General Assembly Research Articles (Page 1)

Adults with neurodevelopmental disorders (ANDDs), including intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorder, are largely underserved by dedicated specialty centers in the United States. Many ANDDs also have seizures and sensorimotor deficits. To fill the gaps in care for ANDDs, we developed the Clinical Center for Adults with Neurodevelopmental Disorders (CCAND) to provide a multidisciplinary care program. Funding for CCAND staff salaries was solicited from and allocated by the Maryland General Assembly and Governor after our fair market salary analysis determined that physician professional fees would not be adequate to pay staff salaries. We retrospectively (2019-2024) present our clinical cohort at CCAND to demonstrate one strategy to improve quality of care for ANDDs and to illustrate a fiscal model and blueprint for similar centers around the United States. CCAND operates within an academic medical center. ANDDs aged 18 and older were referred to CCAND from regional pediatric providers through care transition, from area neurologists or psychiatrists, or by self-referral. CCAND staff includes a neurologist/epileptologist and psychiatrist, 2 advanced practice providers (certified registered nurse practitioner), a social worker, a certified genetic counselor, and an administrative assistant. Over 5 years, 305 ANDDs were evaluated in CCAND with >90% follow-up rate. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, all care was delivered successfully through telemedicine. Patients were evaluated for behavioral health needs and medication management. Social work services provided counseling, connection with state-offered services, and assistance with transition to semi-independent living. A total of 131 individuals had a history of seizures requiring ongoing treatment. In total, 150 individuals had not previously undergone standard-of-care genetic ascertainment, and in 17 of 86 individuals who were genetically ascertained by chromosomal microarray or whole-exome sequencing, a new genetic diagnosis was made including copy number and single-nucleotide variants. Care for ANDDs requires a multidisciplinary team approach. Because provider professional billing does not fully cover the salaries needed for support staff, state or other sources of support are necessary. We submit that advocacy to state governments to support other CCANDs could greatly influence access to quality care for ANDDs in the United States.

While promising for photocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, the performance of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is curtailed by a central synthesis paradox: the mutually exclusive conditions required to simultaneously create its most effective dual active sites-nitrogen vacancies and cyano groups. Herein, this paradox is resolved with a molecular assembly-molten salt coupling strategy, a precise bottom-up approach enabling the one-step, synergistic creation of K-doped g-C3N4 with both defect types. This photocatalyst achieves an exceptional H2O2 production activity of 2.65 mmol·g-1·h-1, which is 6.2 and 3.0 times higher than that of pristine and physically-ground K-doped g-C3N4, respectively. Characterization and theoretical calculations reveal that molecular assembly promotes K+ interlayer embedding to facilitate charge migration, while the dual defects exhibit functional complementarity: nitrogen vacancies enhance O2 adsorption, and cyano groups facilitate proton coupling. In situ analysis also confirms an easier O2 activation effect and a lowered energy barrier for *OOH formation, ensuring high selectivity via a two-step, single-electron pathway. This study not only offers a route to rationally engineer dual-defect sites in carbon nitride but also provides a generalizable strategy for designing other advanced photocatalysts.

Constructing polyoxometalate-counterion systems capable of forming precise supramolecular nanostructures is critically important but highly challenging. Here ion-specific effects are exploited to orchestrate multiscale phase transitions in isopolyoxometalate-cation supramolecular assemblies, enabling on-demand transformation from macrophase separation to nanostructured hydrogels. Gelation proceeds through ion-pair-driven charge inversion of the clusters, facilitating 1D supramolecular polymerization mediated by salting-in anions through synergistic hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions. Crucially, these ion-engineered hydrogels exhibit anomalous proton conduction over a wide temperature range, enabling temperature sensors with ultra-wide operational range, high sensitivity, and great stability. Integration of these sensors enabled real-time thermal hazard mitigation in a prototype battery safety system. This work pioneers salting-in anions encapsulation in isopolyoxometalate-counterion systems to achieve inorganic soft superstructures, uncovering a previously unrecognized general Hofmeister-electrostatic assembly principle in cluster chemistry.

