General Approval Research Articles

Are EAU/ESPU pediatric urology guideline recommendations on neurogenic bladder well received by the patients? Results of a survey on awareness in spina bifida patients and caregivers.

The Paediatric Urology Guidelines Panel reports initial experience with patient involvement in spina bifida patient groups to gather information on their awareness of the guidelines and reflection of guideline recommendations. The survey was delivered to spina bifida patients/parents via the national society groups in Turkey, Germany, and The Netherlands. Questions included demographic features, medical status, awareness, and agreement on the recommendations given in the guidelines and future expectations. A total of 291 patients from 3 countries responded to the survey. Mean age was 13.9 ± 12.2 years, male/female ratio 138/151, 75% of all surveys were completed by the caregivers. The medication was taken by 78% of patients (64% anticholinergics). Complete dryness rates for urine and stool were 24% and 47%, respectively. The agreement rates on the recommendations regarding urodynamics, intermittent catheterization, anticholinergics drug use, bowel management, and life-long follow-up were 97%, 82%, 91%, 77%, and 98%, respectively. Only 8% of responders were aware of the European Association of Urology/European Society for Pediatric Urology guidelines. The priorities of patients for future expectations were as the following: quality of life (QoL), surgical techniques, development of new medications and sexuality/fertility issues. Male spina bifida patients preferred new medications and sex/fertility issues more, whereas females favored QoL issues improvement more. Although the native language of the involved patients was different from English, awareness of guidelines was 8%. The general approval of the recommendations given in the guidelines is quite high. The national society groups showed a great interest to get involved in the creation of the guidelinesto improve health care for spina bifida patients.

Protestant Christian attitudes to ART

STUDY QUESTIONHow do Christian religious beliefs affect attitudes to ART?SUMMARY ANSWERAttitudes to ART depend on the religiosity of the respondent, and although the majority of those that had successfully used ART were positive or moderately positive in their views, the acceptability of procedures fell when damage to the marriage relationship or the embryo was a potential outcome.WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADYReligion can impact views on ART. Sanctity of marriage and sanctity of the embryo are major concerns for some Christians, but details are unclear.METHODSA cross-sectional online survey was used to collect data from 1587 participants over a 3-month period in 2013, of which 1334 were of the Christian faith and included in this study. Descriptive statistics were reported for individual ARTs, and a general score of all ART approval was calculated. A multivariable linear and logistic regression was conducted on general approval for ART to identify predictors of ART approval.MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCEIndicators of religiosity (religious meeting attendance and Bible reading frequency) showed that this was a highly religious sample. We found that in this cohort of English-speaking, well-educated, practising and mainly Protestant Christians 164 (12.3%) of those had personal experience of ART. Most participants that had successfully used ART were positive or moderately positive in their views. Throughout the cohort, procedures were less acceptable if there was a perception that the marriage relationship or the life of the embryo was threatened: including donated gametes (28.7–29.1% approval), surrogacy (22.7–33.1% approval), and PGD (1.0–23.8% approval). A multivariable analysis of the ART approval score found that it was higher among those with Protestant compared with Catholic/Orthodox faith (P < 0.001; mean score difference, 5.06; 95% CI 4.36–5.81) and those who believe life begins after fertilisation (P < 0.001; mean score difference, 4.86; 95% CI 4.14–5.57). Approval was also higher, but to a lesser extent, in women than men (P = 0.008; mean score difference, 0.73; 95% CI 0.18–1.28), and those with lower religiosity (P < 0.001). The area raising most indecision for this cohort was disposal of excess embryos.LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTIONThis sample includes an uneven geographical spread of respondents and restriction to English-speaking participants. Different views may be expressed by a different religious cohort. Use of an online survey platform means that a bias towards those with computers (consistent with education levels of this cohort) could exist. Use of this platform also makes it impossible to know the response rate, and the veracity of responses cannot be verified. However, despite these limitations we believe this survey gives us insight into the reservations held among a certain population of Christians regarding the use of reproductive technology.WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGSOur findings highlight the need for ART clinicians to consider the influence of patient spiritual beliefs on therapeutic options and provide detailed information that will allow them to be accommodated. Practices such as widening the options for collecting semen and limiting the number of embryos created through IVF so as to reduce or eliminate excess embryos may be helpful for these patients.STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTSThis study was supported by a grant from The Center for Bioethics & Human Dignity in Deerfield, Illinois, USA. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER N/A

