Gas Transport Function Research Articles

Features of the gas transport function of blood in hyperpigmentations of the skin

BACKGROUND: Acquired hyperpigmentation is widespread in the population and significantly affects the quality of life of the patients. It is known that one of the clinical signs of skin hyperpigmentation is localized hyperkeratosis in the lesion associated with a high level of cell proliferation and cell saturation with melanin. Cellular proliferation and hyperkeratosis are associated with increased local metabolism rates. AIM: Study of erythrocyte gas transport function in women with skin hyperpigmentation compared to the control group. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To achieve the objective, the concentrations of lactic acid, pyruvic acid and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate levels in venous blood erythrocytes were investigated. RESULTS: The phenomenon of skin hyperpigmentation is accompanied by a restructuring of blood cell metabolism aimed at preserving oxygen and energy homeostasis of skin structures. The obtained data indicate redistribution of oxygen in cellular structures and tissues, which is accompanied by a significant increase in lactate concentration and formation of local tissue hypoxia. CONCLUSION: The formation of skin pigmentation is considered as a physiological mechanism in response to inflammation, mainly associated with ultraviolet radiation. The general strategy of the course of the inflammatory process under normal regulation or dysregulation has similar features, but there are also differences. It seems necessary to further study systemic adaptation mechanisms in dysregulation and formation of skin hyperpigmentation.

THE INFLUENCE OF BIOCOMPATIBILITY OF THE EXTRACORPOREAL OXYGENATOR CIRCUIT ON THE DEGREE OF HEMOLYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF OXYGEN STATUS IN MINIMALLY INVASIVE CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS GRAFTING

Introduction. A distinctive feature of cardiopulmonary bypass in minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is the significantly longer perfusion time, involving active blood drainage from the vein to the cardiotomy reservoir, which carries the risk of hemolysis development. In this context, mechanical hemolysis disrupts the gas transport function of the blood.
 The aim of the research. Reducing hemolysis and optimizing oxygen status of patients during minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting surgeries.
 Materials and methods. The study included 60 patients, who underwent minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) under moderate hypothermia. The patients were divided into two groups of 30 individuals each. To improve the biocompatibility of the oxygenator, the circuit in Group 1 (Gr1) was treated with an adaptive composition, while in Group 2 (Gr2), the oxygenator circuit remained untreated. The following parameters were examined: hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Ht), red blood cell count (RBC), oxygen delivery index (DO2I), oxygen consumption index (VO2I), oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER%), oxygen extraction index (O2EI%), venous (SpvO2), and arterial (SpaO2) oxygen saturation, oxygen tension in arterial (PaO2) and venous blood (PvO2), acid-base status of the blood (pH, pCO2,HCO3ˉ, BE), and the degree of hemolysis.
 Results. Before initiation of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), an insignificant increase in O2IE% was observed in Gr1 (26.07±1.57) and Gr2 (27.11±0.81); p=0.875, indicating an increase in tissue oxygen consumption. At the hypothermic stage CPB, both Gr1 and Gr2 demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in Hb, Ht, and RBC levels (p<0.05) due to hemodilution, accompanied by a decrease in IDO2, IVO2, O2IE%, and O2ER% in both groups due to hypothermia. After rewarming, O2ER% in Gr1 (22.91±2.68) and Gr2 (24.59±2.02); p=0.191, and O2EI% in Gr1 (22.92±2.44) and Gr2 (24.61±2.01); p=0.215, were in the normal range. After weaning off cardiopulmonary bypassin Gr2, O2EI% was 27.34±1.97, indicating an increase in oxygen consumption and oxygen extraction. Upon separation from CPB, Gr2 showed a tendency to mild compensated metabolic acidosis, mainly due to HCO3ˉ 21.9±0.3. During the rewarming stage, the hemolysis value was 0.36±0.09in Gr1 and 0.45±0.17 in Gr2 (p<0.001). After CPB, hemolysis was 0.41±0.15 in Gr1 and 0.61±0.22 in Gr2 (p<0.001).
 Conclusions. Improving the biocompatibility of the extracorporeal oxygenatorcircuit makes it possible to reduce hemolysis and optimise the patient's oxygen status after cardiopulmonary bypass in minimally invasive coronary artery bypass grafting.

