Marine plastisphere expands the ecological niche and evolutionary dynamics of nrfA-dependent nitrite ammonifying bacteria.

While ambient mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) is essential for biological analysis, its sensitivity remains constrained by ion transmission losses due to collisions and gas dynamics. Here, a high-performance desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) MSI system featuring a high-efficiency dual-stage ion funnel (DIF) was developed. To optimize the system configuration, a hybrid multiphysics simulation model was constructed by coupling gas dynamics, electric field, and ion transport simulations. The simulation model was validated against experimental data from mouse brain homogenates, confirming its accuracy in predicting ion transport behavior under realistic conditions. With the optimized DIF assembly, signal enhancements of up to 490-fold and the detection of 303 additional mass peaks in mouse brain sections were achieved compared to the standard S-lens interface. Furthermore, post-photoionization (PI) was introduced to expand molecular coverage to non-polar compounds and simultaneously enhance sensitivity. Overall, this study provides theoretical insights into ion motion within complex coupled fields and offers guidelines for the design of high-sensitivity ambient MSI interfaces.

Laser−produced Dry Metal Aerosol Processing and Deposition Under Dynamic Gas and Plasma Environments

Achieving high crystallinity and controlled framework flexibility in covalent organic frameworks (COFs) remains a significant challenge for dynamic gas adsorption. Here we report a three-dimensional COF obtained through a single-crystal-to-single-crystal imine-to-amine linkage transformation that exhibits flexible yet robust adsorption behavior. A rigid imine-linked single-crystal COF (39-i) was converted into its amine-linked analogue (39-a) by postsynthetic Leuckart-Wallach reduction with formic acid, while preserving single crystallinity. Despite their identical topologies, 39-i and 39-a exhibit distinct structural responses during guest adsorption-desorption processes: 39-i retains its framework rigidity, whereas polar molecules (e.g., SO2, H2O, MeOH) induce pore-opening behavior in 39-a. PXRD indicates that 39-a undergoes a reversible transformation from a guest-stabilized crystalline phase to a distorted phase with reduced long-range order upon guest removal. Notably, 39-a achieves an exceptionally high SO2 uptake of 10.4 mmol g-1 at 298 K and 1 bar, representing one of the highest values reported for COFs under ambient conditions, despite exhibiting negligible N2 uptake at 77 K. Experimental and computational analyses reveal that activation induces a folded state in 39-a, retaining guest-accessible volume prior to further pore expansion, with framework compression accommodated through cooperative folding and torsional distortion. In addition, the secondary amine linkages reduce the energetic penalty for framework deformation, allowing strong host-guest interactions with SO2 to drive pore adaptation while preserving structural integrity during the reversible disorder-order-disorder transformation observed in SO2 sorption. These findings establish linkage-controlled structural adaptation as a design strategy for dynamic gas adsorption in chemically aggressive environments.

This work provides the first experimental determination of Henry's law solubility constants (HcpS ≡ H) in n-octanol (Hoct) for isopropyl and isobutyl nitrate (IPN and IBN) over the 284.65 K to 309.65 K temperature (T) range. The H constants were measured by dynamic gas stripping using a bubble column apparatus and gas chromatography with electron capture detection (GC-ECD). The Hoct data are best described by ln(HcpS(IPN)oct/[M atm-1]) = -(10.60 ± 1.54) + (4214 ± 459)/T and ln(HcpS(IBN)oct/[M atm-1]) = -(12.01 ± 0.85) + (4937 ± 253)/T, where T is in kelvin. In addition, their H constants in deionized water (Haq) were measured to corroborate literature Haq values. The Haq and Hoct data were combined to calculate octanol-water partition coefficients (KOW = Hoct/Haq), obtaining average values of (33 ± 5) for IPN and (1.3 ± 0.1) × 102 for IBN. The experimental data were compared to predictions of Hoct, Haq and KOW by structure-activity relationship models (SARs).

