Gateway Discovery Scheme Research Articles

The Effect of Network’s Size on the Performance of the Gateway Discovery and Selection Scheme for MANEMO

In the era of Internet technology, new applications are developed everyday requiring continuous and seamless connections. This urges for access availability solutions to the new scenarios. One of the critical architecture is the Mobile Ad-Hoc Network Mobility (MANEMO). However, the integration of Ad-hoc and NEMO technologies came out with many complications like redundant tunnels and the existence of multiple Exit Routers. This paper presents a scheme to discover and select the optimum gateway to improve the robustness and the performance of the network irrespective of the used routing protocol. The MANEMO Gateway discovery and selection scheme (MGDSS) extends the Tree Discovery Protocol and the Neighborhood Discovery protocol used by NEMO and Ad-Hoc to carry the necessary gateway selection parameters. To compare the effect of network’s size on the performance of the proposed scheme, the standard NEMO BSP and the Multi-homed MANEMO (M-MANEMO) approaches OPNET Modeler 14.5 was used. The results show that the average data packets dropped, the end-to-end delay and the throughput of the proposed MGDSS outperform those for the standard M-MANEMO and standard NEMO BSP.

Development of Gateway Discovery and Selection Scheme for MANEMO (MGDSS)

To achieve the requirement of the improvement applications and guarantee the Internet access for mobile hosts and networks, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) proposed Mobile Ad Hoc NEMO (MANEMO) architecture. However, the integration of NEMO and MANET introduces many challenges such as the redundant tunnel problem and Exit Router selection when multiple Exit Routers to the Internet exist. This paper aims to propose a scheme that discovers and selects the gateway which improves the performance and the robustness of the network regardless of routing protocol used. This is done by extending the Tree Discovery Protocol (TDP) used by NEMO BSP and the Neighborhood Discovery protocol used by MANET and the gateway selection is based on multiple criteria: the hop count, the nested level, the stable time and the number of nodes registered at the intermediate nodes. The OPNET Modeler 14.5 is used to evaluate the proposed scheme and compare its performance with the standard NEMO BSP and the Multi-homed MANEMO (M-MANEMO) approach. The results show that the average data packets dropped of the proposed scheme is 28.6% less compared to the NEMO BSP and 63% compared to the M-MANEMO. And in a larger scale MANEMO with high traffic load and fast mobility, the proposed scheme outperforms the M-MANEMO with reduced end-to-end delay around 21.6%. Whereas NEMO BSP has 68.7% more end-to-end delay in compare. These delays cause that the proposed scheme has 66.6% less voice jitter compared to M-MANEMO.

Role of Gateways in MANET Integration Scenarios

Background/Objectives: Mobile Ad Hoc Network, an auto configured wireless network using mobile devices without a predefined infrastructure can be integrated with infrastructure based network to overcome the problems in following networks. Methods/Statistical analysis: Integrating two entirely different communication technologies have enormous challenges. The integration process requires an intermediate entity named Gateway for connecting entirely different networks. This paper analyze the role played by gateway in solving issues related with integration using Mobile Ad Hoc Network in various heterogeneous networks and the various phases in communication between two networks using gateways. Findings: Recent researches in Green Communication, Machine to Machine Networks, Internet of Things, Device to Device Communication explores the use of Mobile Ad hoc Networks in deploying future wireless networks with less cost and overhead. This paper reviews various categories of networks so far integrated with Mobile Ad- hoc networks, issues discovered in such integration scenarios and importance of different gateways used in integration architectures. Paper also compared different gateway discovery and selection schemes so far adopted in integration scenarios. Applications/ Improvements: To support such endeavors paper propose some modification needed in implementation of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET) gateways to survive in future wireless networking.

