Gaming Devices Research Articles

Antecedents of mobile device purchase intention by mobile gamers

PurposeThis study aims to verify the antecedents influencing mobile gamers’ intentions to purchase mobile phones. To this end, the constructs price–quality relationship, price sensitivity, perceived quality, identification with the group of gamers and referrals from other gamers were identified in the literature.Design/methodology/approachData were collected through an online questionnaire with 335 consumers. The model was tested using partial least squares.FindingsIt was verified that the price–quality relationship directly influences mobile gamers' intentions to purchase mobile phones. Also, it was observed that price sensitivity of mobile gamers directly influences the price–quality relationship and indirectly influences the intention to purchase mobile phones to play games. It was further verified that this price sensitivity is directly influenced by the perceived quality of mobile gaming devices. Finally, it was observed that referrals from other gamers directly influences the perceived quality and onès identification with the group of gamers.Research limitations/implicationsThis study concluded that developing strategies focused on prices of mobile phones gamers use to play games tends to influence mobile gamers' purchase intentions. This paper extends the study of mobile device purchase behavior, uniting constructs studied separately and proposing connections not yet tested, assisting in the theoretical understanding of the factors that contribute to the intention to purchase mobile devices.Originality/valueThis study is theoretically justified for four reasons: it focused on a specific group of consumers, mobile gamers, which is a constantly growing audience; it brought an innovative model, testing the influence of the perceived quality of mobile gaming devices on the price sensitivity of mobile gamers; there are spaces for new research on mobile device purchase intention; and it may assist in the theoretical understanding of the factors contributing to mobile device purchase intention.

Biofeedback-based Video Game Device to Treat Rage Attacks in Youth with Tourette Syndrome (P5-9.008)

<h3>Objective:</h3> To evaluate the feasibility and acceptability of Mightier as a therapeutic intervention for rage attacks in youth with TS. <h3>Background:</h3> Approximately 20–40% of individuals with Tourette Syndrome (TS) have rage attacks, which are recurrent, explosive behavioral outbursts that can cause significant functional impairment. Despite the impact of rage attacks in TS, there has been limited research on treatment, and most studies have focused on pharmacologic interventions. Non-pharmacologic interventions have the potential to improve symptoms with fewer side effects. Mightier, a biofeedback-based video game device, may help teach emotional regulation through heart rate control and has the potential to improve rage attacks in youth with TS. <h3>Design/Methods:</h3> Feasibility was assessed by recruitment number and retention rate. Subjects aged 6–12 years old with a diagnosis of TS and rage attacks were enrolled between October 2021 and May 2022 into a 20-week, single-arm trial. We also evaluated efficacy by assessing rage severity (Clinical Global Impressions of Rage (CGI-Rage), Rage Outbursts and Anger Rating Scale (ROARS)) and overall aggression severity (Modified Overt Aggression Scale) pre- and post-intervention. CGI-Improvement was completed post-intervention. <h3>Results:</h3> Recruitment rate was 1.1 subjects per month. Of the 8 enrolled subjects, 4 have completed the study and 1 has withdrawn due to medication changes during the study period. Retention rate was 87.5% (n=7). No screening failures occurred. Post-intervention, rage attack severity on CGI-Rage and ROARS improved in 75% (n=3) of subjects and did not change in 1 subject. Aggression did not significantly change (improved by a mean 0.5 points). CGI-I was rated as much improved or very much improved across all subjects. <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Based on our recruitment rate and retention, Mightier may be feasible for use in youth with rage attacks and TS. Preliminary efficacy outcomes are promising. <b>Disclosure:</b> Mr. Tae has nothing to disclose. Ms. Myers has nothing to disclose. Dr. Kahn has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Neuromotion Labs. Dr. Kahn has stock in Neuromotion Labs. The institution of Dr. Kahn has received research support from NIMH. Dr. Kahn has received intellectual property interests from a discovery or technology relating to health care. Mrs. Walsh has nothing to disclose. Miss Stone has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Mightier. Miss Stone has stock in Mightier. Dr. Peechatka has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Mightier. Dr. Peechatka has stock in Mightier. The institution of Dr. Peechatka has received research support from National Institutes of Mental Health . Ms. Ragnio has received personal compensation for serving as an employee of Mightier. Ms. Ragnio has stock in Mightier. The institution of Dr. Mink has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Amicus. The institution of Dr. Mink has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Neurogene. Dr. Mink has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for TEVA. Dr. Mink has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for PTC Therapeutics. Dr. Mink has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving on a Scientific Advisory or Data Safety Monitoring board for Applied Therapeutics. Dr. Mink has received personal compensation in the range of $10,000-$49,999 for serving as an Editor, Associate Editor, or Editorial Advisory Board Member for AAN. The institution of Dr. Mink has received research support from Neurogene. The institution of Dr. Mink has received research support from NIH. Dr. Mink has received publishing royalties from a publication relating to health care. Dr. Mink has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Member, Study Section with NINDS. Dr. Vermilion has received personal compensation in the range of $500-$4,999 for serving as a Consultant for Neurogene. The institution of Dr. Vermilion has received research support from Tourette Association of America, American Academy of Neurology and American Brain Foundation.

