Comprehensive insights about accurate susceptibility detection towards hydrogen sulfide for food safety and disease diagnosis.

Hydrogen sulfide in boar reproduction: Cystathionine β-synthase and cystathionine γ-lyase localization in reproductive tissues and sperm across maturation stages.

From gasotransmitter to therapeutic insight: Unraveling the role of H₂S in the gut-liver axis during NAFLD.

H. pylori infection is one of the major causes that lead to the early diagnosis of gastritis and cancer. The main objective of this work was to present the integration of the ammonia sensor into endoscopes, which can be used for the local and real-time detection of H. pylori infection. For this purpose, the ammonia sensor was considered due to the fact that the amount of NH3, which is produced by the activity of the urease enzyme, accurately reflects the presence of the infection, since the amount measured in the H. pylori positive samples differs significantly from the amount measured in the negative samples. The suggested sensor device includes the integration of the module into the distal end, which can provide stable gas molecule detection due to the presence of the selective semiconductor membrane in the acidic environment. The application of artificial intelligence-based processing of the real-time signal can lead to the automatic identification of the infection. The suggested method can provide improved accuracy in the diagnosis of the samples, even if the biopsy was not taken, thus speeding up the process and providing additional support for the early diagnosis of gastritis.

Bioconjugation is a large field with many diverse goals, needs, and challenges, that requires a broad toolbox of fundamentally different synthetic approaches. As an emerging class of bioconjugation reagents, gas molecules bring new reactivity and selectivity concepts. Beyond these fundamental questions, gas-phase reagents may have unique advantages, such as access to porous material and structures, and diffusions/penetration differences in reaction in complex tissues or other contexts. This concept article examines vapor-phase reagents, as well as their reactivity and selectivity, for the modification of natural peptides and proteins.

Mixed-matrix membranes (MMMs) with high chain packing density by incorporating soluble macrocycle compounds represent a promising class of materials for gas separation. However, achieving the ultra-high selectivity (He/CH4 > 1000) for helium extraction from natural gas with ultra-low helium content remains a formidable challenge, especially for Matrimid membranes, which are commercially available but exhibit relatively low permeability and moderate selectivity. Herein, the cyclic Cyclen with specific intra-ring dimensions was incorporated into Matrimid as a pore-structure modifier to enhance the He/CH4 selectivity. The strong hydrogen bonding interactions between Cyclen and Matrimid chains induced a denser chain stacking and modulation of the interchain gap structures, which enables rapid mass transfer of small He gas molecules while hindering the diffusion of large CH4 gas molecules across the membrane, thereby significantly enhanced He/CH4 molecular sieving capacity. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the MMMs prepared using Cyclen as a filler exhibited tunable microporous and more efficient He transport channels. Notably, the He/CH4 selectivity reached up to an impressive value of 6788 after physical aging for 110 days, which outperformed almost all reported polymer-based membranes and was even comparable to that of some advanced carbon molecular sieve membranes.

This review focus on the recent advances of practical application of low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy to informative three-dimensional imaging of cell/tissue architectures and biomedical target localization on microscope slides for biomedical sciences and clinical diagnoses. Scanning electron microscopy under low-vacuum conditions allows high-resolution imaging of complex cell/tissue architectures in nonconductive specimens because the negative charge that accumulates on the nonconductive materials can be neutralized by the positive ions in the residual gas molecules. However, the conventional methods for metal staining of biological specimens require harmful uranium compounds, which hampers the applications of electron microscopy. The development of uranium-free KMnO4/Pb metal staining allows multiscale imaging of extensive cell/tissue architectures to intensive subcellular ultrastructure. The obtained image contrast was equivalent to that of Ur/Pb staining and sufficient for ultrastructural observation. Observation of the 20 µm-thick section facilitates distinctive perception of the face-side images of the epithelium, which are seldom seen within 5 µm-thin sections. Visualization of the exact location of targeting molecules by in situ strategy provides unique insight into nanogold development via nanogold nucleation and secondary growth under hot-humid air conditions. These user-friendly techniques are highly anticipated to fill the gap between light and electron microscopy to correlate cell/tissue structure and function. Importantly, paraffin and cryostat blocks of cell or tissue samples are semipermanent, making them valuable for retrospective studies through the re-evaluation of archived specimens.

