Gender Differences Research Articles

Polypharmacy and Depressive Symptoms in Older Adults: Does Gender Matter?

ABSTRACT Objectives This study examined the relationship between polypharmacy and depressive symptoms among U.S. community-dwelling older adults and whether it varied by gender. Methods We conducted a retrospective population-based analysis of 3,354 adults aged 65 and older using data from the 2009 Health and Retirement Study Health and Well-Being Study. Polypharmacy was defined as the use of five or more prescription medications. Depressive symptoms were measured using the 8-item Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-8). Negative binomial regression models assessed associations between polypharmacy and depressive symptoms and whether the relationship varied by gender. Results Over 40% of participants reported polypharmacy. In unadjusted models, polypharmacy was positively related to depressive symptoms (Incidence Rate Ratio [IRR] = 1.44, p < .01). In models adjusting for demographic and health characteristics, there was no statistically significant relationship between polypharmacy and depressive symptoms (Adjusted Incidence Rate Ratio [AIRR] = 0.99, p > .05). There were no significant gender differences in unadjusted or adjusted models in the relationship between polypharmacy and depressive symptoms. Conclusions Polypharmacy was not related to depressive symptoms among older women or men. Clinical Implications Interventions to address physical health may be more salient to depression management than polypharmacy regardless of gender.

In Search for Factors Contributing to Fibrosing Sarcoidosis: Assessment of Compliance with Clinical Guidelines

The objective: to compare sarcoidosis patients with complete remission to the patients who developed pulmonary fibrosis, search for causes of a different course of the disease, and assess the impact of adherence to clinical guidelines on the development of pulmonary fibrosis in sarcoidosis.Subjects and Methods. The data of 459 patients who according to chest CT data had complete remission (373, Remission Group) or developed fibrosis (86, Fibrosis Group) were analyzed.Results. The comparison revealed that patients in Fibrosis Group were older, the proportion of women was lower, Lefgren's syndrome at onset was less common, patients more often received anti-tuberculosis therapy, as well as inhaled glucocorticosteroids, systemic glucocorticosteroids, and systemic glucocorticosteroids with no observation period, repeated courses of systemic glucocorticosteroids, methotrexate, leflunomide, and treatment tactics were less likely to comply with clinical recommendations. Spontaneous remissions of sarcoidosis were rarely associated with the development of fibrosis. When comparing subgroups with preliminary stratification of copy pairs (20/20) of patients (initially stage II sarcoidosis, FEV1 ≥70% of normal value), there were no significant differences in gender, age, Lefgren's syndrome at the detection, concomitant pathology, smoking, frequency of SGS prescription, but the frequency of adherence to clinical recommendations was 95% in the subgroup from Remission Group and only 35% in the subgroup from Fibrosis Group.

From medical school to global health leadership: 35-year career outcomes and gender disparities from the Aga Khan University Medical College

Abstract Background Medical education plays significant role in shaping the future of healthcare, and understanding the career outcomes of medical graduates provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of educational programs. With no published data using alumni surveys in the South Asian region, we set out to conduct a survey to gain insights into the career trajectories, professional milestones, and accomplishments of 35 graduating classes from one of Pakistan’s largest Academic Medical Centers (AMC). Methods An online survey was distributed to 2,177 alumni of the Aga Khan University (AKU), Pakistan who graduated from 1988 to 2021. This cross-sectional survey explored graduates’ higher education, training, practice settings, and four key outcomes: awards, leadership roles, research impact, and contributions to healthcare and educational innovations. A multipronged approach leveraging outreach from leadership, social media engagement, peer-to-peer appeals, event-based promotion, and targeted text reminders to maximize survey participation was employed. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests for association, and multivariable logistic and multinomial regression to assess independent predictors of career outcomes. Results 1,201 alumni (55.2%) responded to the survey, demonstrating the effectiveness of this multifaceted approach. After the exclusion of missing data, 862 responses were analyzed. Both genders were equally represented (49.8%). Most participants had completed residency (82.0%) and fellowship (56.0%) training. Nearly half (48.5%) were employed in an academic setting. A proportion (57.7%) of alumni had received awards, and nearly one-third of the respondents (31.6%) were involved in developing healthcare or educational innovations. Over half of the respondents (53.7%) had served in leadership roles, and a number had been involved in research (68.9%), with 18.6% receiving grant funding. While an overwhelming 95% of female respondents were employed, they had lower odds of serving in a leadership role and research involvement than their male counterparts. Conclusion The findings of this study serve as a testament to the effectiveness of AKU’s educational programs in preparing graduates to make significant contributions to healthcare and society. Continuous quality improvement initiatives, fostering a culture of giving back within its alumni, and creating opportunities for females through diverse endeavors can pave the way for sustained and heightened accomplishments among its graduates.