The impact of different mechanical ventilation modes on pulmonary outcomes following laparoscopic surgery in the Trendelenburg position remains unclear. This study aimed to compare the effects of two common ventilation modes on postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in elderly patients undergoing such procedures. Elderly patients scheduled for laparoscopic surgery in the Trendelenburg position were randomly allocated to receive either pressure-controlled ventilation (PCV) or volume-controlled ventilation (VCV). Both groups were managed with a lung-protective ventilation strategy. The primary outcome was the incidence of PPCs within the first three postoperative days. Airway pressures, details enabling the calculation of respiratory system dynamic compliance (Cdyn) and arterial blood gas levels were also recorded at predetermined intraoperative time points: before anesthesia induction (T0); 10min after tracheal intubation in the supine position without pneumoperitoneum (T1); 30min (T2) and 60min (T3) after establishing pneumoperitoneum and the Trendelenburg position; and at the end of surgery after returning to the supine position (T4). Compared with the VCV group (32.1%), the PCV group exhibited a significantly lower incidence of PPCs (13.0%; χ2 = 5.758, P = 0.016) (RR = 0.403, 95% CI: 0.183-0.888). Furthermore, patients managed with PCV exhibited significantly lower intraoperative airway pressures-including peak airway pressure (Ppeak), plateau pressure (Pplat), and driving pressure (ΔP)-as well as reduced dead space fraction (VD/VT) and arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO₂). Cdyn was higher in the PCV group. In elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery in the Trendelenburg position, pressure-controlled ventilation was shown to improve Cdyn and was associated with a lower composite rate of postoperative pulmonary complications than volume-controlled ventilation. Whether these physiological advantages translate into clinically meaningful benefit requires confirmation in larger studies.

Ecosystem-specific interaction effects on CO2 and CH4 fluxes during autumn freeze-thaw cycles in permafrost peatlands of the Great Hinggan Mountains, Northeast China.

This paper presents a detailed analysis of a gas-rich star-forming ultra-diffuse galaxy (UDG) as part of the ESO Large Programme Looking into the faintEst WIth MUSE (LEWIS). Among the UDGs in the LEWIS sample, UDG,6 is the only galaxy that hosts a significant amount of ionised gas with evidence of emission lines, suggesting recent star-forming activity. The main goal of this work is to constrain the formation history of this UDG by comparing its properties with the main formation scenarios proposed for this extreme class of galaxies. We adopted integral field spectroscopy from MUSE to derive the morphology and the structural properties of the stellar and gas components of UDG,6. We applied spectral fitting and Voronoi tessellation algorithms to the MUSE data-cube to derive the kinematics and properties of the gas and stellar component, explore gas dynamics, and characterise emission lines. Moreover, we derived the properties of the globular cluster (GC) populations by applying a multi-band spectrophotometric analysis. We confirmed that UDG,6 is a member of the Hydra I cluster and that it has a systemic velocity of ̊m sys, * s -1 $. It is characterised by a regular and elongated shape and contains a significant dust content (A_V=1.2,±,0.5 mag), a metal-poor (12+ ( )=7.7,±,0.2 dex) ionised gas fraction (f_ 10 O/H ̊m gas =0.24,±,0.08), and an underlying old-to-intermediate (gtrsim3,Gyr) stellar component. Evidence of local and clumpy star-forming activity has been revealed through the analysis of emission line ratios, and an arc-like tidal feature was discovered from unsharp masking analysis. The number counts of GCs in UDG,6 is $N_ ̊m GC = 0.2 ± 5.4. Similar to the other UDGs in LEWIS, UDG,6 might originate from a `puffed-up dwarf' whose stellar content has been stretched out to larger radii, passively evolving into a more diffuse galaxy. Since UDG,6 is located in a dynamically active region of the cluster characterised by tidal features and stripping phenomena, we suggest that the environmental processes have played a role in shaping its properties. A tidal interaction with a nearby galaxy might have triggered recent star-formation activity without dramatically altering the coherent gas rotation in UDG,6.

Multi-component dissolved gas dynamics as early warning indicators for algal bloom development in the three gorges reservoir.