PROJECT SCHEDULING ANALYSIS USING PRECEDENCE DIAGRAM METHOD (PDM)

Many obstacles that affect the completion of the project late, like: weather, late general plan approval, late material arrival, less skills and others. The Precedence Diagram Method is the method used to create network planning especially project scheduling. This research will examine how to plan the proper project scheduling of Pressure Vessel project of PT Wika Technip which is done by PT. Barata Indonesia by using PDM.The results obtained from the cost calculation at 252 days of project life have total project cost of Rp.6.131.093.885,00 and at project age 243 days total project cost is Rp.6.236.994.056,00. In this case it is known that there is an increase in total cost of Rp.105.900.171,00 and the time difference of 9 days when the acceleration is done on the project duration from 252 days to 243 days.

Ethical issues in using the internet to engage participants in family and child research: A scoping review.

BackgroundThe internet is an increasingly popular tool in family and child research that is argued to pose new ethical challenges, yet few studies have systematically assessed the ethical issues of engaging parents and children in research online. This scoping review aims to identify and integrate evidence on the ethical issues reported when recruiting, retaining and tracing families and children in research online, and to identify ethical guidelines for internet research.MethodsAcademic literature was searched using electronic academic databases (Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, ERIC, CINAHL and Informit) and handsearching reference lists for articles published in English between January 2006 and February 2016. Grey literature was searched using Google to identify relevant ethical guidelines.ResultsSixty-five academic articles were included after screening 3,537 titles and abstracts and 205 full-text articles. Most articles reported using the internet to recruit participants (88%) with few reporting online retention (12%) or tracing (10%). Forty percent commented on ethical issues; the majority did not discuss ethics beyond general consent or approval procedures. Some ethical concerns were specific to engaging minors online, including parental consent, age verification and children’s vulnerability. Other concerns applied when engaging any research participant online, including privacy and confidentiality, informed consent and disparities in internet access. Five professional guidelines and 10 university guidelines on internet research ethics were identified. Few academic articles (5%) reported using these guidelines.ConclusionsEngaging families and children in research online introduces unique challenges requiring careful consideration. While researchers regarded themselves as responsible for ensuring research is conducted ethically, lack of use of available guidelines and limited academic literature suggests internet research is occurring without suitable guidance. We recommend broad dissemination of ethical guidelines and encourage researchers to report the methodological and ethical issues of using the internet to engage families and children in research.

A cluster randomised feasibility pilot trial evaluating involving community-dwelling older adults in activities in relation to meals in a rehabilitation program; recruitment, data collection and protocol

BackgroundCommunity-dwelling older adults receiving support at home such as meals-on-wheels may lose the ability to preserve social, cognitive, and functional abilities, when becoming accustomed to and dependent of community aged care. When still able to cook older adults often hold some control over the foods that are prepared and which they eat, and which helps to foster identity. The purpose of this study is to assess feasibility of outcome measurements and sample size when conducting a pilot cluster randomized trial to evaluate community-dwelling older adults being involved in activities in relation to meals in a rehabilitation program.MethodsThis cluster randomized controlled study will consist of two clusters of a total of 5 community aged care areas; the intervention cluster, which hold 3 community aged care areas and the control cluster which hold 2 areas. The 130 community-dwelling older adults, receiving meals-on-wheels, will randomly be allocated to either the intervention cluster consisting of 8 weeks of participation in a rehabilitation program led by a Case Manager or the control cluster receiving usual community aged care. The primary outcome will be assessment of data collection (ratio between completed- and non-completed data) and assessment of sample size. The secondary clinical outcomes will be health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-3 L), muscle strength (chair stand), nutritional status (weight/BMI), loneliness (UCLA scale), mental well-being (Warwich-Edinburgh scale), self-efficacy (General Self-Efficacy scale), satisfaction with food-related life (SWFL scale) and refrigerator content.DiscussionThis study evaluates community-dwelling older adults receiving support at home, using involvement in activities related to meals with a rehabilitation approach, and this is a new area of research and will therefore be contributing in developing and refining consistent practices of rehabilitation programs.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov (registration no: NCT03289598). The protocol has been sent to the Danish Ethical Board which has concluded that approval is not needed and that the study can be carried on as described. Approval by The Danish Data Protection Agency has been giving through general approval for use of data in The City of Odense and will follow rules for obtaining the data accordingly.