Underwater Bubble Manipulation on Surfaces with Patterned Regions with Infused Lubricants.

The flexible manipulation of underwater gas bubbles on solid substrates has attracted considerable research interest from scientists in the fields of water electrolysis, bubble microreactions, drug delivery, and heat transfer. Inspired by the oxygen-binding mechanisms of aquatic organisms, scientists have designed a series of interfacial materials for use in collecting gases, detecting and grading bubbles, and conducting microbubble reactions. Aerophilic surfaces are commonly used in underwater bubble manipulation platforms due to their excellent gas-trapping properties. However, during bubble transport, some of the bubbles are retained in the rough structure of the aerophilic surface and cause gas loss, which in the long run reduces the gas transport function. In addition, the aerophilic surface is prone to failure in high-humidity and high-pressure underwater environments. The lubricant-infused surface features an oil layer that remains stable on a rough substrate and is immiscible with water. Additionally, the bubbles are transported over the oil layer without causing losses other than those dissolved in water. These attributes make it more favorable than the aerophilic surface. Inspired by the unique properties of Nepenthes and cactus spines, we developed a patterned slippery surface [patterned lubricant-infused surface (PLIS)] through laser etching and ammonia etching that facilitates the coexistence of superaerophobic and aerophilic surfaces. The PLIS executes bubble capture utilizing a difference in wettability measuring 78°, transports bubbles through Laplace force and buoyancy, and regulates bubble release by restricting the contact area on the PLIS. The PLIS can be prepared rapidly and affordably in just about an hour, and its potential for large-scale production is high. Following tests for shear, acid and alkali resistance, and corrosion resistance, the PLIS exhibited impressive weathering resistance and appears to have potential for application in some extreme environments.

Effect of experimental therapy on the gas and acid–base composition of the blood in the dynamics of toxic pulmonary edema

BACKGROUND: This study is part of an extended research onfinding ways to prevent and treat toxic pulmonary edema. This study aimed to examine the gas transport function, acid–base state, and gas composition of blood in the dynamics of experimental toxic pulmonary edema and the effect on them of experimental therapy with a combination of drugs that have shown effectiveness in preliminary studies.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: Toxic edema of the lungs was modeled in mice by inhalation of toxic doses of phosgene LСt50. Gas and acid–base composition parameters of the blood were determined using a gas analyzer 3 and 24 h after poisoning. Thirty minutes after poisoning, parts of the animals were injected intraperitoneally with a complex of drugs consisting of natrii dimercaptopropansulfonas (unitiol) 150 mg/kg, diclofenac sodium 35. 0 mg/kg, and аprotinin (contrikal) 250 IU/kg.
 RESULTS: The results revealed 3 h after poisoning of animals, changes in the gas composition and parameters of the gas transport function in the blood were detected, and 24 h after poisoning, impaired acid-base balance was noted. The use of a therapeutic combination of drugs consisting of sodium dimercaptopropanesulfonate (unithiol), sodium diclofenac, and aprotinin (kontrikal) led to the partial normalization of the altered parameters of the blood gas composition and parameters of the blood gas transport function but was not accompanied by the normalization of the acid-base state of the blood. The formulation demonstrated a pronounced negative effect on the blood gas composition in intact animals. The treatment of pulmonary edema with the comparison drug unithiol did not result in the normalization of the gas composition and acid-base state of the poisoned animals.
 CONCLUSION:The treatment of toxic pulmonary edema with a combination of medications led to an improvement in the gas composition and gas transport function of the blood.

The Effect of Molecular Hydrogen on Functional States of Erythrocytes in Rats with Simulated Chronic Heart Failure

Molecular hydrogen has an anti-inflammatory and cardioprotective effect, which is associated with its antioxidant properties. Erythrocytes are subjected to oxidative stress in pathologies of the cardiovascular system, which is the cause of a violation of the gas transport function of blood and microcirculation. Therefore, our aim was to investigate the effects of H2 inhalation on the functional states of red blood cells (RBCs) in chronic heart failure (CHF) in rats. The markers of lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity, electrophoretic mobility of erythrocytes (EPM), aggregation, levels of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and 2,3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG), hematological parameters were estimated in RBCs. An increase in EPM and a decrease in the level of aggregation were observed in groups with multiple and single H2 application. The orientation of lipoperoxidation processes in erythrocytes was combined with the dynamics of changes in oxidative processes in blood plasma, it was observed with both single and multiple exposures, although the severity of the changes was greater with multiple H2 inhalations. Probably, the antioxidant effects of molecular hydrogen mediate its metabolic action. Based on these data, we conclude the use of H2 improves microcirculation and oxygen transport function of blood and can be effective in the treatment of CHF.