High-Tech Home-Based Rehabilitation after Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

(1) Background: To improve existing rehabilitation technologies, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify the effect size of home-based rehabilitation using robotic, virtual reality, and game devices on physical function for stroke survivors. (2) Methods: Embase, PubMed, Cochrane Library, ProQuest, and CINAHL were used to search the randomized controlled trials that applied technologies via home-based rehabilitation, such as virtual reality, robot-assisted devices, and games. The effect size (Hedges's g) of technology type and affected limb on physical function were calculated. (3) Results: Ten studies were included. The effect size of home-based rehabilitation in virtual reality had the greatest value (Hedges's g, 0.850; 95% CI, 0.314-1.385), followed by robot-assisted devices (Hedges's g, 0.120; 95% CI, 0.003-0.017) and games (Hedges's g, -0.162; 95% CI, -0.036 to -0.534). The effect size was larger in the upper limbs (Hedges's g, 0.287; 95% CI, 0.128-0.447) than in the lower limbs (Hedges's g, -0.113; 95% CI, -0.547 to 0.321). (4) Conclusions: Virtual reality home rehabilitation was highly effective for physical function compared to other rehabilitation technologies. Interventions that consisted of a pre-structured and tailored program applied to the upper limbs were effective for physical function and psychological outcomes.

DEVELOPMENT OF ONLINE GAMBLING IN THE GAMBLING BUSINESS SYSTEM

The proposed study is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the development of online gambling in the gaming business system. In order to better understanding the concept of online gambling, we suggest that it is not monolithic, but is consisting of segments: casinos (commercial and tribal), state lotteries, betting on pairs, sports betting, charitable gambling, gambling on the Internet, standalone electronic gaming devices (such as video poker and video keno), and so on. Each group has its own distinct set of concerns, communities of interest, and balances of assets and liabilities. As it was noted in a report by the National Commission on the Impact of Gambling, technology in this area is developing at a rapid pace, and its potential is only beginning to be seen. The state of development of online gambling is analyzed in countries where it is legalized. And such countries that have legalized online games can be tentatively classified into three groups: 1) countries that offer operators inexpensive licensing with low tax rates and little or no control by regulators; 2) countries from the European jurisdiction, which also regulate online games for economic development, but have more rules compared to the first group; 3) developed countries with complex regulatory policies. Countries falling into the third group face the challenge of having their markets taken over by websites originating from the jurisdictions of the first two groups. Liberalization of slot machines and online gambling has a positive effect on, this growth index will be greater in those countries where gambling is oriented to local consumers. COVID-19 led to lower market revenues in the gambling sector in Europe in 2020 and 2021 compared to previous years and accelerated the previously existing trend of increasing the percentage of online gaming. Although there are significant differences in the share of online gambling in different national gambling markets, it is worth noting that with the increase in the share of online gambling, the amount of income to the budgets of countries also increases.

Impact of Mobile Received Signal Strength (RSS) on Roaming and Non-roaming Mobile Subscribers.

Mobile phones have transitioned from voice-centric devices to smart devices supporting functionalities like high-definition video and games, web browsers, radio reception, and video conferencing. Mobile phones are used in telemedicine, health monitoring applications, navigation tools, and gaming devices, among other applications. Given the above, Mobile broadband connectivity affects mobile access to the internet and voice communications. This paper assesses the impact of the Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) and broadband connectivity around Covenant University. LTE, GSM, and HSPA mobile signal measurement campaigns were conducted around Covenant University in Ota, Ogun state, Nigeria. To investigate the best optimized mobile network for mobile subscribers on roaming services and subscriber's high performance and data rates. After the experiment, exploratory data analysis was used to visualize the best mobile network; GSM proved as stable than LTE and HSPA.

