General Packet Radio Service Research Articles

A Future Mobile Packet Core Network Based on Ip-In-Ip Protocol

The current Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 4th generation (4G) mobile network architecture features complicated control plane protocols and requires expensive equipment. Data delivery in the mobile packet core is performed based on a centralized mobility anchor between eNode B (eNB) elements and the network gateways. The mobility anchor is performed based on General Packet Radio Service tunnelling protocol (GTP), which has numerous drawbacks, including high tunnelling overhead and suboptimal routing between mobile devices on the same network. To address these challenges, here we describe new mobile core architecture for future mobile networks. The proposed scheme is based on IP encapsulated within IP (IP-in-IP) for mobility management and data delivery. In this scheme, the core network functions via layer 3 switching (L3S), and data delivery is implemented based on IP-in-IP routing, thus eliminating the GTP tunnelling protocol. For handover between eNB elements located near to one another, we propose the creation of a tunnel that maintains data delivery to mobile devices until the new eNB element updates the route with the gateway, which prevents data packet loss during handover. For this, we propose Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) tunnelling protocol. We describe the results of numerical analyses and simulation results showing that the proposed network core architecture provides superior performance compared with the current 4G architecture in terms of handover delay, tunnelling overhead and total transmission delay.

A comparative study of disaster management information systems

PurposeDisaster management information systems (DMISs) have been proposed in different parts of the world for effective response to a disaster. The purpose of this paper is to: compare design approaches of these DMISs; examine similarities in the design of databases and communication infrastructure; and draw conclusions. Based on the examination of the studies, future opportunities have been identified and discussed.Design/methodology/approachThe studies in the available literature on the designs of automated DMISs have been reviewed in the presented paper to identify similarities in design premise, conceptual design and design considerations.FindingsThe examination of the available studies indicates that the research on DMIS has increased significantly in different countries of the world since 2004. Data of baseline information and available resources are required by most of the presented studies, as these data are necessary for effective response to a disaster. The communication infrastructures suggested include local area network, wide area network and satellite communication for better coordination between the responders and different relief agencies at different locations. The connectivity to these networks is possible through Ethernet, Wi-Fi, general packet radio service or satellite.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the research on DMIS has increased significantly over the last one decade, the studies are still few in numbers. Similarly, only few of the proposed systems have been developed and tested during a real disaster.Practical implicationsThe presented review of available studies provides a holistic view of the proposed DMISs which could be useful to the disaster management authorities.Originality/valueThe paper provides valuable information on the differences in the proposed DMISs. This can help in identifying the gaps for future improvements for increased effectiveness of a DMIS. The future opportunities have also been identified in the presented paper and are discussed.

Improving Intelligence and Efficiency of Salt Lake Production by Applying a Decision Support System Based on IOT for Brine Pump Management

At present, due to their geographical distribution, environmental conditions and traditional monitoring technologies, the manual inspection of brine pumps in Qinghai Saline Lake can not be effectively carried out in real time, so the pumps have a high failure rate. This has seriously affected the chemical production of this saline lake. The paper designed a remote real-time monitoring terminal and a decision support system based on LoRa technology, GPRS (General Packet Radio Services) remote communication technology and remote-control technology. The system integrated the liquid-level sensing model and the decision support model for brine pump management. The system monitored and analyzed the voltage, current, and liquid-level parameters in real time to determine the operating status or failure of the brine pump. The ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) method was used to establish the correlation models between the dynamic monitoring information and the brine pump failure, which is the core of the decision support model. The remote controller was implemented to display and control the running status of the brine pumps when the maintenance personnel received the warning information. PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) language and a MySQL database were implemented to realize the data display, management and decision support system.