Impact of Perfluorocarbons with Gas Transport Function on Growth of Phototrophic Microorganisms in a Free and Immobilized State and in Consortia with Bacteria

The effects of the presence of perfluorocarbons (PFC) with a gas transport function in media with different phototrophic microorganisms on their growth rates and the accumulation of their biomass when using free and immobilized cells as inoculums were investigated. The significant increase in the average rate of biomass accumulation as well as levels of biomass accumulation in the presence of various PFCs were established for Chlorella vulgaris cells. When 1 g/L glycerol was introduced into the growth medium with PFCs and C. vulgaris cells, the increase in the rate of biomass accumulation was 9–32%. The maximum intracellular ATP concentrations corresponded to the combination of microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) with bacterial cells (Pseudomonas esterophilus and Rhodoccus ruber) obtained with a mass ratio of 25:1. It provided for the formation of a consortium, which was able to accumulate the maximum amount of microalgae biomass for 3 days in the medium with PFCs and organophosphorus pesticide. The obtained data allow, on the one hand, predicting the growth of microalgae under environmental conditions in media with PFC pollution and, on the other hand, developing approaches to regulation of phototrophic microorganisms’ growth in order to obtain and use their high biomass yields for various purposes.

Study the effectiveness of using a complex of disinfectants and probiotics in the presence of poultry

In the industrial production of broiler meat, optimal housing conditions are created to increase productivity and meat quality. To maintain the natural resistance of poultry, the technology of poultry must use probiotics and quality, safe disinfectants. This article deals with the discussion due to the research results on the integrated use of two probiotics and two disinfectants in raising broiler chickens. The scheme, modes, and terms of using probiotics and disinfectants for broiler chickens during their cultivation are offered. Doses and concentrations of the studied preparations are also generalized. The influence of the investigated preparations on hematological parameters, growth, and safety of poultry was analyzed. The results of the research showed that feeding with probiotics and disinfectants did not significantly influence the daily feed consumption of chickens but caused a 6.2 % increase in average daily gain and a decrease of 0.1 feed conversion rate in chickens of the experimental group. Production investigation has determined the modes of disinfection of poultry houses in the presence of broiler chickens when using a disinfectant, “Biolide”, based on hydrogen peroxide, lactic acid, and lactic acid. The bactericidal effect of disinfection of walls, floors, and feeding troughs of the premises with aerosol use of disinfectant “Biolide” and spraying of probiotic powder “Biozapin” 2 days after treatment, at the rate of 10‒30 g/m2 1 time in 2 weeks. There was an increase in the productivity of the studied poultry for feeding with probiotic feed “Biomagn” at the rate of 0.5 kg per ton of feed according to the scheme: from one day of age – seven consecutive days and 22 days of age – seven days in a row with constant water treated with disinfectant preparation “Diolide” based on chlorine dioxide, which made it possible to get quality products and cost-effective production. According to the research results, it is set that the optimal mode of aerosol disinfection of poultry houses in the presence of broiler chickens using 0.2 % disinfectant “Biolide” is 50 ml/m3 of the room at an exposure of 60 minutes. The safe and optimal concentration of the disinfectant “Diolide” during water treatment in the water supply system at a dose of 1.0 mg/l of chlorine dioxide corresponds to 0.0004 % concentration. The bactericidal effect of disinfecting the room's surface in the presence of poultry during its rearing after disinfection with the disinfectant “Biolide” and probiotic “Biozapin” was almost 100 %, which confirms its effectiveness. Under the action of the investigated preparations, a stimulating influence on the gas transport function of the blood of broiler chickens was revealed, especially in the older age of their rearing. In particular, at the age of 34 days, the concentration of hemoglobin was higher by 10.7 % (P < 0.05), and the number of erythrocytes at the age of 34 and 41 days – by 41.7 (P < 0.01) and 24.1 % (P < 0.01), respectively. At the same time, likely changes in the number of leukocytes and the ratio of their species in the blood of chickens of the experimental group concerning the control were not detected. These data indicate that aerosol treatment of premises in the presence of chickens is non-toxic and has no negative influence on the physiological state, confirmed by investigations of morphological indicators of poultry blood.