The optoelectronic properties of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) can be controlled by the design of their molecular building blocks and assembly. Here, a facile and efficient synthetic route is reported for the novel thiophene-enriched tetrathienonaphthalene (TTN)-based node 4,4',4″,4'″-(naphtho[1,2-b:4,3-b':5,6-b″:8,7-b″']tetrathiophene-2,5,8,11-tetrayl)tetraaniline (TTNTA) for constructing imine-linked COFs. Utilizing TTNTA, highly crystalline, thiophene-enriched donor-donor (D-D) and donor-acceptor (D-A) COFs, denoted as TT COF and BDT(BT)2 COF,are synthesized using two distinct aldehyde-functionalized linear linkers: [2,2'-bithiophene]-5,5'-dicarbaldehyde (TT) and 7,7'-(4,8-diethoxybenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4-carbaldehyde) (BDT(BT)2), respectively. Highly crystalline and oriented TTNTA COF films on various substrates via a solvothermal method enabled further comprehensive optical and electronic characterizations. Optical-pump terahertz-probe spectroscopy revealed effective charge-carrier mobility values φμ = 0.34 ± 0.04 and 0.18 ± 0.02 cm2V-1s-1 for TT and BDT(BT)2 COF films, respectively. These results reveal distinct charge-transport characteristics and provide mechanistic insights into their ultrafast charge-carrier dynamics. The COFs are demonstrated to be photoactive, showing promising potential as photocathodes without co-catalysts in photoelectrochemical water splitting, with notable photocurrent densities of 10 and 15.3µA cm-2 after 1h illumination, respectively. This work highlights the potential of TTNTA-based COFs in optoelectronic applications and provides insights into the design of thiophene-enriched COFs with high crystallinity and photoactive behavior.

Since 2022, the concept of unfriendly countries has emerged in the political discourse due to the publication of the corresponding list by the Russian government. Concurrently, the countries and regions included in this list possess a de facto distinct position in relation to Russia, exhibiting varied levels of engagement with Russia. Despite the longstanding conceptualization of states as either friendly or hostile in political science, dating back to the seminal works of Klingberg and Wolfers, contemporary discourse in the field continues to explore the development of novel methodologies for the identification of international coalitions. This article offers a novel interpretation of the scale of friendliness-hostility from the perspective of political geography. It presents an algorithm developed by the author to assess the degree of friendliness or hostility among geopolitical subjects. This algorithm is based on a set of data, including diplomatic status, level of integration, military exercises, sanctions regimes, visa policy, coherence of votes in the United Nation General Assembly, and image in the media. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted, encompassing a 5-year period from 1990 to 2024, to ascertain the political disposition of the surrounding subjects toward Russia. The study’s findings indicate that the emergence of the two “flanks of unfriendliness” from the west and east of Russia occurred in a gradual fashion throughout the post-Soviet period. Concurrently, there was a parallel strengthening of the consolidation of the intra-Eurasian space. However, this consolidation does not occur with a sufficient degree of symmetry and tension. The consolidation of the intra-Eurasian space is illustrated cartographically. The focus of this study is Siberia, which, due to the aforementioned changes, is now considered the geographical heart of Greater Eurasia. The conclusion summarizes the results, emphasizing the dynamism of the geopolitical situation and the need for further study of interactions in the sphere of international relations in precise and quantitative categories and measurements. It also outlines further research using the presented algorithm for identifying the degree of international friendliness-hostility.

Biological clusters, encompassing proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids, represent functional assemblies that underpin cellular physiology and contribute to disease pathogenesis. Their detection and characterization remain technically challenging due to their multistep, heterogeneous, and often transient nature. Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) has become a powerful tool for quantifying particle numbers, diffusion states, and brightness changes, thereby providing direct insights into finite molecular assemblies. Applications include diverse oligomers and complexes of proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, underscoring both physiological and pathological relevance. Recent methodological extensions—including multi-color cross-correlation FCS, image- and super-resolution-based approaches, and brightness analyses—have expanded the capacity to resolve complex molecular interactions. Transient state (TRAST) monitoring provides additional sensitivity to photophysical state transitions of fluorophores and to their physicochemical environments. Looking ahead, integration with AI promises to lower technical barriers and accelerate broader adoption. This review highlights the conceptual framework, recent advances, and future opportunities of FCS in probing biological clusters and aggregates.