Wireless Sensor Network Design for Earthquake’s and Landslide’s Early Warnings

<p>Indonesia including the earthquake-prone areas because Indonesia is situated between three tectonic plates and in the Maluku island it self has a fault line 10 zones, the impact of frequent tectonic earthquake on the island of Maluku resulted in a domino effect, such as the frequent occurrence of soil landslides at several points in the city of Ambon, and due to faults that occur lead ease rising sea levels to population centers so Ambon was becoming flooded. This research aims to design and analyzing measurements of earthquake monitoring system indication and landslides integrated via Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) by implementing a star topology, technology, ZigBee, WiFi technology Shield and GPRS (General Packet Radio Service). Researchers technology utilizes Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) to acquire and distribute widely the data to be monitored and controlled centrally.By detecting suspicious indicators such as tremor or landslides through nodes or end devices, the system provides information to the number of monitors and warnings. The system can also be accessed in real-time via the website by accessing the IP address of the Wireless-LAN devices Wi-Fi Arduino Shield.</p>

Fault Diagnosis Method for a Mine Hoist in the Internet of Things Environment.

To reduce the difficulty of acquiring and transmitting data in mining hoist fault diagnosis systems and to mitigate the low efficiency and unreasonable reasoning process problems, a fault diagnosis method for mine hoisting equipment based on the Internet of Things (IoT) is proposed in this study. The IoT requires three basic architectural layers: a perception layer, network layer, and application layer. In the perception layer, we designed a collaborative acquisition system based on the ZigBee short distance wireless communication technology for key components of the mine hoisting equipment. Real-time data acquisition was achieved, and a network layer was created by using long-distance wireless General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) transmission. The transmission and reception platforms for remote data transmission were able to transmit data in real time. A fault diagnosis reasoning method is proposed based on the improved Dezert-Smarandache Theory (DSmT) evidence theory, and fault diagnosis reasoning is performed. Based on interactive technology, a humanized and visualized fault diagnosis platform is created in the application layer. The method is then verified. A fault diagnosis test of the mine hoisting mechanism shows that the proposed diagnosis method obtains complete diagnostic data, and the diagnosis results have high accuracy and reliability.

Monitoring Fuel Oil Based Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Client

Motorcycles are a means of transportation which plays an important role in people's lives. One of the existing problems on the motorcycle is the indicator system or often called by speedometer, an indicator system showing the value of the volume of fuel oil. In fact, the sensor unit used by the indicator is not a volume sensor but the surface of the fuel sensor in the form of mechanical potentiometers. This equipment irregularly measures oil tank so that the mathematical approach to formulate the relationship between surface height and gasoline volume will be difficult. Therefore, to interpret the data manipulation done by comparison method is the method of comparison experiment and calculation. This method is applied in this research due its more superior accuracy and efficiency. This research designs hardware for monitoring fuel oil based on Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) using AT mega 328 as main controller and LCD to display driver’s identity sent by General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). The sensor used is a buoy sensor, measuring the fuel volume between 0.20 liters to 9.55 liters. It is known that the comparative method has an average rate of 16.1%, in measuring the fuel volume between 0.20 liters to 3.68 liters. It is known that the comparative method has an average rate of 17.9%. On measuring the fuel volume between 0.20 liters to 3.43 liters, the comparative method having an average rate of 7.2% is employed. Based on the test results, the best comparison method in comparison with the interpolation method with the average rate of smallest 7.2% is determined.

A Wireless Sensor Network Framework for Real-Time Monitoring of Height and Volume Variations on Sandy Beaches and Dunes

In this paper, the authors describe the realization and testing of a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) framework aiming at measuring, remotely and in real time, the level variations of the sand layer of sandy beaches or dunes. The proposed framework is based on an innovative low cost sensing structure, able to measure the level variations with a 5-cm degree of precision and to locally transfer the acquired data through the ZigBee protocol. The described sensor is integrated in a wider ZigBee wireless sensor network architecture composed of an array of sensors that, arranged according to a grid layout, can acquire the same data at different points, allowing the definition of a dynamic map of the area under study. The WSN is connected to a local Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) gateway that is in charge of data processing and transmission to a cloud infrastructure through a General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) connection. Data are then stored in a MySQL database and made available any time and anywhere through the Internet. The proposed architecture has been tested in a laboratory, to analyze data acquisition, processing timing and power consumption and then in situ to prove the effectiveness of the system. The described infrastructure is expected to be integrated in a wider IoT architecture including different typologies of sensors, in order to create a multi-purpose tool for the study of coastal erosive processes.