We present a novel promising fabrication technique for Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD) plasma actuators based on Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) technology of conductive inks on dielectric surfaces and characterize the AJP-SDBDs optical and electromechanical performance. Linear SDBD designs, with ultra-smooth electrode edges of micrometer thickness have been fabricated, which when driven by AC, High Voltage waveforms, present stable plasma operation and reproducible features. We measure the electromechanical characteristics in terms of ink-related electrical properties (through Van der Pauw-resistivity and Hall measurements), plasma properties through electrical diagnostics, time-resolved imaging and optical emission spectroscopy (OES), while we perform Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) measurements of the induced wall-jet flow. The printed electrodes show a clear metallic behavior, with their electronic properties comparing very favorably to other printable materials. The AJP-SDBDs show similar electromechanical characteristics with conventional SDBDs fabricated via conventional methods, good robustness, and more intense nature indicating lower breakdown voltage requirements. The emission spectra from the discharge show dominant formation of excited N 2 and N 2 + species. Based on high-resolution OES, an estimation of rotational and vibrational temperatures of the N 2 (C) state is performed, showing the strong non-equilibrium nature of the discharges produced. This helps in maintaining the average gas temperature in the positive and negative AC voltage phase at low levels (below 350 K) indicating its minimal impact on the gas dynamics. In terms of induced flow and electrohydrodynamic (EHD) forcing, the AJP-SDBD resulted in wall-jet flows with a maximum velocity achieved of approximately 5 m/s and a wall-jet height of approximately 3 mm at 7 mm from the exposed electrode edge for the 30 kV 3 kHz case. At the same conditions, the EHD force reached more than 27.5 mN/m. The obtained values and trends are in good agreement with literature values of conventional AC driven SDBD actuators, showcasing AJP potential as a promising fabrication technique for robust and efficient plasma actuators and related applications. • First time application of Aerosol Jet Printing (AJP) technology in the fabrication of Surface Dielectric Barrier Discharge (SDBD) plasma actuators. • Silver ink electrodes present perfect alignment, great adhesion, ultra-fine and ultra-smooth edges, micrometer thickness and low resistivity. • Optical and electromechanical characterization show similar characteristics with SDBDs fabricated via conventional methods, good robustness, and enhanced discharge ignition and intensity characteristics. • Measured maximum induced flow velocities of about 5 m/s and total EHD body force more than 27.5 mN/m. • AJP-SDBDs show great promise as a fabrication technique for next generation of robust, efficient and novel plasma actuators.

Experimental Analysis of Vortex Dynamics and Turbulence Enhancement in Coupled Gas and Swirling Water Jets Within Water Baths

Efficiency Metrics and Numerical Simulation Procedure for Atmosphere-Breathing Electric Propulsion (ABEP) Intake Designs

Warming and N addition amplify alpine peatland N2O emissions via divergent microbial and nutrient pathways.

Multiscale Gas Structure and Dynamics in an Extragalactic Central Molecular Zone

Thisarticle presents first-of-their-kind investigations on fixedbed chemical looping as a means of converting dynamic industrial processwaste gases containing CO, H2, or hydrocarbons to a productsuitable for delivery to a CO2 separation system, withoutdilution by excess combustion air or flaring outside of process lines.The electric arc furnace (EAF) is used as a case study for its extremevariability in composition and flow rates, and a sample process configurationis presented. Copper- and iron-based oxygen carrier (OC) materialsare tested using batched synthetic CO-rich EAF off-gas at the benchscale in a fixed bed reactor to assess the operating limits of thematerials with respect to temperature, flow rate, and OC conversion.Results show high OC utilization is possible before breakthrough,with potential for increases in higher-temperature reactors. Externalmass transfer resistances and possible flow channeling were observedin the bench-scale system and their elimination in pilot and full-scalereactors is discussed. Coke deposition occurred on the iron-basedmaterial and resulted in minor deactivation; however, pathways forelimination via temperature management and the use of a small supplyof steam with feed gases are described. A selection of processes withdynamic product or waste streams that may benefit from fixed bed chemicallooping as a waste treatment or emissions reduction system are introduced,highlighting the absence of treatment methods in use. A fixed bedchemical looping reactor configuration utilizing external heat removalis proposed for load balancing.

Many atmospheric laser applications rely on the long-range propagation of laser pulses. In this work, we demonstrate a method for remotely shaping laser beams by generating stable gaseous optical elements in air. These structures emerge from controlled gas dynamics driven by filamentation of a kilohertz picosecond Yb:YAG laser. We observe a new, to the best of our knowledge, air photonic structure-a tunable defocusing lens-attributed to the cumulative effects of low-density channels. Additionally, we show that self-focusing of a collimated Laguerre-Gauss beam can form a permanent air waveguide of 6 mm extending over more than 20 meters. Numerical simulations of the gas dynamics reproduce the observed features of a continuous wave (CW) probe beam injected into these optical structures. This air photonics strategy has broad potential applications in laser power modulation and atmospheric optics.