Role of Gaming Devices Associated With Internet Gaming Disorder in China: Cross-sectional Study.

Chinese gamers use computer and mobile phone games widely. Consequently, concerns regarding the development of internet gaming disorder (IGD) in adolescents have been raised. However, only a few studies have focused on the influence of gaming devices on IGD. This study aims to compare sociodemographic information, gaming use characteristics, personality traits, and gaming motivations between computer game users (CGUs) and mobile phone game users (MGUs), as well as identifying IGD predictors. This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 3593 internet game players took part in an online survey, which included sociodemographic information, gaming patterns, gaming motivations, the Chinese version of the Video Game Dependency Scale, and the Chinese Big Five Personality Inventory brief version. The population was divided into 2 groups for comparison by mobile phone or computer use, and the IGD population was also compared within the 2 groups. There were significant differences between the 2 gaming device groups in the time (t2994=7.75, P<.001) and money (t2994=5.11, P<.001) spent on gaming and in internet game addiction scores (t2994=3.68, P<.001). Individuals using different gaming devices had different game motivations and personality traits and preferred different genres of games. Results showed that IGD predictors were different for the 2 groups, for example, strategy (odds ratio [OR] 4.452, 95% CI 1.938-10.227; P<.001) and action shooter (OR 3.725, 95% CI 1.465-9.474; P=.01) games increased the risk for MGUs. Gaming devices should be considered during early identification, such as long daily gaming time, much money spent on gaming, neuroticism, and conscientiousness. In addition, more research should be conducted on new gaming devices and IGD treatment.

Application of virtual reality in diverse fields of study in education sector: a systematic literature review

Technology is a form of non-living thing that supports and carries out the needs of human life. One type of technology is Virtual Reality (VR), which is already familiar to many people. According to Augmented and Virtual Reality Report conducted by Perkins Coie in 2020, education (28%) is the third sector that is expected to implement Virtual Reality (VR) the most, still behind gaming (47%) and health care devices (38%). The goal of this research is to generate insights about existing Virtual Reality (VR) implementations to encourage more implementation of Virtual Reality (VR) specifically in the education sector. We believe that Virtual Reality (VR) can be used to leverage learning in various fields of education. This research adopts Systematic Literature Review as a research method. Total of 200 published VR-related studies from 2019 to 2023 through Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and ACM Digital Library, resulting from searches, then being reviewed, analyzed, and synthesized. The research concludes that there are ten fields (Arts, Engineering, History, Languages and Literatures, Life Sciences, Math and Computation, Medical, Physical Education, Physical Sciences, Qualitative Social Sciences) of study that apply Virtual Reality (VR) with Medical (77 study), Arts (24 study), and Math and Computation (18 study) hold the top three spots for the most number of studies done, the characteristic from field of study that suitable for Virtual Reality (VR) is the field of study that have practices which could be mirrored from real-life practice, three factors that influence the implementation of Virtual Reality in the education sector are engaging, imaginative, and precautionary while some of Virtual Reality (VR) benefits for learning are for attention training and to increase problem solving skills, and Virtual Reality (VR) learning is more effective compared to traditional learning based on empirical findings. Therefore, in this research, we discuss an overview towards the application of Virtual Reality (VR) in diverse fields of study in the education sector based on previous studies.