Exploring the challenges and solutions for cultivating an inclusive work environment in the energy sector in Zimbabwe

The purpose of the study was to explore the challenges and strategies of cultivating and promoting inclusivity and diversity in the energy sector. Grounded in the interpretivist research paradigm, a qualitative approach was adopted specifically using descriptive multiple case study design. In-depth interviews were conducted from sixteen purposively selected participants from the energy industry in Chipinge district, Zimbabwe. Data was analyzed using the thematic data analysis technique. The study found out that the work environment in the energy industry was partially inclusive. There is evidence of both success stories and challenges with regards to inclusivity in the energy sector. The main challenges faced by the energy sector in promoting inclusivity include resource inadequacies, unconscious biases, resistance to change, communication barriers, tokenism, lack of knowledge and commitment from managers, strategic misalignment, policy deficiency and gender disparities in leadership roles. The strategies that can be employed to cultivate an inclusive work environment are the development of comprehensive policies, cultural transformation through management training, deliberate inclusion in procurement and infrastructure design, regular employee surveys, inclusive leadership programs, and mentorship initiatives. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on fostering inclusivity in the workplace by equipping all stakeholders with full knowledge and understanding of inclusive workplace dynamics. The study also contributes to the body of knowledge by shedding light on the challenges faced by the energy sector and strategies for accelerating the embracing of inclusivity in the energy sector. Furthermore, the study adds to the underexplored discourse of diversity management in Southern Africa and brings a grounded qualitative voice to the broader literature.

Examining College Students' Constraints and Negotiation Strategies to Campus Recreation Engagement: Concurrent Validity of CRCNQ

Participation in campus recreational activities is known to enhance academic performance and personal well-being among college students. However, many students face barriers that prevent them from engaging in these activities. This study investigates the leisure constraints and negotiation strategies employed by college students using the Campus Recreation Constraints and Negotiations Questionnaire (CRCNQ). A sample of 408 U.S. college students (57% women) completed the CRCNQ and demographic items via an online survey. The most frequently reported constraints were academic time conflicts, psychological factors, and lack of partners. Self-determined motivation emerged as the strongest predictor of campus recreation participation. Leisure constraints were highest among students in the precontemplation stage, while negotiation strategies were most prevalent among those in the maintenance stage. Gender differences were observed, with women reporting higher psychological constraints and more frequent use of social support as a negotiation strategy. The findings provide evidence of concurrent validity for the CRCNQ with the transtheoretical model. Addressing both constraints and negotiation strategies to promote campus recreation engagement is important. These insights can inform targeted interventions to enhance campus recreation participation, ultimately supporting students’ academic and personal development.

The impact of authoritarian leadership on workplace bullying from the perspective of Chinese Confucian culture: a mediating model with gender as a moderator

Workplace bullying severely impairs employees’ physical and mental health and disrupts the workplace ecosystem. Pinpointing its causes accurately is crucial for effective governance. Drawing on the values of hierarchical order and male dominance over females highlighted in Chinese Confucian culture, and the theoretical framework of the interaction between individuals, environment and behavior (Triadic Reciprocal Determinism), this study takes the hostile work environment as the mediating variable and gender as the moderating variable to explore the influence mechanism of authoritarian leadership on workplace bullying. Data from 1,193 employees were collected through questionnaires, and statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 29.0 and AMOS software. The results show that authoritarian leadership has a significant positive impact on the occurrence of workplace bullying, and the hostile work environment plays a partial mediating role between them. Meanwhile, compared with men, women are more likely to be targeted by bullying in a hostile environment. This research reveals the profound influence of the concepts of hierarchical order and gender differences in Confucian culture on workplace bullying, and points out the importance of optimizing leadership styles, improving the organizational atmosphere, and paying attention to the vulnerable workplace situation of women in preventing and controlling workplace bullying. The findings provide a theoretical framework for understanding the cultural specificity of workplace behavior and offer gender-differentiated intervention strategies for enterprise management and government policy formulation.

Externalizing Problem Behaviors Among Chinese Early Adolescents in Poverty: Profiles and Longitudinal Change.