Composite dowels as shear connectors for composite beams – Background to the design concept for static loading

Composite dowels are known as powerful shear connectors in steel-concrete-composite girders. More and more they are used in practice, especially for prefabricated composite bridges. Compared to headed studs they provide an increased strength. They also show a good deformation capacity even in high strength concrete. Furthermore, the application in steel sections without upper flange is very simple. Nevertheless, missing standards for composite dowels with the economic clothoidal and puzzle shape have led to hesitations in application which is often due to delays in the approval process. Hence, the aim of the finished German research project P804 funded by FOSTA – Research Association for Steel Application was to solve open questions concerning these innovative shear connectors and to prepare a general technical approval [1] available for any design office or construction company. Since May 2013 the composite dowels with clothoidal and puzzle shape are regulated in the technical approval. This paper presents the background information to the derived technical rules for ultimate limit state, structural design principles and instructions for production and construction and provides further background information.

The reality of applying job circulation in the General Institute (public) administration in Riyadh city: واقع تطبيق التدوير الوظيفي في معهد الإدارة العامة بمدينة الرياض

The study aimed to identify the degree of applying job circulation to the Institute of public administration in Riyadh city، to determine the positive aspects of job circulation in the Institute of Public Administration in Riyadh and to reveal the challenges that may limit the effectiveness of applying job circulation in the Institute of Public Administration in Riyadh from the point of view of the institute employees. The researcher used the descriptive approach. The study population consisted of the administrative and teaching staff working in the Institute. The number of the study population was 799، 207 out of which are valid and subjected to analysis. The researcher used the questionnaire as a tool to collect data. The study found the following results: The results showed that the study participants agreed to a fair degree on the reality of applying job circulation in the Institute of Public Administration in Riyadh، this average amounted to (2.78). The results of the study showed that the study population significantly agreed on the positive aspects of job circulation if applied on the institute of public administration in Riyadh، with general approval of (3.41). The most important of these positive aspects was the opportunity to gain new experiences and contribute to job circulation development. The results showed that the study participants agreed to a great extent on the challenges that limit the effectiveness of applying the job circulation to the employees of the Institute of Public Administration in Riyadh. The general average was 3.41. The most prominent of those were the lack of both material and moral incentives as well as the workers' rejection to career circulation.

Doing More with Less: Adoption of a Comprehensive E-book Acquisition Strategy to Increase Return on Investment while Containing Costs

Brigham Young University, willing to experiment and pilot new e-book models, has established a comprehensive e-book strategy that includes demand-driven acquisitions, short-term loans, evidence-based acquisitions, subscription packages, purchased packages, and title-by-title purchases. This broad approach has reduced the number of titles purchased under the general domestic approval plan. At the same time, it has added value by providing access to more content, increasing usage, and lowering cost per use while maintaining the same annual expenditure.