THE DIGITAL GAMING REVOLUTION: AN ANALYSIS OF CURRENT TRENDS, ISSUES, AND FUTURE PROSPECTS

Digital gaming has become a major form of entertainment and a significant part of popular culture. The gaming industry has grown exponentially in recent years, with the global market for video games projected to reach $159 billion by 2022. The rise of digital gaming can be attributed to several factors, including advancements in technology, the increasing accessibility of high-speed internet, and the proliferation of smartphones and other mobile devices.Digital gaming can be divided into several categories, including console gaming, PC gaming, and mobile gaming. Console gaming, which is played on dedicated gaming devices such as the Xbox and PlayStation, has been around for decades and continues to be popular. PC gaming, which is played on personal computers, has also been around for a long time but has seen a resurgence in recent years due to the popularity of online multiplayer games and the increasing power of personal computers. Mobile gaming, which is played on smartphones and tablets, has seen the greatest growth in recent years due to the increasing popularity of mobile devices and the accessibility of mobile gaming apps.One of the major advantages of digital gaming is the ability to connect with other players from around the world in real-time. Online multiplayer games allow players to compete against each other in virtual worlds, and social gaming platforms such as Facebook allow players to connect with friends and play games together. Additionally, many digital games offer in-game purchase options, which allow players to purchase virtual items such as weapons, armor, and other items to enhance their gaming experience.However, digital gaming also has its drawbacks. Many players become so engrossed in the game that they neglect other responsibilities, such as school or work. Additionally, some studies have linked excessive gaming to addiction and other mental health issues. Furthermore, some parents have expressed concerns about the content of certain digital games, particularly those that are violent or sexually explicit.The authors conclude that, digital gaming is a rapidly growing industry that has become a major form of entertainment for people of all ages. While digital gaming offers many benefits, such as the ability to connect with other players and enhanced gaming experiences, it also has its drawbacks, including the potential for addiction and other mental health issues. As digital gaming continues to evolve and grow, it is important for players, parents, and policymakers to be aware of both the benefits and the risks associated with this form of entertainment.

The effect of rehabilitation in a virtual reality environment on improving balance in older adults with Parkinsons disease: A systematic review

Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common form of Parkinsonism, a group of neurological disorders, and the second most common neurodegenerative disorder. More than six million people worldwide are affected by PD. Over the past two decades, Virtual Reality (VR) technology and commercial gaming devices are used as intervention tools for rehabilitation. The aim of this systematic review is to study the efficacy of rehabilitation in VR environments in improving balance in older adults with PD. Method: The Google Scholar, Pub-Med, and PEDro databases were searched in March 2022. Different Boolean operators were used in the search with the following keywords: Parkinson OR Parkinson’s disease AND balance AND virtual reality OR vr AND older adults OR elderly. The search was filtered for clinical studies published in the last 10 years. Results: Eight clinical studies were found to meet the inclusion criteria and were included in the review. The total sample was 259 older adults with PD. The intervention means for rehabilitation were VR environments, which were compared with conventional therapy. Discussion – Conclusions: The results of the review show that rehabilitation in VR environments positively affects balance in older adults with PD, equally or more than conventional therapy. Further research on the subject would help form a more complete picture.

Accuracy and Precision of Reaction Time Measurements for Psychological Research Time and Timing Measurement Tests across Typical Key Board Gaming Devices Response Pad and Recent VR Devices

Accuracy and Precision of Reaction Time Measurements for Psychological Research Time and Timing Measurement Tests across Typical Key Board Gaming Devices Response Pad and Recent VR Devices

Management Of Early Children's Learning With Steam Loading With Loose Parts at RA Ummatan Wahidah Curup

Implementation of Early Childhood Education faces many problems in the learning system. Just as the lack of creativity and progress of educators, as well as educational game devices that are less supportive, so the learning system does not encourage the ability of students to innovate and think higher. The research objectives are learning management, and implementation of STEAM content made from Loose Parts. The research used descriptive qualitative method. Research data sources include primary and secondary sources. The research instrument, data collection using observation, interview, and documentation techniques. Then the data is analyzed through the stages of data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusions. The results of this study that the management of STEAM content learning with Loose Parts : planning the form of learning for RPPS, RPPM, RPPH, preparing Loose Parts . Organizing teaching tasks, teachers allocate learning materials. Implementation starts from the introduction, core activities, closing activities. Assessment in the form of performance, observation, conversation. Implementation of early childhood learning with STEAM content made from Loose Parts : applying all stages of play by paying attention to playing strategies, cleaning, storing things, strategies to develop early childhood creativity. The activity plan is adapted to the needs of the child and takes into account the principles of PAUD learning

The Psychosocial Well-Being of Young Video-Gamer Children: A Comparison Study.

