Ngada district has a traditional drink called moke putih. Moke putih is a traditional alcoholic beverage made from the Aren’s water (Arenga pinnata Merr.) that is found in Flores. For the people of Ngada, moke putih is a symbol of being kind and harmony, and the consumption of moke has become a lifestyle for most people in there. This drink has a lot of potential because it has strong historical elements and cultural values. The purpose of this research is to know the history, processing, and the connection between moke putih and the culture of Ngada. The research method is a qualitative approach to ethnoscience through purposive sampling techniques and snowball samplings from villages with 10 respondents and data collection through interviews, observations, and documentation. Moke Putih is a traditional drink that has been passed down from generation to generation and is closely related to the culture, customs, and characteristics of the Ngada people. White moke is made from slicing the fruit stalks of the sap tree, and this drink is used at every traditional event and in daily activities as a substitute for drinking water.

Mapping of sap rows on trees has been proposed to detect the easily overlooked Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus in boreal forests. Sap rows have a distinct appearance that can be detected in the bark for many years. While it is well-established that Eurasian Three-toed Woodpeckers make sap rows on coniferous trees, it is uncertain whether they also make sap rows on deciduous trees, such as birches (Betula sp.), or if these are made by other woodpecker species. We collated data on woodpecker abundance from the Swedish Bird Survey’s fixed route monitoring scheme and correlated this with data on sap tree abundance from systematic searches in three different parts of Sweden. Assuming that species-specific woodpecker behaviours are similar across Sweden, we suggest that Eurasian Three-toed Woodpeckers are responsible for the majority of sap rows on birches in the central and northern parts of Sweden, while Great Spotted Woodpeckers Dendrocopos major made the few sap rows found in southern Sweden and likely some of those further north. With that caveat in mind, our findings might be used to develop a more efficient method of mapping Eurasian Three-toed Woodpecker abundance in Sweden.

Tree sap is important in the diet of the yellow-bellied glider (Petaurus australis). I investigated the use of 66 trees in sap feeding by gliders at 32 sites (equating to 32 glider groups) in eight surveys over 2 years in the Shoalhaven region of New South Wales to evaluate the potential to use such trees in population monitoring. I estimated the probability of detecting two different types of glider incision made on the sap trees within 0–3 months of a survey: one representing bouts of sap feeding and the other representing the testing of the suitability of these trees for sap feeding. The probability of detecting each type of incision varied by season, being lowest in autumn and highest in spring (feeding: 0.30 ± 0.03 (s.e.) to 0.51 ± 0.04; testing: 0.40 ± 0.04 to 0.63 ± 0.03). I also investigated whether detection of any new incision differed between individual sap trees at a site. The probability of detection per survey was equivalent (0.76 ± 0.03) between trees and between years. The incisions accumulate over a year, so scoring any incisions made since a previous annual survey will increase this probability. New incisions were detected in each of the two sample years at all sites indicating short-term stability in home range occupancy and demonstrating a useful method of population monitoring.

Food tree selection by an arboreal marsupial: Implications for timber harvest

The background of this community service program is the use of register forests in Sendang Baru Village, Sendang Agung District, Central Lampung Regency, where the register forests are used by the local community to process sap trees found in the forest to be processed into various kinds of sugar. The forest management system aims to empower the community (increase economic value, cultural value, provide benefits to the managing community and local community). . This production training The participants of the Sendang Baru Village community were given material presentation and socialization on optimization in processing palm sugar into ant sugar or palm powder sugar. Introduced the tools and materials used for the processing of ant sugar production, as well as how to operate a sap mixer for the sap coagulation process into sugar and an oven machine for the ant sugar drying process. Ant sugar training participants practice the process of making ant sugar according to what has been demonstrated.

Lembaga Penelitian dan Pengabdian Masyarakat (LP2M) Universitas Negeri Padang is responsible for providing guidance and imparting knowledge to the community, one of which is by conducting community service activities. One of the community service activities carried out was assistance in processing kolang kaling peel waste into compost in Nagari Andaleh Baruh Bukik, Tanah Datar Regency. Nagari, which is located in Sungayang District, has a superior commodity in the form of Nira Tree, where this sap tree also produces kolang kaling fruit. This activity is carried out based on the existing problems, namely that the community has not processed the kolang kaling fruit waste, even though the waste from this fruit has a high economic value. For this reason, assistance is provided to the community in processing kolang kaling peel waste into compost. In addition to protecting the environment, this economic value waste treatment is carried out so that people's incomes increase. This activity is carried out in several stages, namely socialization, training, assistance and procurement of tools. It is hoped that in the following year, activities can be continued in business management, packaging and sales.