Children of Uncertain Fortune: Mixed-Race Jamaicans in Britain and the Atlantic Family, 1733-1833 by Daniel Livesay

Reviewed by: Children of Uncertain Fortune: Mixed-Race Jamaicans in Britain and the Atlantic Family, 1733-1833 by Daniel Livesay Matthew Wyman-McCarthy Livesay, Daniel – Children of Uncertain Fortune: Mixed-Race Jamaicans in Britain and the Atlantic Family, 1733-1833. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2018. Pp. 411. Historians of modern Britain have long sought to explain why racial prejudice increased from the mid-eighteenth to the mid-nineteenth century, why being not fully white came to mean being not British over these years. In Children of Uncertain Fortune, Daniel Livesay offers a highly original explanation. Rather than looking to natural philosophies of race or national political discourses, Livesay argues that hardening racial ideologies were the product of negotiating membership within mixed-race imperial families. He bases this conclusion on a study of 360 mixed-race children he was able to track through wills and other legal documents who were sent from Jamaica to Britain between 1733 and 1833 for education or to advance their prospects in other ways. While there were likely thousands of mixed-race children who made this transatlantic crossing over the century, even this larger group represents a small minority of individuals born to a white father and a black or mixed-race mother; only about 20% of such children were manumitted in their fathers' wills, and fewer still were openly acknowledged during their fathers' lifetimes. Nonetheless, the experiences of elite migrants of colour in Britain, along with the debates and anxieties their presence triggered, are revealing. Above all, they show that before many influential Britons publicly wrestled with questions about race, imperial obligations, and who belonged in the [End Page 437] "British family," they first had to wrestle with who belonged in their own families, and how these relations should be treated. Children of Uncertain Fortunes begins in the 1730s, when definitions of kinship were relatively fluid. Though subject to a host of legal restrictions in the colony, many mixed-race Jamaicans submitted "privilege petitions" to the island's Assembly for one-off exceptions based on their wealth and social standing. Concerns over lack of white settlement in Jamaica led to general approval on both side of the Atlantic of granting "white status" in these cases; officials viewed mixed-race elites as not only loyal to the plantocracy, but also believed their progeny—provided the other parent was fully white—could assimilate into white society in a generation or two. By the 1750s and 1760s, however, opposition from poor whites and fears over security produced a stricter policing of colour lines and reduced accommodations. To distance their children from racial stigmatization in the colonies, fathers sent an increased number of their illegitimate offspring to Britain to be cared for by relatives, most of whom they had never before met. While receptions varied, with families expressing everything from affection and loyalty to apprehension and resentment, these children were generally welcomed in the middle decades of the eighteenth century; though the African features of their newest member may have embarrassed some families, consanguinity and class standing tended to count for more than race. Yet both the social and familial status of mixed-race Jamaicans became increasingly precarious as the century wore on. This was partly due to both abolitionists and defenders of slavery stirring up fears about race mixing, which fed into growing anxieties about the myriad ways in which empire was entering into and corrupting the metropole. But an even more significant impetus for the souring attitude towards mixed-race migrants, Livesay contends, had to do with family finances. Namely, acknowledging the legitimacy of mixed-race kin meant acknowledging their right to a share in the family inheritance, if a father's will so specified. As evidenced by often lengthy litigations over estates, many Britons worked hard to exclude their Jamaican relatives from them. Such lawsuits also reveal that family members frequently held opposite views on questions related to kinship and race, with some seeing African blood as disqualifying, and others holding older, more fluid understandings of both these concepts. There was no single moment when British families began rejecting their colonial cousins en masse, or when race came to trump other considerations...

Stakeholder perspectives regarding alternate approaches to informed consent for comparative effectiveness research.

IntroductionTraditional informed consent approaches, involving separate discussions and lengthy consent forms, may be an imperfect fit for comparative effectiveness research (CER) that is integrated into usual care and compares non‐investigational treatments. However, systematic efforts to collect broad stakeholder perspectives about alternative streamlined approaches to disclosure and consent in this context have been limited.MethodsWe used a deliberative engagement method to solicit the views of a multi‐stakeholder group regarding 3 alternative models of disclosure, consent, and authorization in CER studies: Opt‐In, Opt‐Out, and “General Approval”. Participants considered the acceptability of these 3 models for observational and randomized CER studies of hypertension medications and for alternative treatments for spinal stenosis, all conducted in the context of a learning health care system.ResultsFifty‐eight stakeholders participated in the all‐day deliberative engagement session. Following deliberation, a majority of stakeholders (67%) liked the General Approval model for the observational hypertension study, more than the number who reported liking Opt‐Out or Opt‐In (45% and 36%, respectively). Support was lower for General Approval model in the context of a randomized hypertension study, with 80% liking a traditional Opt‐In approach, compared with 54% liking Opt‐Out, and 11% liking General Approval. Similarly, for the spinal stenosis CER studies, while most stakeholders preferred a streamlined Opt‐Out approach for the observational design, most preferred a traditional Opt‐In approach for the randomized version.ConclusionsThis multi‐stakeholder group was more favorable towards streamlined models for disclosure and authorization for observational CER than randomized designs. These findings are consistent with arguments that informed consent requirements should be tailored to the context of the research design, rather than a standard “one size fits all” approach.