Comprehensive Biotechnical System for Screening Risk-based Diagnosis of COVID-19 and Post-COVID Syndrome.

At present, there are no hardware or biochemical systems that allow to assess the severity of post-COVID syndrome in vivo. The hardware of the proposed biotechnical system is based on routine transthoracic electrical impedance rheography, which makes it possible to register the frequency characteristics of the patient's bioimpedance response to controlled stress stimulation, thereby simultaneously fixing the characteristics of his productive heart, the state of the hemomicrocirculatory bed, the efficiency of the gas transport function of his blood, and also reliably assess personal reactivity and adaptive potential. Subsequent mathematical approximation of the obtained biometric data by an original neural network makes it possible to rank the results obtained and automatically generate a program of medical rehabilitation for a particular patient, depending on the severity of his post-COVID syndrome. The study results proved two reliable physiological signs confirming the presence of latent post-COVID complications: a decrease in the base impedance value for light exercise and an increase in the length of the systolic arc of the rheocardiogram.

Features of ozone effect on the oxygen-dependent blood processes under hypercapnia conditions

The aim of this work is to study of ozone effect on blood oxygen-dependent processes under hypercapnia conditions. The studied blood samples are pretreated with a hypercapnic gas mixture followed by the addition of ozonized isotonic sodium chloride solution (with an ozone concentration of 6 mg/l), as well as gaseous transmitters donors, nitroglycerin and sodium hydrosulfide. It has been established that hypercapnia enhanced the ozone effect on the blood oxygen transport function and was characterized by the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve shift to the right, also increased hydrogen sulfide synthesis and absence of changes in the nitrates/nitrites concentration. Under these conditions nitroglycerin and sodium hydrosulfide did not change the parameters of the blood gas transport function, but increased the level of nitrate/nitrite and hydrogen sulfide. Preliminary hypercapnia does not eliminate the activating effect of ozone on the free radical oxidation processes, and the addition of the applied gaseous transmitter donors does not contribute to the regulation of the studied parameters.

Complex protocol of cardiopulmonary bypass

Complex protocol of cardiopulmonary bypass

Кровозамінники з газотранспортною функцією: надії і реалії

Робота присвячена сучасному стану проблеми створення та клінічного використання кровозамінників із газотранспортною функцією. Описано технологічні напрямки розробок кровозамінників із газотранспортною функцією. Здійснено аналіз проведених досліджень кровозамінників на основі модифікованого гемоглобіну, перфторвуглеців, а також використання молекулярних, клітинних і нанотехнологій. Надано досвід широкого клінічного застосування кровозамінника з газотранспортною функцією на основі перфторвуглеців. Продемонстровані потенційні переваги використання кровозамінників із газотранспортною функцією порівняно з алогенною кров’ю.

Ultrastructural characteristics of erythrocytes and their relationship with oxygen transport in patients with ischemic heart disease after coronary artery bypass grafting with artificial circulation