Ag aerogel/ZIF-8 nanocomposite as a sensitive and reproducible SERS platform for gaseous molecule detection.

Thiocyanate (SCN-), a persistent inorganic contaminant widely present in industrial wastewater, poses severe risks to plant growth and photosynthesis. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an emerging gaseous signaling molecule involved in the regulation of plant stress responses; however, its role in modulating Rubisco energy metabolism and activation under SCN- stress remains unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of exogenous H2S on magnesium homeostasis, ATP/NADPH metabolism, Rubisco activation, and photosynthetic performance in rice seedlings exposed to SCN- stress via physiological, biochemical, and transcriptional approaches. We found that exogenous H2S significantly increased Mg2+ accumulation, enhanced H+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase activities, and promoted Rubisco activase (RCA) abundance and activity. These changes were accompanied by reduced steady-state ATP and NADPH contents, indicating that increased energy consumption was driven by accelerated Calvin cycle turnover. At the transcriptional level, H2S regulated key genes involved in ATP hydrolysis, Mg2+ transport, Rubisco activation, and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Consequently, the chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate improved under SCN- stress. Collectively, our results demonstrate that exogenous H2S enhances photosynthetic efficiency and Rubisco carboxylation capacity by coordinating Rubisco energy metabolism and activation.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a key gaseous signaling molecule involved in plant growth and stress responses, yet its role in wheat resistance to stripe rust remains poorly understood. Here, we show that exogenous H2S enhances resistance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), the causative agent of stripe rust. Comparative persulfidation proteomics identified the autophagy-related protein TaATG6c as a Pst-responsive H₂S target. Site-specific mass spectrometry and a modified biotin-switch assay demonstrated that Cys177 and Cys180 of TaATG6c undergo H₂S-induced persulfidation. Structural modeling based on AlphaFold predicted that these two site mutations reduced the binding activity of ATG6c to ATG14. Functional characterization using virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) revealed that TaATG6 positively regulates wheat immunity against Pst, as silencing TaATG6 promoted fungal growth. Moreover, TaATG6 expression was markedly induced during Pst infection. Notably, the resistance-promoting effect of NaHS was compromised in TaATG6-silenced plants. Conversely, transient overexpression of TaATG6 enhanced wheat resistance to stripe rust, whereas mutation of Cys177 and Cys180 attenuated this effect. Endogenous biotin-switch assays further showed that TaATG6c persulfidation exhibits pathogen-responsive and dynamic characteristics, which were abolished in the TaATG6C177A/C180A mutant. Consistently, H₂S treatment and Pst infection stimulated the accumulation of lipidated ATG8 (ATG8–PE), indicating activation of autophagy, while this response was largely abolished in TaATG6-silenced plants. Together, these results suggest that H₂S promotes autophagy initiation through persulfidation of TaATG6c, thereby enhancing wheat resistance to stripe rust and highlighting a redox-regulated mechanism underlying plant stress adaptation.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s44154-026-00292-7.