The Outer Limits of the Continental Shelf Under Customary International Law

Abstract“Seldom has an apparent major change in international law been accomplished by peaceful means more rapidly and amidst more general acquiescence and approval,” Lauterpacht observed of continental shelf claims nearly seventy years ago. When considered today, this observation merits a caveat, as the question of how far the continental shelf extends into the sea is not yet fully settled. This article explores the customary international law applicable for determining continental shelf limits and also examines the legal procedures used by states to gain international acceptance of those limits.

Evaluating performance of MEMS barometric sensors in differential altimetry systems

Micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) barometric sensors are extensively employed in positioning systems for the acquisition of altitude data. Confidence in their general approval on position location applications is due to the following reasons: A. the relatively high accuracy of vertical position measurements, which is constantly improved in the most recent commercial sensor devices; B. the inability of the allied—and dominant in outdoor environment— GPS and GNSS products to operate within buildings. Indicative examples of barometric altitude readings in consumer, medical, and aerospace applications [1] are as follows. Detecting floor [2] and mode of transition (i.e., elevators, escalators or stairs) [3] inside large buildings can be addressed for indoor navigation; Identifying human physical activities (e.g. sit-to-stand) [4] and falls [5] is able to provide telehealth solutions; Fusing information from barometric altimeters with GPS may improve performance of GPS-based landing systems [6], while the employment of two barometers in a system can be used for measuring the airplane position angles (e.g. pitch and roll) [7].

16.25: Hot‐dip galvanized composite dowel strips in bridge construction: The combination of two advantageous developments

ABSTRACTComprehensive research during the last years showed that hot‐dip galvanizing of steel members in bridge structures allows significant economic and ecological advantages. It could be demonstrated that the first corrosion protection can last over a bridge's lifetime of 100 years, even in an environment with a high corrosivity, so that no major maintenance measures of the corrosion protection are necessary.Parallel to this research, another innovative solution to increase the efficiency of composite bridges has been developed. Starting with several research projects and a first application in 2003, composite dowel strips offer a very economical solution for shear connections between steel girder and concrete slab in composite bridge constructions. Continuous improvement and further development finally led to a general technical approval by DIBt in Germany. Many bridges containing this new technology are built since then, not only in Germany. However hot‐dip galvanizing may not be applied to bridges with composite dowel strips as the effects of the hot‐dip galvanizing on the fatigue resistance of flame cut composite dowel strips are unknown. Therefore, the necessary fatigue check according to EC 3‐1‐9 [2] can currently not be carried out properly.A new research project was launched by the Institutes of Steel Construction of RWTH Aachen University and TU Dortmund University [4], with the aim to analyse the fatigue behaviour of hot‐dip galvanized composite dowel strips. Furthermore a simplified evidence of absence of cracks according to DASt‐Guideline 022 [5] shall be performable by defining a detail class for composite dowel strips. The research work includes extensive experimental and numerical studies on the influences during hot‐dip galvanizing and on the fatigue behaviour of galvanized dowel strips. First results of these studies will be presented in this paper as well as the experiences of a first bridge project with hot‐dip galvanized composite dowel strips in Germany.

