Gas Saturated Solutions Process Research Articles

Microencapsulation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and astaxanthin-rich salmon oil using particles from gas saturated solutions (PGSS) process

Salmon oil rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and astaxanthin was microencapsulated in polyethylene glycol-6000 using particles from gas saturated solutions process. The process conditions viz. temperature (45–55 °C), pressure (15–25 MPa), oil and polymer ratio (1:2.5–1:10), and nozzle size (300–500 μm) were optimized for maximizing encapsulation efficiency. The maximum encapsulation yield of 79.20% was obtained in the microparticle produced at a temperature of 50 °C, pressure of 25 MPa, oil and polymer ratio of 1:5, and nozzle diameter of 400 μm. Astaxanthin content of 40.60 μg/g oil in microparticle; bulk density of 0.26%; cohesiveness and flowability measured by the Carr index of 12.76, and wettability of 5.91 min of the microparticles were found. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed microparticles of different morphologies, from spherical or elongated to amorphous-shaped, with the size of the microparticles between 0.37 μm and 449 μm. Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy spectra and fatty acid compositions of salmon oil before and after microparticle formation suggested that there was no remarkable alteration due to the PGSS process. Microparticles showed significant thermogravimetric stability up to 350 °C, and in vitro release of oil in fluids stimulating gastric conditions was faster than in distilled water.

Particle formation and characterization of mackerel reaction oil by gas saturated solution process.

Most of the health benefits of fish oil can be attributed to the presence of omega-3 fatty acids like Docosahexenoic acid (DHA) and Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). There are few dietary sources of EPA and DHA other than oily fish. EPA and DHA have great potential effect on human health. In this research, Supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) extracted mackerel oil was reacted by enzyme at different systems to improve the EPA and DHA. Different types of immobilize enzyme TL-IM, RM-IM, Novozyme 435 were assessed for improving PUFAs. Best result was found at non-pressurized system using TL-IM. Reacted oil particle were obtained with polyethylene glycol by gas saturated solution process (PGSS). Different parameters like temperature, pressure, agitation speed and nozzle size effect on particle formulation were observed. SEM and PSA analysis showed, small size non spherical particles were obtained. It was found that after particle formation poly unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) were present in particle as same in oil. PUFAs release from particle was almost linear against constant time duration. Oil quality in particle not change significantly, in this contrast this study will be helpful for food and pharmaceutical industry to provide high EPA and DHA containing powder.

Gas-saturated solution process to obtain microcomposite particles of alpha lipoic acid/hydrogenated colza oil in supercritical carbon dioxide

Alpha lipoic acid (ALA), an active substance in anti-aging products and dietary supplements, need to be masked with an edible polymer to obscure its unpleasant taste. However, the high viscosity of the ALA molecules prevents them from forming microcomposites with masking materials even in supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate and develop a novel production method for microcomposite particles for ALA in hydrogenated colza oil (HCO). Microcomposite particles of ALA/HCO were prepared by using a novel gas-saturated solution (PGSS) process in which the solid-dispersion method is used along with stepwise temperature control (PGSS-STC). Its high viscosity prevents the formation of microcomposites in the conventional PGSS process even under strong agitation. Here, we disperse the solid particles of ALA and HCO in scCO2 at low temperatures and change the temperature stepwise in order to mix the melted ALA and HCO in scCO2. As a result, a homogeneous dispersion of the droplets of ALA in melted HCO saturated with CO2 is obtained at high temperatures. After the rapid expansion of the saturated solution through a nozzle, microcomposite particles of ALA/HCO several micrometers in diameter are obtained.

Characterization of Wheat Germ Oil Particles Formed by Gas-Saturated Solutions Process with Polyethylene Glycol

Wheat germ oil is a unique source of highly concentrated nutrient; its beneficial active ingredients could have a substantial impact on human health considering the amount that is used in cooking. In this study, wheat germ oil was micronized with polyethylene glycol using particles from gas-saturated solutions (PGSS) process and investigated functional materials content in particle changing different parameters. PGSS was carried out at temperatures of 40–50C, pressures of 10–30 MPa and at different ratios (10:1, 5:1). The average particle size was found from 0.6330 ± 0.004 to 1.3506 ± 0.011 μm at a ratio of 10:1 and from 1.1776 ± 0.011 to 3.7680 ± 0.016 μm at a ratio of 5:1. In fatty acid compositions, linoleic acid was present and had the highest amount in all conditions after particle formation. Total phenolic compound and antioxidant capacity were also found in particles. Practical Application Wheat germ is mainly produced as a by-product in the wheat milling industry. This by-product is generally used as animal feed; however, it contains oil that contains high amounts of functional materials like polyunsaturated fatty acids and phenolic compounds that have practical uses in life. These have great health benefits for humans and can be used in products such as foods, biological insect control agents, pharmaceuticals and cosmetic formulations. But for protection from oxidation, preservation of bioactivity and because of control release and dose measurement, particle formation is the best way. Small particles of pharmaceuticals with a narrow particle size distribution play a vital role in the design of conventional drug delivery systems like tablets, capsules, injections and biphasic drug delivery systems.