This work presents a highly selective gas sensor employing a ternary V2CTx/V2O5/SnO2 heterostructure for the early detection of characteristic electrolyte solvent vapors in lithium-ion batteries. To overcome the significant cross-sensitivity between the structurally similar gas molecules, a novel dual-electrode (Au-Au and Au-Ag) sensing configuration featuring both gold and silver contacts was developed on a single sensitive film. This design established distinct Schottky barrier heights, effectively enabling a single material to generate differentiated response patterns for ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC). The enriched multidimensional signal data from this dual-channel output was subsequently processed by a dedicated GRU-Attention (gated recurrent unit-attention mechanism) model, enabling the accurate identification and concentration prediction of each component within gas mixtures. Experimental results demonstrate that the fabricated sensor (Au-V2CTx/V2O5/SnO2-Au) exhibits excellent response and recovery performance (17/38 s), high gas response (11.9 to 50 ppm EMC), and a low detection limit (200 ppb). The intelligent sensing system achieves average prediction errors below 7.8% for EMC. Validation in a simulated battery puncture experiment confirms that the gas sensor provides a significantly earlier warning signal compared to traditional voltage monitoring.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2), a gaseous signaling molecule that can be produced endogenously in mitochondria, is an important antioxidant for maintaining redox homeostasis. Abnormal levels of mitochondrial SO2 are associated with the pathogenesis and progression of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Therefore, it is crucial to develop a luminescence probe that can detect subcellular SO2 levels for unmasking the pathological changes and diagnosis of RA. However, current luminescence probes for SO2 in RA suffer from low photostability, weak response, short emission wavelengths below 650 nm, and/or poor mitochondria targetability. In this work, we developed a near-infrared (NIR) iridium(III) complex-based probe based on the Michael addition mechanism for rapid, real-time, and accurate detection of mitochondrial SO2. The probe not only achieved sensitive detection of SO2 in aqueous solution with a detection limit of 2.12 μM but also imaged endogenous mitochondrial SO2 levels in a cellular RA model. Furthermore, it visualized aspartate aminotransferase 1 (AAT1)-mediated SO2 generation, offering insight into the mechanism of SO2 generation in RA. Finally, it also exhibits an excellent penetration capability within 3D tumor spheroids (approximately 103 μm). Overall, this probe offers a powerful tool for effectively imaging subcellular SO2 in RA, thereby enhancing our understanding of the pathological mechanisms of RA and accelerating the development of diagnostic tools for RA.

Oil-immersed transformers are essential components for voltage transformation and energy delivery within power systems, with their operating condition having a direct influence on the reliability and stability of the grid. During prolonged operation, multiple stresses─electrical, thermal, and mechanical─gradually degrade insulating oil and solid insulating materials, generating dissolved gases (H2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4). Monitoring the types and concentrations of these characteristic gases enables timely identification and condition evaluation of internal faults in transformers. MoTe2 shows broad application prospects in gas sensing. However, its intrinsic structure exhibits limited adsorption capacity for these four gas molecules. To enhance its sensing performance, this work systematically explored how transition metal (Au, Ir, Pd, Ti) doping influences the properties of single-layer MoTe2 in detecting transformer fault characteristic gases, using first-principles density functional theory (DFT). Structural stability was evaluated through binding energy calculations, while adsorption mechanisms were analyzed using adsorption energy, charge transfer, and density of states (DOS) studies. The findings reveal that introducing metal dopants markedly improves MoTe2's ability to adsorb and its electronic response characteristics toward gas molecules. Specifically, Au-MoTe2 exhibited recovery times of 0.44 and 2.15 s for detecting C2H2 and C2H4, respectively, and demonstrated a significant bandgap modulation effect, while Ti-MoTe2 exhibited substantial bandgap shifts (-18.9% and -462.21%) during H2 and CH4 detection, demonstrating high sensitivity and responsiveness. All demonstrate tremendous potential as gas-sensitive materials for their respective gases. This work elucidates the modulation mechanism of transition metal doping in MoTe2, providing theoretical guidance for designing high-performance materials for dissolved gas detection in transformer oil.

Cisplatin is widely used in the treatment of advanced nasopharyngeal carcinoma; however, its therapeutic application is often limited by a high incidence of drug resistance. Recent studies have demonstrated that nitric oxide (NO) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), acting as gaseous signaling molecules, exhibit anti-cisplatin resistance properties in tumor cells. Nevertheless, developing appropriate chemical tools to investigate the mechanisms underlying NO and SO2 mediated cisplatin resistance to cisplatin remains challenging. This study designed and synthesized a dual-responsive fluorescent probe to detect peroxynitrite (ONOO−) and SO2, enabling them to be visualized within cells. Using this probe to detect and image ONOO− and SO2 in cisplatin-resistant cell lines revealed that NO and SO2 combat cisplatin resistance by generating highly reactive ONOO− and depleting intracellular glutathione. The IC50 values of cisplatin-resistant cells treated with NO and SO2 were significantly lower than those of the control group. These results indicate that HCy–ONOO−–SO2 can serve as a powerful chemical tool for investigating the mechanisms of cisplatin resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are three-dimensional (3D) porous materials with only a few exceptions - ZIF-L, Zn2(benzimidazole)4, etc. Herein, we report the synthesis of a new layered ZIF, which we call ZIF-S. We use a surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate) as a structure-directing agent, analogous to the concept used in the synthesis of zeolites. The layers contain individual ZIF sheets intercalated by surfactants. Its ordered structure belongs to the tetragonal lattice with the P4̅21m space group. The unit cell parameters are a = b = 16.82 Å; c = 24.5 Å at room temperature. The layered material undergoes topotactic condensation and forms its parent material (ZIF-8 or ZIF-67, depending on the metal node) upon heating to or above 200 °C. ZIF-S layers could be obtained with a large lateral size and a high aspect ratio, which is ideal for the scalable preparation of gas-selective membranes, thanks to the presence of pore apertures suitable for the separation of small gas molecules. Fabrication of gas-selective membranes from a simple coating of ZIF-S is demonstrated.