The Indirect Effects of Adolescent Psychopathic Traits on Aggression Through Social-Cognitive Factors

Psychopathic traits have been shown to designate youth who are at-risk for varied forms of aggression. The present study examined the indirect effects of social-cognitive factors (i.e., hostility and general approval of aggression) in the association between psychopathic traits (i.e., callous-unemotional traits, narcissism) and two functions of adolescent aggression (i.e., reactive, proactive). Participants were 209 (178 males, 31 females) adolescents aged 16 to 19 attending a residential program for youth who have dropped out of high school. Using a cross-sectional design, participants completed self-report measures of callous-unemotional traits (i.e., callousness, uncaring, unemotional), narcissism, aggression, hostility, and approval of aggression. Results indicated significant indirect effects of callousness on both functions of aggression through hostility. Similarly, there were significant indirect effects of narcissism on both functions of aggression through hostility. Significant indirect effects were also evident for general approval of aggression in the relations between callous-unemotional traits (both callous and uncaring dimensions) and both functions of aggression, and between narcissism and both functions of aggression. These results suggest the importance of examining social-cognitive processes insofar as they may contribute to the relation between psychopathic traits and aggression in youth and serve as possible targets of intervention.

Case Study of the Vulnerabilities that Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder have in Education: The Importance of Early Detection

Abstract Currently in our society, children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) can be considered a vulnerable group because of the integration issues they experience in education. This paper presents a report of research study conducted in the province of Jaen. The purpose of this study was to: Identify the difficulties experienced by family members to detect and diagnose the disorder; analyse what influence the socio-economic context of the family has in the detection and obtaining of an early diagnosis and, establish the satisfaction level of the response received from their educational context. The method used was a case study that included in-depth interviews. The sample was established by purposive sampling. The participants were thirty mothers and/or fathers of children with ASD, who were aged between five and seventeen, 93.3% were boys. The main results obtained can be grouped into three broad areas: 1) Late Diagnosis: The families received the first diagnosis for their child aged between 18 and 36 months. 2) The family's socioeconomic context: Regardless of the family's income, they all agreed that having a member with ASD in the family requires significant economic resources to ensure the child receives the best care possible. 3) The Satisfaction with the educational centres: They showed a general approval although they were aware of the shortcomings of the educational system. In conclusion it is necessary to implement a number of challenges in the process of early detection and methods of educational intervention.

Challenging the “Worthy” Tradition: Revisionist Interpretations of Free Speech in American History

Challenging the “Worthy” Tradition: Revisionist Interpretations of Free Speech in American History David M. Rabban (bio) Sam Lebovic. Free Speech and Unfree News: The Paradox of Press Freedom in America. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2016. 334pp. Notes and index. $39.95. Laura Weinrib. The Taming of Free Speech: America’s Civil Liberties Compromise. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2016. 461pp. Notes and index. $45.00. Two young legal historians have made 2016 an important year for scholarship on the history of free speech in the United States. Sam Lebovic and Laura Weinrib have written extremely original and well-written books that reinforce each other in challenging the dominant interpretation of twentieth-century developments. Overwhelmingly, scholars agree that the Supreme Court moved from a restrictive to a protective conception of First Amendment rights, a transformation that, in practice, benefited the political Left at least into the 1970s. Harry Kalven, Jr., one of the great First Amendment scholars of the mid-twentieth century, expressed the general approval of this transformation in the title of his book analyzing the Supreme Court’s treatment of free speech issues from World War I until 1974: A Worthy Tradition: Freedom of Speech in America (1988). Without referring directly to Kalven, the revisionist accounts by Lebovic and Weinrib cast doubt on understanding the First Amendment tradition as “worthy.” Both acknowledge that the Supreme Court increased the protection of expression from government interference. But they maintain that the Court’s conception of free speech as a “negative” and “neutral” right offered substantial support to conservative interests and often undermined the public welfare. Making excellent use of original sources, they uncover neglected or forgotten alternative conceptions that did not prevail. Lebovic focuses on unsuccessful attempts throughout the twentieth century to develop a “positive” right of access to the news, which its proponents deemed necessary to the effective exercise of speech. Weinrib emphasizes that the early leadership of the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) tied its defense of free speech [End Page 281] to the organizational and redistributive goals of the radical labor movement while expressing skepticism that courts would provide meaningful protection. Like many revisionists, Lebovic and Weinrib occasionally exaggerate the faults and ignore the strengths of the tradition they challenge. Most strikingly, they do not convey the significant extent to which critics of government policies and officials have benefited from the Supreme Court’s doctrinal and theoretical innovations. Yet their central arguments are convincing. Lebovic frames his historical narrative by invoking a speech by President Roosevelt in 1938 that differentiated “freedom of the press” from “freedom of the news.” Although Roosevelt himself did not elaborate this distinction, Lebovic further defines and contrasts these concepts. Freedom of the press, he maintains, has retained from its origins in eighteenth-century classical liberalism the traditional meaning of freedom from government interference. He variously characterizes it as a “negative” liberty or right, individualistic, neutral, objective, formalistic, antistatist, and reflecting the laissez-faire “marketplace of ideas.” Freedom of the news, by contrast, derives from the “social liberalism” that emerged among Progressives in the early twentieth century and “sought to use the state to create the possibility of autonomous individuality” (p. 23). A “positive” right that may require government intervention and regulation, it entails meaningful access to accurate information from diverse sources with competing viewpoints. Pointing out that the history of free speech in the twentieth century “is normally told as a tale of rising liberalism, with more and more speech becoming constitutionally protected over time,” Lebovic “recasts the history of the First Amendment” (p. 23) by demonstrating the repeated though unsuccessful efforts to guarantee freedom of the news as well as freedom of the press. In doing so, he shows fascinating relationships among many different topics that have not previously been juxtaposed. He concludes that “First Amendment rights have never been more highly protected, but the free flow of news to the public is far more tenuous, and rests on more fragile foundations” (p. 6). In the 1920s, Lebovic observes, soon after Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., influentially invoked the “marketplace of ideas” to justify First Amendment protection for expression, Walter Lippmann and John Dewey “began to grope toward a new conceptualization...