An efficient proxy adaptive gateway discovery algorithm based on quality of service parameters

Integration of MANET with internet requires gateways for increasing its usability and accessibility to fixed IP networks. However, such integrations prove complex owing to differences in mobility, routing and addressing between mobile ad hoc networks and fixed IP networks. Existing gateway discovery schemes suffer from low network throughput and performance trade-off. In our proposed gateway discovery scheme, apart from considering timestamp factor, hop count and interface queue length for selection of an optimal gateway, stability of link along the route is also taken into account. Stability of link ensures that message exchange after gateway discovery procedure will not be lost during transit. The proposed approach performance is evaluated through simulation and also analytically validated. Results show our approach has found to be outperforming other ones.

Gateway pheromone-based adaptive internet access scheme for mobile ad hoc networks

Control messages produced in the gateway discovery process degrade the performance of hybrid mobile ad hoc networks. Thus, the optimisation is required to release resources for the data transmissions. This paper proposes a novel adaptive gateway discovery scheme to improve the performance. In the scheme, active regions, which are delineated by gateway pheromone, are defined to optimise the propagation of control messages. To adapt to dynamic network topology, active regions are adjusted periodically to keep their availability by adaptive maintenance operations. Moreover, a link robustness evaluation model based on signal strength is integrated into the scheme to help build stable routes. Therefore, the control overhead can be further reduced because the messages generated due to the link breakages can be avoided. Extensive experiments have been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in different scenarios. The results show that our scheme outperforms the existing gateway discovery mechanisms especially in terms of control overhead reduction.

A Proactive Load-Aware Gateway Discovery in Ad Hoc Networks for Internet Connectivity

When a Mobile Ad Hoc network (MANET) is connected to the Internet, it is important for mobile nodes to detect available Internet gateway (IGW) providing access to the Internet. Gateway discovery time have strong influence on packet delay and throughput. In most of the cases, a mobile node uses min- hops to the gateway to communicate a fixed host connected to an Internet. However, a minimum hop path may not always be efficient if some nodes along the path have longer interface queue of waiting packets. Thus, the focus of the paper is to first analyse existing load-aware routing protocols in MANET and then based on this analysis, devise a proactive load-aware gateway discovery scheme that takes in to account size of interface queue in addition to the traditional min hop metric. This approach also allows an efficient handoff from one Internet gateway to another Internet gateway and still maintains a seamless connectivity to a fixed host. We examine the impact of traffic load and node mobility in terms of two metrics: throughput and average end-to-end delay to assess the performance of the proposed protocol. Simulation results indicate that our protocol outperforms existing solution.

An Adaptive Gateway Discovery Algorithm to support QoS When Providing Internet Access to Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

When a node in an ad hoc network wants Internet access, it needs to obtain information about the available gateways and it should select the most appropriate of them. In this work we propose a new gateway discovery scheme suitable for real-time applications that adjusts the frequency of gateway advertisements dynamically. This adjustment is related to the percentage of real-time sources that have quality of service problems because of excessive end-to-end delays. The optimal values for the configuration parameters (time interval and threshold) of the proposed adaptive gateway discovery mechanism for the selected network conditions have been studied with the aid of simulations. The scalability of the proposed scheme with respect to mobility as well as the impact of best-effort traffic load have been analyzed. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme significantly improves the average end-to-end delay, jitter and packet delivery ratio of real-time flows; the routing overhead is also reduced and there is no starvation of best-effort traffic.

QoS-aware Internet access schemes for wireless mobile ad hoc networks

Recently, the idea of integrating mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) and the Internet are being explored to expand the reach of the Internet to MANET access networks. It will get us one step closer to the goal of ubiquitous Internet which is accessible anytime and anywhere. Among others, Internet gateway discovery and selection schemes pose more fundamental challenge to the problem. In this paper, we propose a load-adaptive access gateway discovery protocol and a QoS-enabled access gateway selection scheme that can exploit relevant network conditions. The gateway discovery protocol dynamically adjusts its proactive area according to network traffic. Among a set of the discovered candidate gateways, one is selected based on the number of hops to and the capability of them. Our performance evaluation study shows that the load-adaptive access gateway discovery and QoS-enabled selection schemes outperform existing mechanisms over various simulation scenarios.