In this work, we have performed a quantum chemical investigation for the selective oxidation of propane toward acrylic acid on the M1 phase of a mixed metal oxide (MMO) catalyst, consisting of Mo-Te-Nb-O. The M1 phase of the catalyst has a complex surface structure, which involves different arrangements of metal sites with variable oxidation states. This complexity makes it inherently difficult to understand its activity and selectivity in catalytic reactions. We have used a multilayer cluster model of the main catalytically active site of M1 and a hybrid DFT methodology to establish the minimum energy pathways for the propane oxidation to acrylic acid via propylene, allyl alcohol, and acrolein as the key intermediates. In addition, the reactivity of propyl radicals toward the formation of isopropanol, which leads the reaction toward an unselective path of CO/CO2 generation instead of acrylic acid production, has also been depicted. We show that the formation of isopropanol has rather a low activation barrier and is therefore competing with the formation of propylene from the propyl radical after C-H activation of propane. Once propylene has formed, the allyl position can easily be activated to form acrolein, which can be further oxidized to acrylic acid. In addition, we have developed a more general linear scaling relation for C-H activation chemistry to estimate activation barriers on M1 catalysts only based on four key energetic descriptors, which are the hydrogen binding energy (E H) on the surface site, the C-H bond dissociation energy (E BDE) of the reactant molecule in the gas phase, the interaction energy at transition state structure (E int TS), and the interaction energy between metal site and the oxygen atom of oxygenated gas molecules (E MO).

This study employs density functional theory to investigate the adsorption and sensing behaviors of characteristic decomposition gases from lithium-ion battery thermal runaway (CO, CO2, and C2H4) on pristine and Ag-cluster modified MoS2, MoSe2, and Janus MoSSe monolayers. The structural, electronic, and adsorption properties were systematically analyzed to elucidate the influence of Agn (n = 1-3) clusters on the gas sensing performance. Results indicate that Ag doping enhances the thermodynamic formation energy, charge transfer, and electronic coupling between gas molecules and substrates, converting weak physisorption into stronger chemisorption, particularly for CO and C2H4. Among all configurations, Ag3-MoSSe exhibits the highest adsorption energy and the most significant modulation of the Fermi level, accompanied by band gap narrowing and improved conductivity. Coadsorption of CO and C2H4 demonstrates a synergistic effect, leading to quasi-metallic characteristics and stronger hybridization between the Ag-4d and C-2p orbitals. Furthermore, the weak interaction of H2O with the Ag-modified surfaces indicates good humidity resistance and selectivity. Work function and sensitivity analyses reveal that Ag3-MoSSe possesses the highest sensitivity to C2H4 with moderate recovery capability, making it a promising candidate for real-time detection of characteristic gases generated during lithium-ion battery thermal runaway.