Design of water quality monitoring system based on WSN and ZigBee

In the thesis, based on actual demand, a set of water quality monitoring system on the basis of wireless sensor network, ZigBee technology and general packet radio services (GPRS) technology is designed to realise a large scale of real-time water quality monitoring. Wireless sensor network is applied to city macrozone water quality monitoring system, in the meantime, wireless transmission technologies such as ZigBee and GPRS are combined to realise collection and transmission of water quality data, and technologies such as sleep mode management, automatic alarm of exceeding water area, self-adaptively high-speed collection, preferred transmission and network cluster node topology control optimisation are adopted to improve energy utilisation efficiency of the system, which reduces the cost of system maintenance and use and meets with actual application demands. System networking and deployment are convenient comparatively with great expandability and application prospects.

Method and System of Plowing Depth Online Sensing for Reversible Plough

The reversible plough is a quite useful farm machinery for deep tillage, which is directly mounted to the tractor. It works on both the left and right side with bilateral turnover mechanism and automatically reverses the position. According to its structure characteristic, based on deviation correction method, a depth online sensing model was proposed firstly by integrated attitude data from tractor and reversible plough. In this model, plowing depth was obtained by calculate the pitch attitude of the lower link which suspended at the back part of a tractor and reversible plough. Then, on the basis of this model, developed ARM embedded microprocessor based plowing depth detection sensors and deep plough online sensing system. This system which integrated the Global Positioning System(GPS), the General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) and SD Card, was designed for real-time collecting the operation information from tractor and reversible plough, such as deep plough, position, velocity and heading. In the meanwhile, all the collected information stored in terminal device of this system and simultaneously transmitted to remote data center for further fusion data processing and comprehensive evaluation of operation quality. This calibration tests result conformed that the system calibration absolute error was -3.61mm, which indicated the system had high accuracy in static condition. The field experiments result showed that maximum absolute error was 15.76mm, the maximum relative error was 8.46%, RMSE was less than 12.07mm, and the maximum coefficient of variation was 0.06. Result showed that this developed plowing depth online sensing system has a high measuring accuracy and reliable performance. It is worthwhile to spread its application.

In-situ Monitoring of Electrolytic Corrosion on the Caps of HVDC Insulators

The evaluation of the electrolytic corrosion on the hardware of insulators is necessary for long-term operation and maintenance of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) overhead lines. In this paper, the design and development of an online monitoring system are introduced for the measurement of corrosion current and the charge in porcelain and glass disc suspension insulators. A wide range current sensor of a $\mu \text{A}$ -mA level was developed to sample the surface corrosion current. The data acquisition module connected to microampere current sensors, ambient temperature, and relative humidity sensors transmitted filed information to a remote Internet server via general packet radio service. Laboratory tests were carried out to verify the system performance, including the accuracy of current measurement, the stability of power supply, the reliability of communication, and electromagnetic compatibility. It was found that there was good agreement between the monitoring results and the dissection results. Six devices were installed on transmission towers of three ±800-kV HVDC projects in different regions, and all of them have been operating for more than two years from 2015 to 2017. Data stored in the server were exported for further analysis in this paper. Summary statistics on different time scales showed the relationship between corrosion and regions. Based on the records of the most seriously corroded caps, relative humidity and rainfall were found to be two major factors affecting the corrosion rate.

An Elderly Care System Based on Multiple Information Fusion.

With the development of social economy in the 21st century, and the rising of medical level, the aging of population have become a global trend. However lots of elderly people are in “empty nest” state. In order to solve the problem of high risk of daily life in this group, this paper proposed a method to integrate the information of video images, sound, infrared, pulse, and other information into the elderly care system. The whole system consists of four major components, that is, the main control board, the information acquisition boards, the server, and the client. The control board receives, processes and analyzes the data collected by the information acquisition boards, and uploads necessary information to the server, which are to be saved to the database. When something unexpected occurs to the elderly, the system will notify the relatives through the GPRS (general packet radio service) module. The system also provides an interface for the relatives to inquire the living status of the elderly through an app. The system can monitor the living status for the elderly with the characteristics of quick response, high accuracy, and low cost and can be widely applied to the elderly care at home.