Children's externalizing problem behavior is one of the most explored topics among parents, educators, and research scholars. The purpose of this study is to examine the developmental changes of externalizing problem behavior in the early years of poor children and adolescents and the influence of family factors such as family functioning and parental marital quality on the developmental changes. Seven hundred and seventy-eight early adolescents (Mage = 13.7, SD = 2.53) from poor families were studied longitudinally for 14 months. The results showed that three potential characteristics of externalizing problem behavior patterns were identified through Latent Profile Analysis (LPA): well-adjusted group, attention disorder group, and conduct problem group. Latent Transition Analysis (LTA) revealed a tendency for the conduct problem group to transition to the well-adjusted group over two traces (OR = 0.40). There were gender differences in the results: boys in the conduct problem group were more likely to transition to the well-adjusted group (OR = 0.55), while girls in the attention disorder group were more likely to transition to the well-adjusted group (OR = 2.63). Research has found that a supportive family environment is a positive factor in mitigating externalizing problem behaviors of the early adolescents in their transition to adolescence.

Terminal Increases in Depressive Symptoms in a Multinational Twin Consortium

In later older adulthood, individuals report increased depressive symptoms, whereas gender differences in depressive symptoms narrow. We evaluated whether terminal decline (i.e., accelerated worsening in proximity to death) explained these patterns. We examined the longitudinal trajectories of depressive symptoms in 2,411 participants (baseline age: 29–95 years) from the Interplay of Genes and Environments Across Multiple Studies consortium representing three countries (Sweden, Denmark, and Australia). Joint modeling revealed that individuals reporting larger annual increases in depressive symptoms after age 70 were at increased risk of death. Piecewise linear multilevel models with random changepoints revealed accelerated increases in depressive symptoms approximately 4 years before death. Co-twin control analyses with 98 twin pairs found that the deceased twin had significantly larger accelerations in depressive symptoms compared with the surviving twin. Men experienced more severe mortality-related increases compared with women. Terminal decline partially explains the increase in depressive symptoms in later older adulthood.

Gender Essentialism Leads to Biased Learning Opportunities That Shape Women’s Career Interests

Gender differences in occupational interests are often assumed to reflect sex differences in empathizing or systemizing preferences. Do such essentialized explanations lead people to provide gender-biased learning affordances that constrain women’s career interests? In Study 1 ( N = 292), North American STEM professionals endorsing a biologically essentialized (vs. sociocultural) explanation for gender differences in occupational interests provided women (men) with more empathizing (systemizing) learning affordances in a mock management task. Study 2 replicated these gendered affordances by experimentally manipulating essentialized explanations ( N = 379; participants were North American men with management experience in male-dominated fields). In Study 3, North American undergraduate women ( N = 300) who received gendered learning affordances reported greater interest in, and possible alignment with, empathizing work assignments, whereas those who received countergendered affordances reported greater interest in, and possible alignment with, systemizing assignments. These results reveal that gender-essentialist beliefs can foster self-fulfilling gender gaps in occupational interests.

Global and Chinese perspectives on the growing burden of heart failure: trends, gender, and age-related differences (1990–2021) based on GBD 2021 data

Global and Chinese perspectives on the growing burden of heart failure: trends, gender, and age-related differences (1990–2021) based on GBD 2021 data

A qualitative exploration into diagnostic barriers of gender-diverse autistic individuals

Research investigating gender disparities between autistic individuals has been restricted to a binary scope, focusing on how and why females are often overlooked within the diagnostic process. While this research has provided valuable insight, it neglects gender-diverse youth, limiting the understanding of why there are higher rates of autistic youth identifying as gender diverse compared to neurotypical children. A potential explanation for this trend is that challenges understanding illogical social norms, including the performance of gender, may be an autistic trait. As such, this qualitative study utilized reflexive interviews to examine how 24 autistic adults, 14 of which identified as nonbinary, make sense of their intersectional identities separate from dominant narratives within cisgender and autism spaces. Using the theories of gender performativity and the feminist model of disability, themes were created from participants’ narratives of how the rigidity of being autistic disrupts the system of internalizing gender socialization, as does the lack of logic in gender as a social construct. Through this, our participants discussed their refusal to make sense within the dominant narrative of autistic and gendered presentations.