Aim. Evaluation of nanostructural and micromechanical characteristics of erythrocytes and their relationship with the parameters of oxygen transport in patients with ischemic heart disease (IHD) after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) under artificial circulation (AC).Materials and methods. The study involved 30 men with IHD aged 53 to 67 years with a median of 63 years, who underwent planned CABG with AC at the clinic of the Far Eastern Federal University. Blood sampling from patients was carried out before the AC and one day after it from a venous catheter located in the right atrium. Erythrocytes were scanned using a Bioscope Catalyst atomic force microscope (AFM) (Bruker, USA) in combination with an Axiovert 200 inverted microscope (Zeiss, Germany). The micromechanical properties of cell membranes were investigated with the PFQNM-LC-A-CAL cantilevers. The following were recorded: the diameter of erythrocytes, the height of their side, area, volume, membrane rigidity, strength of its adhesion, Young's modulus, elastic deformation. To assess oxygen transport, the oxygen delivery index (DO2I), consumption (VO2I), and extraction ratio (O2ER) were calculated.Results. In one day after CABG, a decrease in DO2I, VO2I, and O2ER was recorded by 14%, 33%, and 16%, respectively, which indicated a limitation in the gas transport function of the blood. Analysis of the AFM characteristics of erythrocytes showed an increase in their area by 35%, in diameter by 6%, in volume by 19%, and the height of the side by 5 times. At the same time, multidirectional changes in the micromechanical properties of erythrocyte membranes were noted: Young's modulus and stiffness decreased by 3.2 and 2 times, respectively; the adhesion force increased by 2.7 times, and the elastic deformation – by 2.2 times. Correlation analysis showed the presence of reliable relationships between indicators of oxygen transport and biomechanical parameters of erythrocyte membranes.Conclusion. A comprehensive analysis of the nanostructural parameters of erythrocytes and oxygen transport expands the understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms of postperfusion disorders in patients with coronary artery disease after CABG under conditions of cardiopulmonary bypass.

Hemocorrectors Based on Perfluorocarbon Gas-Transport Blood-Substituting Emulsions

Abstract Hemocorrectors based on perfluorocarbon gas-transport blood-substituting emulsions are complex multiphase systems used in the biomedical field as multifunctional drugs, in particular, as gas-transport substitutes for a blood donor. The aim of this review was to discuss their physicochemical and medico-biological properties. A number of preparations from both Russian and foreign manufacturers based on chemically inert perfluorocarbon blood-substituting emulsions of a nano-size level as hemocorrectors with a gas transport function are shown. The analysis of the effect of perfluorocarbon emulsion on the blood gas transport indicators showed that perfluorocarbon particles in the bloodstream will significantly improve the conditions of gas exchange in tissues. The most important issue is the concentration of perfluorocarbon blood-substituting emulsions. The perfluorocarbon emulsions can be considered as a means of correcting the gas transport properties of blood, increasing the reserve capacity of blood cells-red blood cells to deliver oxygen to the tissues. Taking into account all facts about perfluorocarbon hemocorrectors, it can be concluded that they can be used as universal nanocarriers for the transdermal delivery of oxygen and biologically active compounds in various fields of biomedicine and cosmetology.

Pathogenetic and substitution correction of anemia in patients with malignant neoplasms

Anemia in patients with malignant neoplasms affects the quality of life of the patient and sometimes limits the timely implementation of antitumor treatment. In the pathogenesis of anemia of the malignant neoplasms the largest role play infiltration of the bone marrow by tumor cells, suppression of hematopoiesis by inflammation cytokines, development of functional iron deficiency, reduction of sensitivity of receptors to erythropoietin or its synthesis. The doctor can prescribe effective pathogenetic therapy after evaluating the mechanisms of anemia development in this category of patients. In the article are described in detail the methods of pathogenetic correction of anemic syndrome using parenteral iron preparations, recombinant erythropoietin, indications for their appointment, effectiveness in patients with cancer, as well as possible side effects and complications of therapy. The mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, and features of the use of different erythropoietin adents are described. It is shown the effectiveness of erythropoietin preparations in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders based on the results of our own study. A positive response was observed in 77.3 % of patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphomas, in 61.8 % – with multiple myeloma and 60.9 % with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. It is presented the prognostic factors for the response to erythropoietin therapy and showed own datum in patients with myelodysplastic syndrome (in case of the serum erythropoietin <500 mMU / ml a positive response was found in 35.6 %, with higher level – no response) and with lymphoproliferative disorders (in case of erythropoietin was <130 mMU / ml, the positive response was 80 %, at 130–499 mMU / ml – 63.6 %, and at ≥500 mMU / ml – 25 %). In the article are described the principles of anemia correction using red blood cells transfusions and features of their use in patients with cancer. Special attention is paid to the study of blood saturation as one of the indicators that allow us to assess the adequacy of the gas transport function of blood during red blood cells transfusions. The algorithm for correcting anemia in malignant neoplasms using red blood cells transfusions and erythropoietin agents are presented. It is shown low blood saturation (<60 %) in 32 % hematological malignancie’s patients with a hemoglobin 8.0 g / dL. This datum suggests presence of tissue hypoxia and gives approval to expand the threshold for red blood cells transfusions