This study examines the implementation of profit sharing in cooperation to extract sap water in Jorong Koto Dalimo Nagari Agarng which is close to the Musaqah (agricultural cooperation) contract in the form of managing sap water into palm sugar. The agreed terms of profit sharing are that within seven days of sap-water extraction, six days of sap-water extraction are for the manager and one day for the sap tree owner. the agreed profit sharing is in the form of palm sugar. The problem is that there is a disproportionate pattern of profit sharing between the owner of the sap tree and the manager of the sap water, the profit sharing is more dominant to the manager. This research uses field research. The data were obtained through interviews and observations, and then the data were narrated descriptively. The result achieved is that the implementation of cooperation in extracting sap water with a profit sharing agreement of 6:1 is punished proportionally and is allowed in Islam because it has fulfilled the principle of justice in sharing the results.

A study to effectiveness the usefulness of skin patches containing chlorogenic acid and garcinia

α-mangostin imprinted polymers have been synthesized by a non-covalent imprinting approach with α-mangostin as a template molecule. The α-mangostin molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) prepared by radical polymerization using methacrylic acid, ethlylene glycol dimethacrylate, benzoyl peroxide, and acetonitrile, as a monomer, crosslinker, initiator, and porogen, respectively. The template was removed by using methanol:acetic acid 90:10 (v/v). The physical characteristics of the polymers were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The rebinding studies were carried out by batch methods. The results exhibited that the MIPs was able to adsorb the α-mangostin at pH 2 and the contact time of 180 min. The kinetic adsorption data of α-mangostin performed the pseudo-second order model and followed the Langmuir isotherm model with the adsorption capacity of 16.19 mg.g-1. MIPs applied as a sorbent material in solid-phase extraction, namely molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) and it shows the ability for enrichment and clean-up of α-mangostin from the complex matrix in medicinal herbal product and crude extract of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) pericarp. Both samples, respectively, which were spiked with α-mangostin gives recovery more than 90% after through by MISPE in all concentration ranges.

Phytochemical screening tests have been carried out to detect secondary metabolites in several plants, namely Brotowali stem (Tinospora crispa), Jambu Biji leaves (Psidium guajava), Manggis rind (Garcinia mangostana), Pare fruit (Momordica charantia), Pepaya leaves (Carica papaya), Pulai sari stem bark (Alstonia scholaris), Sirsak leaves (Annona muricata). The test results obtained the state that each sample of the plant contains secondary metabolites which have the potential as antimalarial compounds.

One of the causes of nest failure in woodpeckers is competition for nest sites among cavity-nesting bird species, expressed through aggressive interactions. Here I report a case of mortal aggression by an adult White-fronted Woodpecker (Melanerpes cactorum) toward nestlings of the White-barred Piculet (Picumnus cirratus), presumably caused by interference competition, in the dry Chaco woodlands of northwestern Argentina. The woodpecker killed 2 piculet nestlings but did not consume or remove them to feed its own nestlings. The attack could have been motivated by territorial defense, and to reduce competition for nest sites, since the piculet nest was within the territory of the woodpecker, and near its active nest and one of its most consumed sap trees. The observations described here provide new ethological information about the levels of aggression of the White-fronted Woodpecker, and suggests that interspecific competition likely could constitute one of the causes of nest failure among Neotropical woodpeckers.

Objective To investigate the impacts of garcinia acid on the proliferation and invasion abilities of human bladder cancer cell line (BIU-87), and to study the possible molecular mechanisms. Methods The BIU-87 cells were cultured in vitro, and then the cells were divided into control group, low-dose, middle-dose, and high-dose garcinia acid groups. The cells in the drug groups were treated with 20, 40, 80 μmol/L of garcinia acid for 24, 48, and 72 h, and control group were incubated by normal medium. The inhibition of proliferation of BIU-87 cells was performed using CCK8 assay. The abilities of BIU-87 cell invasion were assessed using Transwell chambers, and the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were analyzed using Western Blot technology. Results Compared with control group, the proliferation inhibitory rates of cells after treatment with low-, middle-, and high-dose garcinia acid for 24, 48, and 72 h were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Moreover, the proliferation inhibitory rates in different drug groups were greatly increased with the time extension. Compared with control group, the number of cells passing through the membrane(26 ± 4, 41 ± 4, 53 ± 5 vs. 119 ± 7) in low-, middle-, and high-dose garcinia acid group significantly decreased (P<0.05), the expression levels of VEGF (41.2 ± 6.2, 23.8 ± 5.2, 17.9 ± 4.7 vs. 14.8 ± 4.2) in low-, middle-, and high-dose garcinia acid group significantly decreased (P<0.05). Conclusions The Garcinia acid can inhibit the proliferation and invasion of BIU-87 cells via the down-regulation of VEGF expression. Key words: Cell proliferation; Neoplasm invasiveness; Vascular endothelial growth factors; Garcinia acid