Upper Perené Arawak Narratives of History, Landscape, and Ritual by Elena Mihas

Reviewed by: Upper Perené Arawak Narratives of History, Landscape, and Ritual by Elena Mihas Joliene C. Adams KEYWORDS Elena Mihas, Joliene Adams, Perené Arawak, Indigenous American religion, Arawak ritual, South American ritual, Native American ritual, Arawak religion elena mihas. Upper Perené Arawak Narratives of History, Landscape, and Ritual. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2014. Pp. 488. What began in 2009 as a project to fulfill Mihas's linguistic PhD dissertation requirements evolved into a much larger ethnographic documentary project in scope and product. This anthology is the end result. It comes from sixteen months of linguistic fieldwork spanning five years and with collaborative community effort at its core. Within are fifty-eight texts based on oral performances of thirty Upper Perené indigenous Ashéninka speakers authors (fifteen women and fifteen men). Of primary interest to the readership of this journal are probably the texts in Section Three, Ritual; yet these cannot really be separated out from Mihas's ethnographic project as a whole, and in fact, as will be seen, materials pertinent to ritual and witchcraft are scattered throughout the book. Mihas's hope and organizing principle was that this anthology collectively constitute a broad perspective of the Ashéninka Perené world provided by indigenous speakers. Mihas includes introductory notes treating the subjects of historical context, modern day socioeconomic realities, distinctive linguistic and cultural qualities, and detailed commentaries on each of the thirty speaker-authors, including pictures, professional/educational backgrounds, relevant kinship relations, and language fluency and linguistic knowledge of each. The text also includes illustrations, orthographical notes (lxxv), and text synopsis (lxxix). All texts are transcribed in Ashéninka Perené by contributors with Mihas providing accompanying English translations. Ashéninka Perené remains a "highly endangered Amazonian Arawak language, spoken by approximately one thousand speakers in Chanchamayo province of central-eastern Peru" with an extant population of around fifty-five hundred people (xxxiv). Mihas is a specialist in Northern Kampa language varieties and currently a postdoctoral associate in anthropological linguistics at James Cook University in Australia. The fifty-eight texts represent only a segment of the Upper Perené documentary corpus Mihas and community members produced. They were selected from a fifty hour-plus multigenre corpus (audio and video recordings) featuring over fifty speakers from twelve villages. Two hundred-plus [End Page 245] recorded oral performances are available in the Upper Perené documentary corpus (xxxi). Texts came to be included in the anthology via multiple discussions with and amongst "contributors, family members, neighbors, & cadre of tribal governance to ensure general approval of the project's ultimate product" and preserve the integrity of representing native Upper Perené worldviews and life ways as well as their autochthonous cultural identity (xxviii). Final decisions were further predicated on two influential factors: 1) speakers' recommendation and 2) availability of comparable material in Ashéninka Perené with translations in English (xxxi). Mihas's introduction further extrapolates research methods and data collection that include close observation, interviews, and documentation (recordings), transcription and translation of collected materials, and archiving data with local research organizations and international digital archives (xxviii-xxix). Mihas distinguishes four Ashéninka Perené genres for the reader: kinkitsarentsi (narrative), pantsantsi (song), vishiriantsi (chant; a repetitive song performed by more than one person), and kamenantsi (oratory; literally "advice," "instruction") but divides the anthology under tripartite thematic structure: History (Part One), Landscape (Part Two), and Ritual (Part Three). All four genres show up in each section. What is relevant here is that multiple genres are included, but are organized under themes rather than by genre. What is fundamental in specifying genre in this context is the way it departs from traditional Westernized senses of genre. The narrative genre, for example, includes history and mythology as much as history-cummythology and mythology-cum-history, the two narrative times overlapping in the Ashéninka Perené conceptual imaginary and spoken accounts that result. Each of the three parts also receives its own introduction. In her history section, Mihas clarifies the Upper Perené conception of history as well as situating the texts and reader in regional historical context. Two time frames are delineated in the Upper Perené fluid space-time continuum: pairani (ancient times, long ago, in the remote, mythic past) and...