Gas Transport Characteristics of Hemocorrectors and Perfusates Based on Perfluorocarbon Blood-Substituting Emulsions

Abstract This review summarizes the data regarding the gas transport characteristics of hemocorrection and perfusates on the basis of low concentrated drugs nano-sized perfluorocarbonic 20% Perftoran (a blood substitute, it is allowed for clinical use in Russia), 20% Ftoremulsion III (an improved blood substitute, registered in Russia), 10-20% Perfusol (a perfusion solution for perfusion of the isolated heart), 20% Ftorem (a cardioplegic emulsion for surgeries on the stopped heart) used in the biomedical field. The compensation of blood loss using traditional plasma substitutes without the gas transport function or with low gas transport characteristics leads to a decrease in the oxygen capacity of the resulting mixture and subsequently to deterioration in the oxygen transport characteristics of blood. The synthetic gas-transport blood substitutes can be used in the treatment of various forms of ischemia, such as carbon monoxide poisoning. Furthermore, recent results regarding the mechanism of COVID19 infection indicate a possible use of the synthetic gas-transport blood substitutes in the treatment and therapy of COVID19 infected patients.

MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS OF ERYTHROCYTES IN SEVERAL RODENTIA SPECIES

Red blood cells (RBC) play a leading role in the blood gas transport function and oxygen supply to tissues, and the number and size of RBC have a decisive role in tissue oxygenation. The size of erythrocyte varies significantly among animal species, depending on a number of factors. Data on the effect of various factors (living conditions, lifestyle, systematic affiliation, body weight) on the size of RBC are contradictory. The choice of mammals belonging to the Rodentia order was dictated by their very extensive distribution range and ecological features. A comparative study of the morphometric parameters (surface area and diameter) of RBC was performed for 11 Rodentia species: European beaver ( Castor fiber ), Canadian beaver ( C. canadensis ), nutria ( Myocastor coypus ), muskrat ( Ondatra zibethicus ), rat ( Rattus norvegicus ), chinchilla ( Chinchilla lanigera ), red squirrel ( Sciurus vulgaris ), bank vole ( Myodes glareolus ), European water vole ( Arvicola amphibius ), laboratory mouse ( Mus musculus ) and Syrian hamster ( Mesocricetus auratus ). A direct dependence of the size of erythrocytes on body weight was established, which agrees with the data reported by other researchers. The maximum size of RBC was noted in C. canadensis and C. fiber . Besides, large erythrocytes were detected in all the studied semiaquatic animals. The surface area of erythrocytes in terrestrial rodent species decreased in the following order: C. lanigera – R. norvegicus – S. vulgaris – M. musculus – M. glareolus. The influence of physiological (weight, sex, longevity) and ecological factors (food habits and habitat) on the morphometric parameters of erythrocytes was revealed, while systematic affiliation did not affect cell size.

Hematological indicators in pygmy wood mouse Apodemus uralensis (Muridae, Rodentia) populations as markers of the environmental radiation exposure: East Urals radioactive trace (Russia).

The hematological effects of chronic radiation exposure in males of the pygmy wood mouse (Apodemus uralensis Pall., 1811) from the East Urals radioactive trace (EURT) area were assessed, taking into account population abundance and reproductive status (immature, ripening, and mature yearlings). For this purpose, we analyzed the morpho-functional characteristics of erythrocytes (red cell indices [MCV, MCH, MCHC], red cell count, activity of antioxidant enzymes [GSH-Px, CAT], lipid peroxidation, glycolysis, osmotic resistance, methaemoglobin content) and blood plasma components (free hemoglobin, total lipids, total cholesterol, and glucose) in the background territory and the EURT area; these areas have a density of soil contamination with 90Sr of 12,851 and 198kBq × m-2, respectively (four and two order of magnitude higher than the background value). The data indicate the "hyperfunctional" state of the erythrocyte, aimed at activation of the gas transport function of blood in the radioactive environment. This, as a consequence, determines the insufficiency of energy supply of the cell defense system necessary to maintain the structural integrity of the membrane. Intensification of membrane lipid peroxidation, reduction of osmotic resistance and GSH-Px activity in red cells, an increase in the degree of intravascular hemolysis, and tendency towards erythropenia indicate the processes of accelerated aging of erythrocytes and their more pronounced destruction in the circulatory bed. The level of the hematological response increased with increasing radiation burden and was more pronounced with a large population size. The interaction effect of "overpopulation" and "radioactive pollution" was observed to a lesser degree for ripening males, and was very small for sexually mature animals. Immature males from the EURT head part with internal whole-body radiation doses of 0.0045-0.35mGy/day can be considered as the most sensitive group to the factors synergy, including radiation damage and overabundance population.