ABSTRACT The release of radioactive iodine species, particularly molecular iodine (I2) during severe nuclear accidents poses a significant threat to environmental and public health. Once released, these iodine isotopes, particularly iodine-131 (131I), has significant harmful effect on public health and ecological systems. Therefore, efficient capture and containment of these radionuclides is of paramount importance in nuclear safety management. In this study, we investigate the adsorption performance of copper (Cu) and nickel (Ni) modified zeolite filters for the removal of non-radioactive iodine (I2) (100 ppm). The modified adsorbents were synthesized via an ion exchanged process and characterized using BET, XRD, SEM, and EDX. Results demonstrated that both Cu and Ni modified zeolite samples exhibited significantly higher I2 removal efficiency and capacity compared to pristine zeolite at different temperatures such as 333, 353 and 373 K. Breakthrough results revealed that 15 wt.% Ni modified zeolite adsorbed maximum 779 mg/g of I2, while 10 wt.% Cu modified zeolite achieved 513 mg/g at 333 K. Adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order model (R2 0.999), and equilibrium data aligned with the Langmuir isotherm, indicating monolayer adsorption. In this work, Cu-exchanged zeolite and Ni-exchanged zeolite materials were successfully synthesized and examined, for the first time, as efficient adsorbents for the removal of I2. The incorporation of metal ions within the porous framework of zeolite was intended to enhance surface reactivity and provide active sites for the chemisorption of I2 through the formation of metal iodides. The porous structure of zeolite offers a high surface area, uniform pore distribution, and excellent thermal stability, enabling efficient diffusion and interaction of gaseous I2 molecules with Cu+/Cu2+and Ni2+ions. This study, therefore, presents a novel and cost-effective approach for designing efficient adsorbents for the capture of radioactive iodine (I2) released during severe nuclear accidents or normal reactor operation. These findings highlight the efficacy of metal modified zeolite, particularly Ni and Cu-based systems, in mitigating I2 risks during nuclear accidents, offering a robust strategy for air purification in containment facilities.

Yin-Yang 1 (YY1) is a CCHH-type classical zinc finger (ZF) protein that plays diverse roles in gene expression, acting as both a transcriptional activator and repressor, which is important for DNA repair, neuronal development, and oncogenesis. Classical ZFs adopt a ββα fold upon Zn(II) binding, and YY1 contains four CCHH-type domains. The two central domains (ZF2 and ZF3) are known to directly bind to DNA. Although ZFs have traditionally been viewed as just structural domains, emerging data shows that ZFs can be modified by the gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide, H2S, to form persulfides. These data are principally from proteomics studies from which several classical ZFs, including YY1, were identified as persulfidated. Herein, we report how the classical ZF YY1 is persulfidated by H2S and the effects of persulfidation on DNA binding using three ZF constructs containing the second domain (YY1-ZF2), third domain (YY1-ZF3), and both the second and third domains (YY1-ZF2-ZF3). Persulfidation of all three constructs was observed using an NBF-Cl/dimedone tag-switch method. Persulfidation required Zn(II) and O2. Superoxide, as measured by hydroethidine and superoxide dismutase experiments, was also observed as an intermediate. YY1-ZF2-ZF3 was also shown to bind to the adeno-associated virus P5 initiator and IL-6 promoter DNA via a fluorescence anisotropy assay. This ZF/DNA binding was abrogated by H2S; however, when DNA was bound to YY1-ZF2-ZF3, it was unreactive to H2S modification suggesting a protective effect of the DNA macromolecule. In addition, H2S disrupted the secondary structure of all three YY1 constructs as measured by circular dichroism.

The efficient transformation of gaseous molecules into value-added products remains a central challenge in sustainable chemistry, limited by the low reactivity of some gases and the complexity of achieving product selectivity. Metal-organic cages (MOCs), with their tunable cavities and dynamic host-guest interactions, have emerged as promising platforms for gas conversion, leveraging confinement effects to enhance reactivity and selectivity. This contribution highlights recent advances in MOC-mediated gas transformations-including photocatalytic O2 reduction, electrochemical CO2 conversion to combustible gases, H2S splitting for H2 generation, and SO2 oxidation and mineralization-illustrating how spatial arrangement, co-encapsulation of catalysts and substrates, and cavity design unlock new reaction pathways under mild conditions. Mechanistic insights and structural features outline design principles for next-generation cage-based systems. Ultimately, MOCs offer molecular precision to bridge homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis, with profound implications for the development of complex gas-liquid-solid phase reactions and transformative technologies aimed at addressing some of the most critical challenges in environmental remediation, energy generation, and circular manufacturing.