Objective:In recent years, young children from all socioeconomic conditions found an opportunity to own or access video game devices. The precisely defined effects of video gaming on young children’s behaviors and mental health are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the psychosocial well-being and video gaming in preschool children. Materials and Methods:The video gamer (n = 70) and non-gamer (n = 140) children between 2 and 6 years old and their mothers were included in the study. Psychosocial well-being was assessed using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire parent version. Multivariable logistic regressions were used. Results:30% of the video gamers played video games for more than 1 hour per day. Factors associated with video gaming included sex, birth order, age of first screen exposure, daily screen time, and parent(s) video gaming. Being a boy, having a daily screen time of more than 1 hour and parent(s) video gaming increased the probability of video gaming [Odds (95% CI) = 3.00 (1.42-6.31), P = .004; 6.28 (2.86-13.80), P < .001; 6.49 (2.77-15.23), P < .001, respectively]. Not being the first child and having an age of first screen exposure older than 12 months old decreased the probability of video gaming [Odds (95% CI) = 0.29 (0.11-0.76), P = .012; 0.34 (0.13-0.89), P = .027, respectively]. Video gamers and non-gamers had statistically similar Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire scores. There was no association between video gaming and being borderline or abnormal in emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity/inattention, peer relationship problems, prosocial behavior, and total difficulties. Conclusion:This study investigating the relationship between psychosocial well-being and video gaming revealed that video gaming is not associated with psychosocial well-being in preschool age.

Gaming for Function: Exploring the Feasibility and Efficacy of the MusicGloveⓇ on Hand Use and Motivation in Children With Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy

Abstract Date Presented 04/02/2022 The purpose of this study is to explore the feasibility and efficacy of the MusicGlove®, a wearable video game device for practicing repetitive pinching patterns, for children with cerebral palsy. Previously only used in adult stroke recovery, this study revealed improvements in children’s manual abilities and found that, according to participants, the MusicGlove was useful and enjoyable. These findings support the feasibility of the MusicGlove intervention for children with cerebral palsy. Primary Author and Speaker: Jamie Stroppini Additional Authors and Speakers: Tiana Nguyen, Lisa Choromanski Contributing Authors: Tatiana Kreuzer

An Empirical Analysis of Ergonomic Gaming Peripherals Improving Gaming Performance

The gaming industry is a huge industry that is based on creativity and the use of media as well as the latest technology. According to the Entertainment Software Association (ESA) in 2021 more than 227 million Americans playing video games, and 75% of USA households have at least one person who plays games and has a gaming device on their home. The facts mentioned before makes this industry very profitable to enter. In hardware aspect, some company innovates to make a specific device which is used special for gaming needs. This gaming device main selling points is high specification and ergonomics factor for improving gaming performance. Despite the successful sale of this product, many people still doubt the effectiveness of gaming peripheral products to improve gaming performance and whether the higher specification of gaming peripheral can truly improve player performance during gameplay. The Study is based on the effectiveness of peripheral on human perception sensor that can be used in the implementation of ergonomic science / physical engineering or HCI (Human Computer Interaction), namely vision, hearing, and touch. In that case, with qualitative research method (direct observation, interview &amp; simulation) this study found as the result, that was true the gaming peripherals are able to improve the performance of the user, but not for all types of users. The competitive gamer who has high gameplay hours can benefit the most and use maximum potential performance of gaming peripherals.

The relationship between screen time exposure and the presence of anxiety-related disorders among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic: A cross-sectional study.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic prompted rules and laws such as lockdown, which contributed to staying at home and participating in sedentary activities such as using smartphones, tablets, televisions, gaming devices, and computers. As a result of the increased use of digital screen time, a worldwide issue has arisen among various age groups, especially adolescents, which may have affected their psychological well-being, increasing their susceptibility to anxiety-related disorders. This study aimed to assess the relationship between screen time exposure and the presence of anxiety-related disorders among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional design using convenience sampling was used in this study. The online self-administered questionnaire, including the Arabic-translated version of the Screen for Child Anxiety-related Disorders (SCARED-C), was distributed through social media using Google forms between February and April 2021. The Chi-Squared test was used for data analysis. Of 625 participants, majority were females (n = 527, 84.3%) than males (n = 98, 15.7%). A significant difference between screen time and the presence of an anxiety-related disorder among adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic (p = .021) was noted. More than half of the participants (n = 410, 65.6%) scored above 25 in the SCARED-C test, indicating the presence of an anxiety-related disorder regardless of the type. Of those, more than a quarter (n = 176, 28.2%) used screens for more than 8 hours a day. The results indicated a relationship between screen time exposure and the presence of anxiety-related disorders among adolescents during the pandemic. In particular, adolescents are more susceptible to the adverse effects of increased exposure to screen time, which is constantly on the rise. Therefore, nurses and other healthcare professionals can play a significant role in providing guidance and advice to parents, caregivers, and adolescents themselves on how to limit screen time exposure. The findings can also be useful for future studies to build on and develop screen time management interventions and guidelines.