Background Recent studies demonstrate that the imbalance between acetylation and deacetylation of histone proteins correlates with abnormal transcription of nociceptive processing genes, strongly associated with the development of inflammatory or neuropathic pain. The treatment of histone acetyltransferase inhibitor (HATI) has been reported to alleviate pain by blocking the upregulation of chemokines and cyclooxygenase-2, and can be a drug target for the treatment of chronic pain. Objective To review the roles of histone acetylation in the development of chronic pain and the application of histone acetyl transferase inhibitors to the treatment of chronic pain. Content In inflammatory and neuropathic pain, over-acetylation of histone protein following the upregulation of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) is associated with pain symptoms. HATI attenuates hyperalgesia probably through inhibiting chemokines, cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5). The available HATI include dual substrates inhibitor, derivatives of natural product (such as, garcinia), small molecule HAT inhibitors (C646), and inhibitors to bromodomain of HAT. Garcinia has limited water solubility and bioavailability and is difficult to penetrate blood brain barrier. C646, the only HATI with high potency and specificity, is proved to be highly effective to relive pain symptoms. Trend HATI have therapeutic potentials for the treatment of chronic pain. Further investigations are required to develop and validate more HATI. Key words: Histone acetyltransferases inhibitor; Chronic pain

In this work, nine fruits cultivated in the northern Amazon were studied: abiu (Pouteria caimito), acerola (Malpighia emarginata), araca (Psidium cattleianum), bacupari (Rheedia gardneriana), biriba (Rollinia mucosa), cacari (Myrciaria dubia) (Annona squamosa), graviola (Annona muricata) and tapereba (Spondias mombin L.). The total phenolic compounds were evaluated in the pulp, seed and bark by means of the colorimetric reaction of Folin Ciocateau, as well as the antioxidant capacity in the different extracts. DPPH method and on the other hand by the iron reduction method. As the fruits that presented a greater quantity ofphenolic compounds are in mg gallic acid. 100g-1 sample, we have: bark of camu camu (1241.1 ± 12.04),followed by the abiu bark with (1132,43 ± 8,10), araca pulp (1080,21 ± 1,1) and Pulp of acerola (1071.4 ± 22.2). Evaluating the antioxidant capacity, the evaluated fruits that present a higher value of antioxidant capacity are the Araca seed with EC50 value of (471,23 ± 21,23 g / g DPPH) and for iron reduction of (57,21 ±4.11 mmol Fe2SO4 / g), followed by the EC50 of abiu bark (521.71 ± 1.34 g / g DPPH) and iron reduction of411.43 ± 27.12 µmol Fe2SO4 / g ), and for the camu-camu pulp (549.24 ± 21.13 g / g DPPH) and for reduction of iron (235.47 ± 11.44 mmol Fe2SO4 / g). Multivariate analysis methods were applied through Principal Component Analysis (PCA) with pulp having the highest correlation between data variability with 93.6% according to PCA.

The Eurasian three-toed woodpecker Picoides tridactylus is considered to be a specialist and obligatory insect-feeder, but the significance of other food sources for its survival and reproduction is unclear. We investigated the importance of tree sap as an alternative food source. We found that three-toed woodpeckers spent up to 33% of their foraging time and 38% of foraging events obtaining phloem sap from coniferous trees in spring before the start of their breeding. Sap use was most common in April and early May, and decreased significantly during nesting in late May and June. The woodpeckers made large numbers of new rows of sap holes in trees in the spring, the maximum being 399 fresh rows in 17 trees during one spring within a single territory. The sap trees were mostly at mature forest edges with rows oriented towards southern open areas indicating that woodpeckers utilized beneficial thermal conditions to obtain sap. These patterns suggest that sap is of high importance especially during the critical period of gaining energy for the start of nesting. We conclude that sap use is an important adaptation that may buffer variation in the availability of insect food in spring, and may increase the probability of three-toed woodpeckers commencing successful breeding.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVESGinger, a root vegetable, is known to have antioxidant and antiobesity effects. Preparation, such as by steaming, can affect the chemical composition of prepared root vegetables or herbs and can change their functional activities. In the present study, we investigated the protective effects of steamed ginger against oxidative stress and steatosis in C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet.MATERIALS/METHODSThe levels of polyphenols and flavonoids in two different extracts of steamed ginger, i.e., water extract (SGW) and ethanolic extract (SGE); as well, their antioxidant activities were examined. Forty male C57BL/6J mice were fed a normal diet (ND, n = 10), high-fat diet (HFD, 60% fat, w/w, n = 10), HFD supplemented with 200 mg/kg of SGE or garcinia (GAR) by weight (SGED or GARD, respectively, n = 10) for 12 weeks. Serum chemistry was examined, and the expressions of genes involved in lipid metabolism were determined in the liver. Histological analysis was performed to identify lipid accumulations in epididymal fat pads and liver.RESULTSThe SGE had higher contents of polyphenols and flavonoids and higher DPPH and ABTS+ free radical scavenging activities compared to those of SGW. Treatment with SGE or GAR significantly decreased the HFD-induced weight gain. Both SGE and GAR significantly reduced the high serum total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein levels induced by HFD. Compared to ND, HFD significantly increased hepatic TC and TG levels. SGE or GAR supplementation significantly decreased the increase of hepatic lipids by HFD. Interestingly, SGE had a more significant effect in reducing hepatic TC and TG levels than GAR. Furthermore, hepatic genes involved in lipogenesis and lipolysis were altered in both the SGED and GARD groups.CONCLUSIONSThe present study indicates that steamed ginger supplementation can decrease plasma TC and TG and can inhibit liver steatosis by regulating the expressions of hepatic genes.