Intensification of Organophosphorus Hydrolase Synthesis by Using Substances with Gas-Transport Function

We have performed studies and comparative analysis of the biosynthesis characteristics of intracellular recombinant enzyme, such as hexahistidine-containing organophosphorus hydrolase (His6-OPH) in Escherichia coli SG13009[pREP4] cells when various perfluorocarbon compounds (PFC) were introduced into the medium for cell cultivation. The PFC were found to facilitate the biosynthesis of His6-OPH: increased levels of the total OPH-activity (up to 37%) were measured upon introduction of 1,1,1,2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,6-tetradecafluorohexane (PFH) and 4,7,10,13,16,19,22,25,28,31-decaoxaperfluoro-5,8,11,14,17,18,21,24,27,30-decamethyl tetratriacontane (Polyether II) into culture medium. We have demonstrated the possibility of effective and multiple (at least five-fold) use of PFH for biosynthesis of intracellular recombinant protein His6-OPH, which catalyzes the hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticides (OP), is widely used in agriculture and can be applied as new antidote for OP-detoxification in vivo. The multiple use of PFH was achieved through recycling of this substance: sediment of Escherichia coli SG13009[pREP4] cell biomass was collected at the end of each culture growing step and disintegrated with ultrasound, and obtained residue containing almost all of the initially introduced PFC was then added to the medium at the start of the following culture growing step.

CHANGES IN THE OXYGEN TRANSPORT FUNCTION AND ENERGY BALANCE IN RED BLOOD CELLS IN EPISTAXIS PATIENTS

Aim. To study the oxygen transport function in red blood cells and energy balance in patients suffering from epistaxis of various progress severities. In case of epistaxis a single blood loss is insignificant, yet in case of recurrent epistaxis there is a threat of a tissue hypoxia development. However no indicator blood values demanding transfusion therapy exist these days. This is a study of the blood oxygen transport function and energy balance in the red blood cells in those suffering from single epistaxis, recurrent moderate epistaxis and recurrent severe epistaxis. Materials and methods. In patients’ red blood cells a contents of 2.3-diphosphoglyceric acid (2.3-DFG) and hemoglobin oxygen affinity (Р50) were estimated; energy balance was assessed by the activity of glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase (G-6-FDG), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDG), as well as by the lactate and pyruvate contents in the red blood cells and plasma. Tissue hypoxia severity was assessed by the lactate/pyruvate ratio in blood plasma. Results. It has been determined that in case of single epistaxis the studied parameters do not differ from normal ranges. In case of recurrent epistaxis the level of hemoglobin and P50 goes down, plasma LDG activity goes up, the pyruvate content goes down, while plasma lactate retains within the normal ranges. Conclusion. The stated changes in the carbohydrate metabolism in the red blood cells and blood plasma of patients suffering from severe recurrent epistaxis suggest a breakdown of compensatory mechanisms, which manifests itself in the reduced cell energy reserve and disturbed red blood cell membranes. The obtained data testify that the severity of the state of patients suffering from epistaxis is not only defined by a quantitative loss of red blood cells and hemoglobin, but also by the adaptive capacities of the body, which determine its resistance to hypoxia. The guide link in the pathogenesis of disturbed gas transport function of blood in patients suffering from epistaxis is metabolic acidosis developing as a consequence of tissue hypoxia.

About Mechanism of Gas Transport Function and Side Reactions of Perfluorocarbon Nano-dispersions

About Mechanism of Gas Transport Function and Side Reactions of Perfluorocarbon Nano-dispersions