Fatty Acid Composition and Stability of Extracted Mackerel Muscle Oil and Oil-Polyethylene Glycol Particles Formed by Gas Saturated Solution Process

Abstract The oil in mackerel muscle was extracted using an environment friendly solvent, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) at a semi-batch flow extraction process and an n -hexane. The SC-CO 2 was maintained at a temperature of 45 o C under pressures ranging from 15 to 25 MPa. The flow rate of CO 2 (27 g/min) was constant during the entire 2 h extraction period. The fatty acid composi-tion of the oil was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). Significant concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) acid and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) acid were present in the SC-CO 2 extracted oil. The oil extracted using SC-CO 2 exhibited increased stability compared with n -haxane extracted oil. Particles of mackerel oil together with the biodegradable polymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG) were formed using a gas saturated solution process (PGSS) with SC-CO 2 in a thermostatted stirred vessel. Different temperatures (45-55 o C), pressures (15-25 MPa) and a nozzle size 400 µm were used for PGSS with a 1 h reaction time. The stabil -ity of mackerel oil in the particles did not changed significantly.

Particle Formation of Lecithin Process with Particles from Gas-Saturated Solutions using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

The particles from gas-saturated solutions process was performed to micronize lecithin isolated by ethanol from deoiled mackerel by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (SC-CO2). The particle formation of lecithin with biodegradable polymer, polyethylene glycol (PEG) was carried out by PGSS process using SC-CO2. Conditions were optimized by applying different temperatures (40 and 50°C) and pressures (15-30MPa) for PGSS process for 1 hr. The particles were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and Particle size analyzer (PSA) to determine their shape. The average diameter of lecithin particle was high at higher temperature and pressure. The average diameter of the particles was about 0.37-2.42μm. The inclusion of lecithin in PEG was qualitative measured by HPLC.

Preparation of micro particles of functional pigments by gas-saturated solution process using supercritical carbon dioxide and polyethylene glycol

Particle design is presently a major development of supercritical fluids applications, mainly in the paint, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and specialty chemical industries. The particles from the gas-saturated solutions (PGSS) process were used to micronize the functional compounds, fucoxanthin and astaxanthin. Fucoxanthin was extracted from brown seaweed using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) at 20 MPa and 45 °C. The particle formation of functional pigments with biodegradable polymer, polyethelene glycol (PEG) was performed by PGSS using SC-CO2 in a thermostatted stirred vessel. Different temperatures (40 and 50 °C) and pressures (10–30MPa) were applied to optimize the conditions for the formation of functional pigment particles. Two nozzles of different diameter (250 and 300 μm) were used for PGSS and the reaction time was 1 hr. The average diameter of the particles obtained by PGSS at different conditions was about 0.78–1.42 μm.

The supercritical micronization of solid dispersions by Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions using experimental design

The Particle from Gas Saturated Solutions process was successfully used to micronize solid dispersions containing hydrophilic carriers and a new chemical entity, YNS3107. By means of experimental design, the effects of several experimental parameters on micronization were investigated. Within the chosen experimental conditions, the results showed that the autoclave temperature, autoclave pressure, drug loading, flow rate of carbon dioxide and air pressure were significant parameters. During the optimization step, the most relevant parameters of the screening were optimized using a central composite design meanwhile other factors were kept constant. Optimal conditions were used to produce microparticles with a volume weighted mean diameter of 30.4 μm. The closeness between the measured and predicted response, evaluated at 28.1 μm, demonstrated the validity of the statistical analyses. Finally, an enhancement of the rate of dissolution of YNS3107 in the solid dispersion microparticles was measured using USP II dissolution test apparatus.

Two-phase homogeneous model for particle formation from gas-saturated solution processes

Particles produced from a gas-saturated solution process (PGSS) in a capillary nozzle are assumed to be in steady, 1-D, inviscid, and two-phase equilibrium homogenous flow. Fluid dynamic equations including mass, momentum and energy conservations are established to describe the mixture’s pressure, temperature, velocity and density change along the nozzle. The aerosol dynamic equation for crystallization of the natural lipid hydrogenated palm oil (HPO) in the pseudo-single phase is proposed considering that homogenous nucleation, condensation, and coagulation occur simultaneously along the nozzle. Using the Peng–Robinson equation of state for the fluid properties and phase equilibrium, the coupled model equations are numerically solved to describe the PGSS process for the CO 2/HPO system. Axial profiles for the concentration of CO 2 in HPO, total pressure, temperature, velocities and densities of the two phases, particle size, and particle size distribution inside the nozzle have been calculated. The model also shows that HPO particles produced by rapid expansion of supercritical solutions (RESS) are about 3.5 % (in mass) of the total solid production at 18 MPa and 359 K and, therefore, can be neglected.

A Thermodynamic Analysis of Three-Phase Equilibria in Binary and Ternary Systems for Applications in Rapid Expansion of a Supercritical Solution (RESS), Particles from Gas-Saturated Solutions (PGSS), and Supercritical Antisolvent (SAS)

Supercritical fluids are being increasingly used as media for fine particles formation: the most important techniques are the rapid expansion of a supercritical solution process (RESS), the particles from gas-saturated solutions process (PGSS), and the supercritical antisolvent recrystallization process (SAS). To verify the feasibility of such processes, and to optimize the choice of operative variables, it is important to understand the phase behavior of the systems involved. To perform a thermodynamic analysis, an equation of state has to be used to take into account the effects of pressure; moreover, a solid phase is involved, and the heavy component is usually a high molecular weight and poorly characterized compound. In this work the Peng−Robinson equation of state with classical mixing rules and one or two binary interaction parameters are used. The fugacity of the heavy component in the solid phase is calculated by means of a subcooled liquid reference state: only heat of fusion and melting tempe...