A dynamic ocean wave simulator based on six-degrees of freedom parallel platform

The development of marine equipment is an international trend. It is also a strategic choice for coastal countries, as the basis to construct a strong marine power. For this purpose, the Chinese government has strengthened the support for marine equipment research and development in recent years. For most researchers, however, they cannot test their marine equipment at an actual ocean site due to limited fund as well as because the devices are not easy to move. Hence, devices for simulating ocean waves are emerging on this basis. But these existing devices are not able to completely recreate the motion of an ocean wave. For this reason, this paper introduces a dynamic ocean wave simulator that is based on six-degrees of freedom parallel platform. The simulator consists of two components: a boat model placed on the sea and a six-degrees of freedom platform kept in a room. The boat is used to collect data of the ocean wave motion, and the data are simultaneously transferred, via a general packet radio service wireless network to a controller equipped on the platform. The controller will make calculation of the data and then control the platform to perform motions accordingly, whereby the ocean wave motion can be recreated. After being designed, the simulator is tested in the lab. The results show that the simulator can simulate simple ocean waves and satisfies the requirements of ordinary marine projects.

Monitoring lidia cattle with GPS-GPRS technology; a study on grazing behaviour and spatial distribution

Veterinaria México OA ISSN: 2448-6760Cite this as:Lomillos Pérez JM, Alonso de la Varga ME, García JJ, Gaudioso Lacasa VR. Monitoring lidia cattle with GPS-GPRS technology; a study on grazing behaviour and spatial distribution. Veterinaria México OA. 2017;4(4). doi:10.21753/vmoa.4.4.405.The behavior of grazing cattle has not been studied as much as farmed animals. In certain breeds, reared in extensive systems, human presence can cause an interruption or modification in their ethological patterns moving away from the person watching them. The use of technologies like a Global Position System and a General Packet Radio Service (GPS-GPRS) allows monitoring bovine animals exploited in extensive systems, providing information in real time about distances traveled, home range grazing areas, frequented territories, behavior patterns, etc. In the present work, GPS-GPRS collars were used to monitor 21 cows of to the lidia cattle breed, with different ages, and from three different herds in the Salamanca province (Spain). The study lasted 8 months, the animals being distributed in enclosures of different dimensions and orographic characteristics, geographic position data being collected every 15 minutes. The proper functioning of the GPS-GPRS devices was proven and home range grazing area for each animal has been calculated, with an average of 56 hectares. A graph of animals’ circadian rhythm with the distances traveled for hours has been developed. A trend was observed to start daily activity hours before dawn, diminishing its activity with the evening and overnight, with a night’s rest phase of about 7 hours. We also report daily distance traveled (3.15 km on average), finding differences depending on age, available space allowance/animal, daylight and theseason. Our results could be of relevance for a better pasture management using enclosures of size that increase the use of all the surface available.Figure 3. Image of fencing No. 5 positions of the 3 animals monitored. Red, Yellow, Blue.

Monitoring traffic congestion in urban areas through probe vehicles: A case study analysis

We present a probe vehicles approach to evaluate traffic congestion in urban areas. The method is illustrated by a real case study in Bari, Italy. Global Positioning System (GPS) data generated by buses are transmitted via General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) to a control station, where they are used to analyze traffic conditions. Traffic indices are evaluated to provide an exhaustive view of roads congestion and implement suitable control strategies. Thus, traffic administrators can efficiently manage sustainable mobility in cities and people can acquire awareness on traffic and public transport performance.