Medicated jelly formulations are more suitable for pediatric, geriatric and dysphagic patients, which offer rapid dissolution and absorption of drugs thereby early onset of action. The aim of study was to develop and evaluate oral jelly formulation of Garcinia cambogia extract using pectin as the natural gelling agent. The primary objective was formulation of unit moulded jelly containing herbal medicaments and also to optimize the dosage form that will have extra beneficiary for hepatoprotective and weight-loss supplement effect without any side effects. The crude extract or constituents from the plant also exerted hypolipidemic, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anthelmintic, anticholinesterase and hepatoprotective activities. All the formulations exhibited good physiochemical properties and found to be stable.

Phytochemical investigation of the roots of Garcinia cowa Roxb. resulted in the isolation of forty-four compounds. Of these, thirty-five were xanthones, two anthraquinones, two flavonoids and five terpenes. Their structures were spectroscopically elucidated using UV, IR, 1D NMR, and 2D NMR methods. Thirty compounds were reported for the first time as metabolites of G. cowa. One active isolated compound, β-mangostin, was found to show a strong antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus TISTR 687 and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)-SK1 with an MIC value of 4 mg/mL. Whereas α-mangostin showed stronger activity against B. cereus TISTR 687 and MRSA-SK1 (MIC 0.5 mg/mL) than that of vancomycin (MIC 1 mg/mL). Two compounds, cowanin and cowanol, exhibited strong antibacterial activities against B. cereus TISTR 687, MRSA‑SK1, and S. aureus TISTR 1466 with MICs in the range of 2-4 mg/mL. Isocudraniaxanthone B, xanthone V1, and kaempferol expressed good antioxidative activities with IC50 values of 19.75 ± 0.39, 19.70 ± 0.39, and 11.67 ± 0.12 μM, respectively. Additionally, an acetone extract showed cytotoxicity against Vero cells (African green monkey kidney) and anticancer activity against the standard cell culture BC-Breast cancer with IC50 values of 36.13 and 40.89 mg/mL, respectively.

Preventing emergence of new zoonotic viruses depends on understanding determinants for human risk. Nipah virus (NiV) is a lethal zoonotic pathogen that has spilled over from bats into human populations, with limited person-to-person transmission. We examined ecologic and human behavioral drivers of geographic variation for risk of NiV infection in Bangladesh. We visited 60 villages during 2011–2013 where cases of infection with NiV were identified and 147 control villages. We compared case villages with control villages for most likely drivers for risk of infection, including number of bats, persons, and date palm sap trees, and human date palm sap consumption behavior. Case villages were similar to control villages in many ways, including number of bats, persons, and date palm sap trees, but had a higher proportion of households in which someone drank sap. Reducing human consumption of sap could reduce virus transmission and risk for emergence of a more highly transmissible NiV strain.

Obesity is one of the major problems faced by many people all around the world. There are many ways to reduce it physically, but it needs some hardwork. Hydroxy citric acid (HCA) is the compound which is used to reduce weight. This compound is abundantly present in the fruits of Garcinia combogia . This is a type of tamarind which is cultivated in Srilanka and also in some parts of Malabar in India. The purity and yield of HCA varies between G. cambogia cultivated at different locations. It is very important to extract HCA with maximum purity and with higher yield to benefit the mankind. Hence, in the present research work, HCA was extracted from G. combogia cultivated at two different location of Malabar and Srilanka and compared their elements and purity using HPLC and FTIR. The purity of HCA extracted from G. combogia cultivated at Malabar was found to be higher of about 50.95% in comparison with HCA extracted from G. combogia cultivated at Srilanka which was 41.16%.