the charge gap, neutral gap, superfluid density and dimerization strength, are investigated as well.