Perspectives Relative to Mobile-Banking Adoption in the United Arab Emirates

Mobile-banking (m-banking) services, which are primarily engaged over Short Messaging Service (SMS) or tunneling General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) (or in some cases through Unstructured Supplementary Service Data (USSD), have enabled provisions of several financial services including intra- and interbank funds transfers and other merchant services. M-banking services reduce temporal and spatial constraints through internet-enabled mobile devices such as smart-phones. In the United Arab Emirates (UAE), the adoption of m-banking is still in its infancy and the statistics are low compared to Europe and North America. Although smartphones are the most dominant form of communications in the UAE, m-banking penetration has been relatively low. Using three constructs to develop a web-based survey instrument, a structured equation modeling (SEM) technique was implemented to assess the correlation between the extended Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) constructs with m-banking adoption. The results indicated that perceived ease, trust, credibility, and usefulness were significant predictors of m-banking adoption in the UAE. The revealing component of users in each of the Emirates representing the UAE was outside the focus of this study while focus on UAE consumers irrespective of their residents in the country. The findings of this study will provide financial institutions the critical information to help expand m-banking services especially in the UAE. In addition, this study may contribute to social changes in ameliorating the lack of effective customer service.

Impact of SMS/GPRS Printers in Reducing Time to Early Infant Diagnosis Compared With Routine Result Reporting: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Background:Despite significant gains made toward improving access, early infant diagnosis (EID) testing programs suffer from long test turnaround times that result in substantial loss to follow-up and mortality associated with delays in antiretroviral therapy initiation. These delays in treatment initiation are particularly impactful because of significant HIV-related infant mortality observed by 2–3 months of age. Short message service (SMS) and general packet radio service (GPRS) printers allow test results to be transmitted immediately to health care facilities on completion of testing in the laboratory.Methods:We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the benefit of using SMS/GPRS printers to increase the efficiency of EID test result delivery compared with traditional courier paper–based results delivery methods.Results:We identified 11 studies contributing data for over 16,000 patients from East and Southern Africa. The test turnaround time from specimen collection to result received at the health care facility with courier paper–based methods was 68.0 days (n = 6835), whereas the test turnaround time with SMS/GPRS printers was 51.1 days (n = 6711), resulting in a 2.5-week (25%) reduction in the turnaround time.Conclusions:Courier paper–based EID test result delivery methods are estimated to add 2.5 weeks to EID test turnaround times in low resource settings and increase the risk that infants receive test results during or after the early peak of infant mortality. SMS/GPRS result delivery to health care facility printers significantly reduced test turnaround time and may reduce this risk. SMS/GPRS printers should be considered for expedited delivery of EID and other centralized laboratory test results.

An Internet of Energy Things Based on Wireless LPWAN

Abstract Under intense environmental pressure, the global energy sector is promoting the integration of renewable energy into interconnected energy systems. The demand-side management (DSM) of energy systems has drawn considerable industrial and academic attention in attempts to form new flexibilities to respond to variations in renewable energy inputs to the system. However, many DSM concepts are still in the experimental demonstration phase. One of the obstacles to DSM usage is that the current information infrastructure was mainly designed for centralized systems, and does not meet DSM requirements. To overcome this barrier, this paper proposes a novel information infrastructure named the Internet of Energy Things (IoET) in order to make DSM practicable by basing it on the latest wireless communication technology: the low-power wide-area network (LPWAN). The primary advantage of LPWAN over general packet radio service (GPRS) and area Internet of Things (IoT) is its wide-area coverage, which comes with minimum power consumption and maintenance costs. Against this background, this paper briefly reviews the representative LPWAN technologies of narrow-band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and Long Range (LoRa) technology, and compares them with GPRS and area IoT technology. Next, a wireless-to-cloud architecture is proposed for the IoET, based on the main technical features of LPWAN. Finally, this paper looks forward to the potential of IoET in various DSM application scenarios.