Gender wage gaps in Chinese corporate hierarchies: Low at the top, higher at the bottom

Does the magnitude of the gender wage gap vary across job layers? By examining data encompassing “high-profile” managers across listed firms in the Chinese stock markets spanning from 2008 to 2019, our study reveals no significant gender disparity in the wages of CEOs. However, a pronounced wage gap emerges between men and women in positions other than CEOs within the C-Suite, with the disparity widening as one descends further down the job layers. These findings remain robust when accounting for manager turnover, employing various matching methods, and considering proxies for gender preferences across firms’ provinces. Consequently, solely focusing on compensation at the upper echelons of the job ladder may underestimate the extent of the gender wage gap. JEL Classification: J16, J13, M12

Assessing Wellbeing in the Indian Leather Industry: Evidence from Kanpur's Factory Workers

The wellbeing of workers in the labour-intensive industries like leather manufacturing is vital for their economic stability. This study investigates the multidimensional wellbeing of workers engaged in the Kanpur's leather cluster, an important hub of India's export economy. The study uses primary data collected from randomly selected 103 workers. The survey conducted on factory workers captured the demographics and the five key dimensions of wellbeing: personal wellbeing, health and material wellbeing, workplace wellbeing, and relational wellbeing. Descriptive statistics and stepwise regression analysis were conducted on the survey data to identify the influence of socio-economic, workplace, and demographic factors on different dimensions and the overall wellbeing of the workers engaged in the leather cluster. The descriptive statistics show stark differences in the education levels and skill type amongst the respondents. Results of the stepwise regression analysis reveals gender, job security, job duration, age, and education as the critical determinants of overall wellbeing of the workers. In addition, the workers' skill type, weekly working hours, wages, and housing status also significantly influence different wellbeing dimensions. Importantly, the wage inequality and gender disparities exacerbate challenges, particularly in respect of women and unskilled workers. Thus, the findings underscore the negative impacts of informal employment and highlight the importance of supportive workplace environments. Policy interventions should, therefore, include promoting formal employment, strengthening health and safety measures, addressing wage inequality, and providing targeted supports. Incorporating wellbeing metrics into the industry evaluation mechanism can potentially ensure holistic labour assessments. Nevertheless, future research should explore these aspects in other clusters with more qualitative perspectives for deeper understanding of the underlying dynamics.

Raising hope: The impact of intergenerational mobility on fertility desire in China

Children play such a crucial role in Chinese families that their future socioeconomic prospects significantly influence parents’ decisions regarding fertility. Drawing on data from the 2010–2018 Chinese General Social Survey, this study investigates the impact of macro-level intergenerational mobility on fertility intentions. The findings reveal a positive association between relative mobility and desired family size. Mediation analysis highlights the importance of subjective attitudes, including expected social status, subjective well-being, and societal evaluations. Additionally, analyses along socioeconomic gradients demonstrate a diminishing effect of relative mobility with increasing socioeconomic status, though it remains non-negative among high socioeconomic groups. Furthermore, there are gender differences, with a more pronounced pattern observed among men than women, particularly regarding the preference for male offspring. Finally, the instrumental variable method mitigates attenuation biases arising from measurement errors. This study advances our understanding of macro-level determinants of fertility intentions and underscores the significance of mobility opportunities for fertility policy considerations.

Association of Reproductive Factors with Osteoarthritis and the Mediating Effect of Body Mass Index Among Postmenopausal Women.

Background: Osteoarthritis (OA) is the leading cause of disability worldwide, with a higher prevalence and severity of functional impairment observed in women over the age of 50. However, the reasons for this gender disparity are not well understood. This study aims to investigate the potential association between reproductive factors and OA prevalence in postmenopausal women, as well as whether body mass index (BMI) mediates this relationship. Methods: Public data from 6,066 postmenopausal women collected by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2018 were used for the analysis. Weighted multivariable logistic regression assessed the association between reproductive factors and OA prevalence, with restricted cubic splines (RCS) analyzing nonlinear associations, and mediation analysis examining BMI's mediating role. Results: RCS models revealed a W-shaped relationship between OA risk and age at menopause, a U-shaped relationship with age at first birth, and an inverted W-shaped relationship with age at last birth. Weighted multivariable logistic regression showed that postmenopausal women with bilateral oophorectomy (odds ratio [OR] = 1.29), exogenous hormone use (OR = 1.44), or a history of breastfeeding (OR = 1.31) had a higher risk of OA, while a later age at menarche was significantly associated with a lower risk (OR = 0.93). Mediation analysis indicated that BMI mediated 34.53% of the association between age at menarche and OA and 18.39% between bilateral oophorectomy and OA. Conclusions: Multiple reproductive factors are independent risk factors for OA. Early surveillance and preventive interventions for OA might be strengthened in high-risk populations with specific reproductive characteristics.