ConspectusPhotoelectrochemical (PEC) systems are among the most promising solar-to-electrochemical energy conversion and storage technologies and are uniquely positioned to address global energy demand and environmental sustainability. Mimicking the essential functions of natural photosynthesis, including light harvesting, catalytic water oxidation, CO2 reduction, and energy storage, requires materials that integrate efficient photon capture with rapid charge transport and robust catalytic activity. However, conventional photoelectrochemical materials are limited by the incomplete utilization of the solar spectrum and rapid charge recombination, leading to a narrowed redox potential window and compromised overall conversion efficiency. In this context, organic molecular PEC materials offer distinct advantages through their tunable, well-defined structures, enabling precise control over their electronic properties, redox behavior, and broad-spectrum light utilization. Integrating electron donor-acceptor (D-A) frameworks with redox-active or catalytic units into porous assemblies establishes spatially organized pathways for charge separation and catalytic transformation, although such a molecular-level design remains in its early stages. The central challenge lies in translating these structure-function insights into design principles that deliver multifunctional materials capable of controlled charge modulation, long-range electron transfer, and adaptive catalysis, thereby advancing the realization of complete artificial photosynthesis.In this Account, we begin with decoding PEC systems through the design principles of molecular materials, emphasizing how molecular-level modifications influence key performance metrics. The main concept of developing molecular materials through molecular engineering for artificial photosynthesis, centered on PEC energy conversion and storage, is presented in this Account. It focuses on the state-of-the-art construction of efficient D-A structures by tuning functional groups and incorporating single and dual metals, with charge dynamics regulated by thermodynamic and kinetic processes. Advances and challenges in molecular engineering are highlighted, emphasizing that designing efficient D-A architectures requires the appropriate selection of molecular functional groups, tailored structures, and optimized properties, which are crucial for regulating long-lived charge separation states and driving diverse redox reactions in PEC systems. We outline best practices for designing and assembling coupled D-A architectures, highlighting our research contributions and the broader progress in solar-to-electrochemical energy conversion and storage during the past decade. The discussion further explores coupled/decoupled strategies, which offer solutions to challenges associated with solar-driven CO2 splitting (for CO and O2 generation), N2 reduction (for NH3 synthesis), and organic molecular-level energy storage devices (solar batteries), and is extended to perspectives on sustainable development. Taken together, we anticipate that this Account will outline emerging strategies for integrating multifunctionality into PEC molecular assemblies, providing valuable design insights for adaptable materials that enhance solar-to-electrochemical energy conversion and storage efficiency.

Abstract Molecular assemblies based on porphyrins (Pors), specifically Por nanotapes (NTs) containing magnetic metal ions, offer a versatile platform to explore magnetic interactions arising from the electronic interplay between ‐conjugated ligands and transition metal d ‐orbitals. Using on‐surface synthesis under ultra‐high vacuum, we synthesized ‐extended PorNTs of different lengths incorporating magnetic metal ions such as Fe and Co on Au(111). We resolved their atomic structure using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and non‐contact atomic force microscopy (nc‐AFM). Differential conductance () measurements, interpreted by extensive density functional theory calculations and theoretical modeling, reveal two distinct magnetic behaviors for the Fe‐ and Co‐based systems. In FePorNTs, the magnetic interactions are dominated by strong Fe–ligand ferromagnetic coupling and weak antiferromagnetic Fe–Fe coupling. By contrast, CoPorNTs exhibit stronger Co–Co antiferromagnetic exchange and weaker Co–ligand coupling, with Kondo screening evident at the ligand sites. Our findings underscore the profound influence of metal centers, ligands, and substrate interactions on the magnetic and electronic properties of PorNTs, establishing these assemblies as interesting building blocks for low‐dimensional magnetism and future spintronic or quantum‐material applications.

Molecular assemblies based on porphyrins (Pors), specifically Por nanotapes (NTs) containing magnetic metal ions, offer a versatile platform to explore magnetic interactions arising from the electronic interplay between -conjugated ligands and transition metal d-orbitals. Using on-surface synthesis under ultra-high vacuum, we synthesized -extended PorNTs of different lengths incorporating magnetic metal ions such as Fe and Co on Au(111). We resolved their atomic structure using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and non-contact atomic force microscopy (nc-AFM). Differential conductance ( ) measurements, interpreted by extensive density functional theory calculations and theoretical modeling, reveal two distinct magnetic behaviors for the Fe- and Co-based systems. In FePorNTs, the magnetic interactions are dominated by strong Fe-ligand ferromagnetic coupling and weak antiferromagnetic Fe-Fe coupling. By contrast, CoPorNTs exhibit stronger Co-Co antiferromagnetic exchange and weaker Co-ligand coupling, with Kondo screening evident at the ligand sites. Our findings underscore the profound influence of metal centers, ligands, and substrate interactions on the magnetic and electronic properties of PorNTs, establishing these assemblies as interesting building blocks for low-dimensional magnetism and future spintronic or quantum-materialapplications.