The cohesion zone of a blast furnace is instrumental in determining the gas-dynamic regime and the efficiency of reducing gas utilization. The extent of this phenomenon is contingent upon the initial and final temperatures at which iron ore undergoes softening, which, in turn, are determined by the chemical and phase composition, as well as the degree of reduction of the charge. The present study investigated sinter with a basicity (CaO/SiO2) ranging from 1.2 to 3.0 using a combination of methods. The experimental program involved the use of X-ray diffraction (XRD) with refinement using the Rietveld method, scanning electron microscopy with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and load-dependent softening tests. It was established that as the basicity increased, the content of the calcium–aluminum silicoferrite (SFCA) binder phase increased from 6.2 to 17.5 wt.%, whilst the amount of hematite decreased from 12.6 to 2.3 wt.%. The softening onset temperature increases from 1185 to 1260 °C, the softening end temperature from 1345 to 1415 °C, and the softening interval narrows from 160 to 155 °C. The evolution of the phase composition of sinter during controlled reduction (0–95%) has been investigated for the first time. It has been demonstrated that the maximum accumulation of wustite (FeO) is attained at a reduction degree of 40–60%, irrespective of the basicity of the substance. It is precisely in this range that the minimum softening start (1040–1065 °C) and end (1170–1210 °C) temperatures are observed, which is associated with the formation of low-melting eutectics. The sinter belongs to the CaO–SiO2–FeO–Al2O3–MgO system, and the softening behavior is governed by the FeO–CaO–SiO2 system where low-melting eutectics form. When the reduction rate exceeds 60%, the metallic phase becomes dominant, leading to an increase in softening temperatures and a narrowing of the cohesion zone. It is evident from the data obtained that the optimal basicity range of the sinter is 2.0–2.5. Furthermore, it is recommended that a reduction degree of at least 60% is implemented in order to improve gas dynamics and increase blast furnace productivity. The findings can be utilized to enhance the efficiency of charge materials and refine mathematical models of the blast furnace process.

Impact of Venting Pressure on Explosion Dynamics and Flame Propagation of Natural Gas in Residential Buildings

A dynamic headspace correlation gas chromatography (HS-cGC) approach to detect volatile organic compounds associated with Escherichia coli (E. coli) in nutrient broth is described. E. coli identification was achieved by detecting microbial volatile organic compounds (mVOCs) produced by the bacteria in the sample matrix. Headspace of the test solution was introduced into the separation column up to 256 times in a single analysis using a pseudo-random binary modulation sequence (PRBS). A convoluted chromatogram was recorded and later cross-correlated with the injection pattern to generate a correlogram. Inoculated samples starting from single cell inoculum were distinguished from sterile controls after 11h enrichment. Conventional culture-based plating methods need analysis time on the order of days, but HS-cGC reduced the time-to-detection by approximately one-full day compared to culture-based plating methods. Quantitative comparison of key figures of merit between dynamic HS-cGC and static headspace-comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (HS-GC × GC) is also presented. Here mixed standards were analysed to determine linearity, method detection limit (MDL), limit of quantification (LOQ), and repeatability. The correlation technique demonstrated MDL in the range of 0.5 to 2.0mg/L and LOQ 2.0 to 5.5mg/L for the target compounds. These results surpassed the static HS-GC × GC which exhibited a higher MDL (20 to 40mg/L) and LOQ (80 to 150mg/L), with comparable linearity and repeatability. With analytical figures of merit 20-40 times better (lower MDL and LOQ) than the previously described GC × GC approach, the HS-cGC methodology is an attractive alternative for trace target analyte determination. HS-cGC has a high potential to complement conventional culture-based plating methods to ramp up surveillance to detect pathogens and/or spoilage microbes in the food setting.

Dynamic thermal behaviour and gas composition variation in packed-bed combustion of waste-biomass mixtures: A pilot reactor study