How Can We Make Scientific Events More Inclusive? Insights From Q&A Sessions and Surveys From an International Conference

ABSTRACTDespite growing awareness of the importance of researcher diversity, barriers to inclusion and equity persist in science and at academic conferences. As hosts of the 37th International Ethological Congress, “Behaviour 2023”, we studied gender disparities that unfold during question‐and‐answer (Q&A) sessions using observational and experimental behavioural data and surveys. We further used the surveys to investigate broader equity, diversity and inclusivity (EDI) issues at conferences in general. Attendees perceived as women asked fewer questions than those perceived as men because they raised their hands less often to ask questions, and not because they were chosen less often by the session host. Self‐reports indicated that self‐identified women felt more comfortable asking questions when their own gender was represented (in the audience, by the speaker, and/or by the host) and when the setting was smaller. However, this pattern was not reflected in the observational data as perceived women asked fewer questions regardless of the situation. We report potential reasons why women asked fewer questions using survey data, and experimentally tested whether we could reduce gender disparity in question‐asking. Our results indicate that session hosts cannot mitigate the gender disparity in question‐asking by actively selecting perceived women to start the Q&A session. We addressed further inclusivity barriers of underrepresented minorities beyond gender in a post‐congress survey, which showed that underrepresented minorities did not have a more positive or negative congress experience but did perceive EDI issues as more severe. We conclude by providing recommendations for organising more inclusive scientific events.

Gender differences in plasma element concentrations and associations between selenoprotein P and iron metabolism in a community-based cohort study

Essential trace elements, such as iron (Fe) and selenium (Se), play physiological roles in our body, whereas environmental toxic metals, such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and mercury (Hg), are known to be associated with various disease risks. However, the relationship between elements, biochemical parameters, and lifestyle habits based on multi-elemental analysis in healthy individuals has not been fully verified. Multi-elemental analysis is useful for evaluating the change in the concentration of these elements and metals. In the present study using totally 100 µL plasma samples from the Tohoku Medical Megabank (TMM) community-based cohort study (total of 506 specimens), we conducted a multi-elemental analysis to evaluate 14 elements in generally healthy subjects. We further determined Se-transporter selenoprotein P levels using the originally developed ELISA method, since increases and decreases in selenoprotein P levels are associated with various disease risks. Multiple correlation analyses between the obtained measured values and several factors suggest that elements such as Fe, Se, and Hg, as well as selenoprotein P levels, are associated with gender differences. We also found that factors such as Fe, Se, As, Hg, hematocrit value, hemoglobin (Hb) content, and HbA1c are correlated with selenoprotein P levels. Furthermore, correlations between Fe levels and Hb content and between As/Hg and fish consumption were found. These findings demonstrate the suitability of multi-elemental analyses with limited plasma sample amounts, clearly show gender-differentiated elements, and establish a significant relationship between selenoprotein P and Fe metabolism.

Reasons for electronic cigarette use: Differences based on sex and young adult status.

Reasons for electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among adults differ based on demographics, and understanding these differences is essential to tailoring cessation interventions. The aim of this study is to examine differential e-cigarette use reasons based on sex and young-adult status. In total, 965 (42.2% women; 31.1% young adults) adults completed the Reasons for E-cigarette Use Questionnaire, which measures eight motivations for nicotine vaping. Participants also completed demographic and tobacco use measures. Questionnaires were completed on the Prolific crowdsourcing platform. Participant data were grouped by sex (male vs. female) and age group (young adult (≤29 years old) vs. older adult) and analyzed using factorial analysis of variance. Younger adults endorsed higher social influence motives for use than did older adults, but older adult men also endorsed higher social influence motives than older adult women. Men were more likely than women, and older adults were more likely than young adults, to use e-cigarettes for harm reduction. Younger adults endorsed lower smoking cessation motives, but younger women reported lower cessation motivations than younger men. Young adults endorse higher experiential and flavor motives, but lower dependence use motives. Women endorsed higher dependence motives for use than men. This study builds upon existing research for e-cigarette use, particularly showing differences based on sex and young adult status. Our findings may inform interventions designed to reduce e-cigarette use and harms, as this is among the first studies to explore age and gender differences in e-cigarette use.