Background: The Rohingya, a predominantly Muslim ethnic minority in Myanmar, form the world's largest stateless population. The roots of the current crisis lie in the 1982 Citizenship Law, which systematically stripped them of citizenship, rendering them stateless and subject to decades of state-sponsored persecution and discrimination. A brutal military crackdown in 2017, described by the UN as a "textbook example of ethnic cleansing," forced over 700,000 Rohingya to flee to Bangladesh, joining hundreds of thousands displaced in earlier waves of violence. Today, the crisis is protracted, with over 1.1 million Rohingya refugees living in camps in Bangladesh, and conditions inside Myanmar's Rakhine State described as the worst in decades. Objective: This paper aims to analyze the Rohingya refugee crisis through interconnected political and humanitarian lenses. It examines the humanitarian consequences—including mass displacement, human rights abuses, and dire conditions in refugee camps—alongside the political factors, such as the failure of the Responsibility to Protect (R2P) doctrine, geopolitical interests, and the pursuit of accountability through international justice mechanisms. Methods: The analysis employs a qualitative research approach, incorporating a comprehensive review of reports from international organizations (including the UN and human rights groups), policy documents, and statements from recent high-level diplomatic conferences, such as the UN General Assembly's High-Level Conference on the situation in September 2025. Findings: Deepening Humanitarian Crisis: Refugee camps in Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh, face severe overcrowding and resource strain. Humanitarian response remains "chronically underfunded," with the 2025 response plan only 12% funded, leading to cuts in food rations and essential services. Refugees lack access to formal education and legal livelihoods, fueling desperation and risks of radicalization. Ongoing Persecution and Conflict: Inside Myanmar, the situation for the remaining Rohingya population remains dire. They are caught between junta forces and ethnic armed groups like the Arakan Army, facing aerial attacks, arson, and movement restrictions. A planned election by the military junta is widely seen as a "sham" that will exacerbate violence rather than provide a path to stability. Political Stalemate and Accountability: Geopolitical interests, particularly the support of China and Russia for the Myanmar junta, have paralyzed the UN Security Council and prevented a robust international intervention under the R2P doctrine . However, accountability efforts are progressing through cases at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and the International Criminal Court (ICC), which is investigating atrocity crimes. Conclusion: The Rohingya crisis remains a severe and unresolved challenge that tests the international community's commitment to human rights and protection. A sustainable solution requires immediate, scaled-up humanitarian funding, renewed diplomatic pressure on Myanmar to grant citizenship and full rights to the Rohingya, and unwavering support for international justice mechanisms. Ultimately, safe, voluntary, and dignified repatriation is impossible without a fundamental political change in Myanmar. Implication: The protracted nature of the crisis highlights a critical failure of international governance and the limitations of existing frameworks like R2P when confronted with assertions of national sovereignty. The crisis threatens regional stability and sets a dangerous precedent for impunity for mass atrocities. A shift in policy is urgently needed, moving from short-term humanitarian relief to a long-term strategy that empowers Rohingya refugees and involves them directly in shaping their own future.

This study examines the persuasive language strategies employed by Tun Mahathir in his address at the 74th United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). Drawing on Speech Act Theory and Aristotle’s rhetorical modes, it investigates how political discourse functions as both action and persuasion. The research problem focuses on the ways politicians deploy speech acts and rhetorical appeals to shape global audiences. A qualitative design was used, with purposive sampling identifying the UNGA speech as the case study. Data were analysed thematically through a structured coding scheme supported by descriptive analysis. The findings show that assertive speech acts were most prevalent, reinforcing authority, while directive and expressive acts added emotional and ethical resonance. Furthermore, ethos, pathos, and logos were strategically interwoven to strengthen persuasive impact. The study concludes that persuasive political discourse emerges from a calculated interplay of speech acts and rhetorical appeals, with implications for political communication and cross-cultural studies.