Development of ICT for Leaching Monitoring in Taiwan Agricultural LTER Stations

In order to study the groundwater subsidy from different cropping systems, leaching monitoring in Taiwan started in 2008 and implemented agricultural long-term ecological research (LTER) stations. Initially, leaching data was received by lysimeters, and then collected manually by laborers in the field twice per month. The cost of data collection and transmission is high, real-time monitoring is not possible, and maintenance of instruments is inefficient. In this study, the goal is to develop a data transmission path. ICT (Information and Communication Technology) with different data transmission schemes was applied to improve the efficiency and immediacy of data transfer from the field to the databases in labs. Between 2010 and 2017, four versions of ICT have been developed and applied in LTER stations. WiFi, 2.5G (General Packet Radio Service, GPRS), 3G/4G network transmission, and Arduino cores are applied in different ICT versions. The first version of data transmission used data loggers, developed by the original factory, with a lower cost of renovation of instruments. However, complicated transmission paths, diverse instruments, poor weather resistance, and lack of wireless functionality are the limitations of the first version. Those limitations had been overcome by the second and third versions by using 2.5G (GPRS) and 3G/4G network transmission, respectively. Nevertheless, these versions are limited to the processes of data compression and encryption transmission which were developed by the system vendors. In addition, data can only be collected through the webpage provided by the vendors, instead of being received directly from the database using SQL (Structured Query Language). This is inappropriate for advanced data treatment, organization, and analysis. Finally, the fourth version of data transmission has been developed using Arduino. This system allows redesigning of the data loggers and transmission instrument with more feasibility and flexibility. Radio Frequency (Radio frequency, RF) has been imported into the transmission path to receive data from diverse instruments with fewer data loggers. In conclusion, ICT technological advancement with its advantages of reasonable cost and high flexibility and feasibility, Arduino and other open source operation systems can be used to develop the data loggers and related instruments to meet the needs of users. Therefore, ICT is the most appropriate strategy to develop the long-term monitoring system in the field and to apply to other environment monitoring systems.

Experimental evaluation of fog computing techniques to reduce latency in LTE networks

AbstractThe changes in new mobile networks toward a full Internet protocol–based architecture have led to opportunities for service‐oriented optimizations based on emergent technologies like fog computing, software‐defined networking, or network function virtualization. This paper explores 2 ways of using these new technologies to reduce the latency in Long‐Term Evolution (LTE) networks. Both solutions reduce the path that the data packets should follow from the base station (evolved Node B [eNB]) to the network components that connect to the servers. The first solution, called Fog Gateway, is based on the interception of the packets in the tunnel at the eNB and their redirection to local servers running the fog services. This solution is fully compliant with the current LTE architecture and only requires new components. The second solution, called General Packet Radio Service Tunneling Protocol Gateway (GTP), is based on splitting the eNB's functionality to avoid unnecessary GTP encapsulation of the packets geared toward the fog services. This paper includes an analysis of the latency split in LTE networks, the evaluation of both solutions with experiments in an end‐to‐end LTE network testbed, and a discussion around their applicability in future fifth‐generation networks. The results confirm that they are feasible to provide low‐latency services and that they are compatible with some of the emergent paradigms (software‐defined networking and network function virtualization) as well as with the studies on fifth‐generation networks from the standardization bodies.

INTERNET OF VEHICLES-BASED REAL-TIME VEHICLE TRACKING

The leading-edge vehicle tracking and scanning system based on embedded board is intended and executed to observe any vehicle from different locations. Every year, many numbers of vehicles are stolen. To prohibit thievery, a phenomenal type of negator is preowned, like padlock, disk break lock and more which is a defensive motion, but it is not safe for all designs. The main impartial is to initiate a control entity that shows the locale spot of a vehicle proving by global position system (GPS) to find the position. Here, global system for mobile (GSM) is accepting for communicating with the vehicle that easily finding a steal. The entity is built for trying out the mastery of the locale spot that transmits to the user when the motion is in exciting direction and stable in the city and some other areas. This whole entity is built by bringing together a Raspberry Pi with GPS, general packetradio service (GPRS), and GSM. The preferred entity makes better use of unique automation that based on the Raspberry Pi. This entity works on the GPS and GSM SIM 900A modules which consists all the three things for communication. GPS and GPRS circulate the chasing information to the server to transmit the message to the mobile number which is saved in this sector for communicating through GSM. This preferred entity also acquires the traveler’s protection by testing liquefied petroleum gas effused gas sensor MQ135 and temperature DS18B20 sensor.