Gender differences in fetal growth and maternal anthropometry: аn analysis of their impact on newborn weight

Anthropometric and fetometric parameters of the fetus, including birth weight, are closely related to pregnancy outcomes and the health status of the newborn. The maternal preconception body mass index (BMI) significantly influences on intrauterine development; however, differential growth characteristics between male and female fetuses are often overlooked in such analyses. At the same time, the child’s sex may significantly modify growth rates, the distribution of muscle and adipose tissue, as well as the response to external factors. Aim of the study was to determine the patterns of the influence of fetal sex on fetometric parameters, including birth weight, taking into account maternal anthropometric characteristics (BMI and height) and regional peculiarities, in order to optimize perinatal care and improve pregnancy outcomes. Material and methods. Medical records of 5161 pregnant women treated at the Kirov Regional Clinical Perinatal Center were analyzed. The study considered maternal anthropometric data (body weight, height, preconception BMI) and fetometric data of the newborns (head circumference, abdominal circumference, birth weight). This retrospective study covered the period from 2016 to 2022. Based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, the women were divided into three groups according to their preconception BMI: below normal (&lt; 18.5 kg/m²), normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m²), and elevated (25.0–29.9 kg/m²). Pregnant women with obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m²) were excluded. Additionally, a stratified analysis of the newborns by sex was conducted to assess the influence of fetal sex on intrauterine growth. Results. It was found that, overall, male newborns exhibited higher birth weight, head circumference, and shoulder circumference compared to female newborns, regardless of the maternal BMI group. In the underweight group, infants with lower fetometric parameters were more frequently born; however, the differences between males and females persisted even in this category. In the normal BMI group, children of both sexes had optimal mean birth weights (approximately 3300 ± 400 g), yet male newborns more frequently exceeded the median values. In a group of mothers with elevated BMI group (25.0–29.9 kg/m²), the proportion of infants with a birth weight &gt; 4000 g increased, with male newborns showing even higher values. The statistically significant differences in growth rates between the sexes were evident both in the mean birth weight and in the higher proportion of large-for-gestational-age infants among males. Correlation analysis demonstrated that the combination of fetal sex with maternal preconception BMI and height significantly influences the final fetometric parameters. Conclusions. In addition to the maternal BMI and height, the newborn’s sex influences on fetometric parameters, including birth weight. Therefore, in perinatal care, in the formulation of dietary recommendations, and in planning the management of pregnancy, it is advisable to consider not only the maternal anthropometry but also the potential differences between male and female fetuses in intrauterine growth patterns.

Ischemic Stroke Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes in the U.S.: National Trends and Demographic Disparities From 1999 to 2019

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe pathological changes in the lining of blood vessels associated with diabetes are a well‐established risk factor for stroke, with some studies suggesting a two times increase in risk compared to non‐diabetics.MethodsDeath certificates from the CDC WONDER (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide‐Ranging OnLine Data for Epidemiologic Research) database were examined from 1999 to 2019 for ischemic stroke‐related mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Annual percent change (APC) and age‐adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) per 100,000 persons were calculated and stratified by year, sex, and race/ethnicity.ResultsFrom 1999 to 2019 there were 18,135 deaths from ischemic stroke in patients with T2DM. The AAMR remained relatively constant from 0.31 in 1999 to 0.32 in 2004, gradually declining to 0.14 in 2014 (APC: −6.74), followed by a rapid increase to 0.44 in 2017 (APC: 53.11). Men showed consistently higher AAMR than women in 1999 (AAMR men: 0.34 vs. women: 0.29) and 2019 (AAMR men: 0.55 vs. women: 0.42). When comparing race, African Americans (AA) presented with a consistently higher AAMR in 1999 (AAMR AA: 0.4 vs. white: 0.29) and in 2019 (AAMR AA: 0.62 vs. white:0.44). Notably, a significant escalation in AAMR occurred from 2014 to 2019, affecting both populations; this trend reached its pinnacle in 2019 (2016 AAMR AA: 0.4 vs. white: 0.26) (2019 AAMR AA: 0.62 vs. white: 0.44).ConclusionThe findings highlight fluctuating trends in AAMRs with distinct shifts observed after 2014. Noteworthy gender and racial disparities in AAMRs were also evident. The study emphasises the need for ongoing vigilance and focused interventions to address the evolving dynamics of ischaemic stroke‐related mortality in the T2DM population.