Abstract The use of the veto by Security Council members has played a central role in the international community’s failure to prevent atrocity situations. As a result, proposals have been put forward to restrain the use of the veto and are commonly referred to as the ‘responsibility not to veto’ (RNTV). So far, existing research has focused on the history of the RNTV and the strengths and weaknesses of specific proposals. However, this article is interested in a different question: does the RNTV constitute an emerging norm that is progressively leading to behavioural change from veto users and other members of the international community? Drawing on norm research and an extensive discourse analysis of over 5,500 statements made during Security Council and General Assembly debates between 1990 and 2023, this article argues that it does. To do so, it clarifies what an emerging norm is, the impact it can have, and how to trace it. Through this analysis, this article not only contributes to our understanding of the RNTV and broader debates on the Security Council but also promotes a stronger understanding of ongoing change in international relations by emphasising the impact emerging norms can have and ways to trace them.

Introduction: Countries' non-compliance with UN resolutions regarding the prohibition of testing and use of nuclear weapons is due to the position of the resolution which is still classified as Soft Law due to the presence of elements that violate it and are less binding. The use of nuclear weapons can also threaten human life, thereby giving rise to international state responsibility as regulated in the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Act.Purposes of the Research: The aim of this research is to examine the legality of the UN resolution on spreading the use of nuclear weapons and the relationship between the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Act and the UN resolution.Methods of the Research: The method used is normative juridical with a problem approach, namely a regulatory, case and context approach. Sources of legal materials are primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials. Legal material collection techniques use library research and qualitative analysis.Results of the Research: The legality or binding power of UN General Assembly resolutions is found in three approaches, namely the Customary Law Approach, New Souce Approach, Grey Zone or Soft Law and the legality or binding force of UN Security Council resolutions and the existence of moral force. The relationship between UN resolutions and the Draft Articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Act was established to prevent actions that are not in accordance with international law, so that UN Security Council resolutions can be the basis for state accountability if there are indications of non-compliance with sanctions issued by the Security Council.

Electrochemical carbon dioxide reduction (CO2R) to generate value added methanol (MeOH) in water has been considered as a potential strategy to realize efficient carbon cycle and reutilization. Cobalt phthalocyanine (CoPc) represents as a classical molecular catalyst carrying precisely tunable active sites, which has been widely explored for the CO2-to-MeOH conversion, but optimization of performance is suffering from relatively easiness in desorption of *CO intermediate. To this end, we developed a novel molecular assembly of CoPc nanotubes (CoT) driven by van der Waals force with surface being modified by poly(4-vinylpyridine). The as-derived catalyst exhibited an exceptional performance of MeOH production for the turnover frequency enhanced by more than 14-fold compared to the pristine CoT, and the Faradaic efficiency is up to 40% at a moderate potential. It revealed that the pyridyl groups of P4VP axially coordinated with the Co catalytic centers shifted the d-band center toward the Fermi level, which strengthened the chemisorption and activation of *CO intermediates, thereby decreasing the whole barrier to produce MeOH. This work demonstrates a novel insight into intermediate manipulation of CO2R and highlights the potential of molecular electrocatalysis for carbon valorization.

Birefringent crystals are widely used in modern optical devices for their ability to modulate the polarization state of light. Exploring birefringent crystals with large birefringence (Δn > 0.3) and short ultraviolet (UV) cutoff edge is still a challenge. Protonated melamine groups are candidates for designing birefringent crystals with excellent performance due to its high microscopic polarizability anisotropy. However, its potential for constructing large birefringent crystals has not been fully exploited due to limitations in the density and arrangement of its lattice structure. This study employed a strategy of multiple hydrogen bond-induced molecular ordered assembly to successfully synthesize three excellent birefringent crystals with supramolecular framework: (C3N6H7)BF4 (MelBF), (C3N6H7)H2PO4 (MelPO), and (C3N6H7)2PO3F·4H2O (MelPOF). It is worth noting that new compound MelBF exhibits a large birefringence of 0.44 at 546 nm and a short UV cutoff edge of 228 nm. Here, tetrahedral anions containing highly electronegative O/F atoms synergistically regulate and optimize the dihedral angle and density of the protonated melamine planar ring groups through multiple hydrogen bonding interactions to synthesize crystals with both high birefringence and short UV cutoff edges. This study confirms the potential of multiple hydrogen bonds-driven molecular assembly for designing advanced birefringent crystals with excellent optical properties.