A Commentary on Attitudes Towards Deep Brain Stimulation for Addiction.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven to be an effective treatment for neurologic disorders such as Parkinson's disease, and is currently being investigated as a therapy for psychiatric diseases such as addiction, major depressive disorder, and obsessive compulsive disorder. In this commentary, we review and discuss the findings presented in the Letter to the Editor entitled "Attitudes towards treating addiction with deep brain stimulation," written by Ali et al1. The survey presented in this Letter reported general approval for examining the effects of DBS on addictive disorders in a clinical trial, but highlighted critical areas of concern including informed consent, patient autonomy, appropriate medical practice, passing of clinical trial milestones, and implications on law enforcement.

Women's acceptance of cosmetic surgery across the menstrual cycle

Women compete to attract mates through self-promotion of their physical characteristics, and this is most pronounced in the fertile late-follicular phase of their menstrual cycles. Thus, we hypothesized that women in the late-follicular phase would report greater acceptance of cosmetic surgery than women in the non-fertile mid-luteal phase. Contrary to our hypothesis, we found a marginally significant effect whereby acceptance of cosmetic surgery was higher in the luteal phase compared to the late-follicular phase when controlling for self-esteem. Lower acceptance of cosmetic surgery at peak fertility may reflect women's intolerance of artificial (i.e., dishonest) attractiveness-enhancing procedures when mating opportunities are most critical, but further research is needed. Additionally, women's general approval of cosmetic surgery was positively predicted by their reported appearance-contingent self-worth and negatively predicted by self-worth contingent on being a virtuous person. This suggests that the greater the virtue individuals believe themselves to possess, the more readily they ascribe judgment to others.

Remaking the Fighting Man. Martial Masculinity and the British Army’s Command Depots, 1915–1918

During the First World War, the British Army sought to avoid manpower wastage by setting up ‘Command Depots’ specialising in physical therapy for the wounded. The present article will argue that Command Depots restored military usefulness in tandem with the restoration of an appropriately martial masculine identity. Additionally, in contrast to recent studies that focus on non-compliance with authority, the article will also contend that in the case of Command Depots there is evidence to demonstrate a general approval of the system’s processes, with trainees being embraced as exemplars of masculine conduct in wartime.