ABSTRACT Natural antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) encounter significant challenges in transitioning to clinical application, primarily due to low bioactivity, high toxicity, and poor stability. This study proposes a strategy to enhance the stability of AMPs through molecular assembly while exploring the advantages of the newly designed self‐assembled peptides compared to unimer peptides. We conducted a comprehensive investigation of antimicrobial activity, biocompatibility, in vitro stability, and particularly protease stability, aiming to develop highly efficient and stable designer peptides as alternatives to traditional antibiotics. A series of designer peptides with self‐assembling capabilities was constructed by attaching various hydrophobic scaffolds to an enzyme‐resistant short peptide sequence. The self‐assembled designer peptide Pba* with 1‐pyrenebutyric acid (Pba) as the hydrophobic scaffold exhibited the highest antibacterial activity (GM MIC = 2.88) and the greatest clinical potential (GM SI = 44.44), while maintaining excellent biocompatibility and physiological stability. Mechanistic studies revealed that Pba* self‐assembled into spherical micelles and nanofibers, trapping bacteria and disrupting cell membranes, interfering with respiration and energy metabolism. Notably, Pba* displayed negligible toxicity and alleviated bacterial infections in mice. This study paves the way for the development of highly effective antimicrobial materials.

Supramolecular chirality in molecular assemblies is often an outcome of cooperative interactions that can result from multiple short- and long-range noncovalent interactions operating in tandem. The ability to manipulate a single interaction out of a collection of noncovalent interactions can arguably affect cooperativity and thus alter supramolecular chirality. We present such an interaction-specific control over supramolecular chirality in the aqueous self-assembly of a pair of enantiomeric perylene bisimides. Each enantiomer assembles into three distinct chiral states, including a pair of mirror-image structures. These can be accessed either by specific heating/cooling protocols or by varying the water-cosolvent ratio. An unprecedented control over this complex self-assembly landscape is achieved by selectively and reversibly turning off the carboxylic acid-mediated hydrogen-bonding interaction, such that the assembly can be guided toward any specific chiral state in a deterministic fashion. The generality of our strategy is demonstrated by carrying out similar supramolecular stereomutation for structurally related molecules.

Impact of organic carbon concentration on the molecular properties and assembly of riverine dissolved organic matter.

Introduction. The analysis of the international legal assessments of the legitimation mechanism of the United States’ and other NATO countries’ invasion of Libya in 2011 reveals the ambiguous perception in the research circles of the rationale for the Westerncountries’ military intervention in the affairs of the North African state. Particularly interesting are the logic and argumentation of those legal scholars who found it acceptable to justify this armed incursion from an international legal point of view. Materials and methods. The theoretical and empirical basis of the study is formed by international legal documents (primarily of the UN Security Council and General Assembly, practice of the International Court of Justice), foreign and domestic international legal literature, mass media materials. On the basis of integrative approach to scientific legal research in this paper were applied, in particular, hermeneutic, formal-legal, formal-logical, structural-functional and systematic methods, as well as methods of analysis and synthesis, legal construction and legal modelling. Research results. The author critically analyzed the evaluations of the armed invasion of Libya by the U. S. and its allies primarily in the foreign international legal literature, focusing on finding ingenious arguments aimed at convincing the international audience of the legitimacy of this intervention. Discussion and conclusion. Mainly Washington’s efforts to legitimize the intervention have ensured the viability of a favorable approach in foreign international law academia to the perception of the use of force against Libya as “legitimate” and “legally uncontroversial”, of an approach that justifies an expansive interpretation of the term “all necessary measures”, including as a “legal basis for regime change in Libya” being “the only reasonable and effective strategy”, an approach that even does not rule out the admissibility of arming and providing other military assistance to the opposition in accordance with the adopted UN Security Council resolutions. It would be advisable for Russia to take into account the experience of the U. S. in justification and international legal legitimation of its military actions on the territories of foreign states when developing Russia’s own international legal policy in this area.

Exploring basement membrane dynamics through cross-scale imaging, manipulation, and molecular mapping.