New York Redefines “GAMBLING” … and What Could this Mean for Poker?

New York Redefines “GAMBLING” … and What Could this Mean for Poker?

Data-Driven Classification of Human Movements in Virtual Reality-Based Serious Games: Preclinical Rehabilitation Study in Citizen Science.

BackgroundSustained engagement is essential for the success of telerehabilitation programs. However, patients’ lack of motivation and adherence could undermine these goals. To overcome this challenge, physical exercises have often been gamified. Building on the advantages of serious games, we propose a citizen science–based approach in which patients perform scientific tasks by using interactive interfaces and help advance scientific causes of their choice. This approach capitalizes on human intellect and benevolence while promoting learning. To further enhance engagement, we propose performing citizen science activities in immersive media, such as virtual reality (VR).ObjectiveThis study aims to present a novel methodology to facilitate the remote identification and classification of human movements for the automatic assessment of motor performance in telerehabilitation. The data-driven approach is presented in the context of a citizen science software dedicated to bimanual training in VR. Specifically, users interact with the interface and make contributions to an environmental citizen science project while moving both arms in concert.MethodsIn all, 9 healthy individuals interacted with the citizen science software by using a commercial VR gaming device. The software included a calibration phase to evaluate the users’ range of motion along the 3 anatomical planes of motion and to adapt the sensitivity of the software’s response to their movements. During calibration, the time series of the users’ movements were recorded by the sensors embedded in the device. We performed principal component analysis to identify salient features of movements and then applied a bagged trees ensemble classifier to classify the movements.ResultsThe classification achieved high performance, reaching 99.9% accuracy. Among the movements, elbow flexion was the most accurately classified movement (99.2%), and horizontal shoulder abduction to the right side of the body was the most misclassified movement (98.8%).ConclusionsCoordinated bimanual movements in VR can be classified with high accuracy. Our findings lay the foundation for the development of motion analysis algorithms in VR-mediated telerehabilitation.

Gamers never play alone: An interface-centred analysis of online video gaming

Online gaming involves a complex and multidimensional set of practices. This article proposes understanding online video gaming based on an interface-centred approach that goes beyond the classic study of the “graphic user interface”. In this theoretical and analytical framework, the interface is considered the place where human, institutional and technological actors relate to each other and different processes are carried out. The article draws the data from empirical research with teens carried out in eight countries. It analyses the teenagers’ online playing experience as an interface, understood as a ‘network of actors’ that goes beyond the single video gaming device (console, PC, etc.). This work also presents a map of actors, relationships and processes of the online video gaming interface, paying particular attention to the tensions and critical issues that arise, from a perspective that, in further studies, could be expanded to other practices.

Validation of the Digital Eye Strain Questionnaire and pilot application to online gaming addicts.

'Digital eye strain' (DES) is a clinical syndrome with eyesight symptoms related to continuous engagement in front of a screen-enabled digital device. With use of these devices constantly on the rise, the related symptoms have become prominent, even in younger ages. This study describes the process of validating the Digital Eye Strain Questionnaire (DESQ), a thirteen-item self-report scale in a yes-no format designed to offer a measure of complaints related to digital eye strain syndrome (DES). The validation process included 150 outpatients with no long-standing eye disease who were examined for various eye complaints and 50 outpatients who were diagnosed with gaming addiction according to WHO ICD-11 clinical criteria. All participants filled in a demographics questionnaire, the DESQ, the Computer Vision Syndrome Questionnaire (CVS-Q) and the Problematic Internet Use Questionnaire-9 (PIUQ-9). Principal component analysis of categorical variables confirmed the proposed three-factor DES structure with a total of 61.02% of explained variance and Cronbach's alpha equal to.94. Concurrent validity was assessed by comparing the results of the DESQ to the CVS-Q while convergent validity was assessed by examining correlations of the DESQ with results from the PIUQ-9 questionnaire. In all cases the DESQ demonstrated excellent reliability and validity. Results indicate that the DESQ questionnaire can be employed to reliably measure the symptomatology of digital eye strain in clinical populations who present either with eye issues or with excessive use of the gaming and screen-enabled devices in general.

Software Measurement by Using Artificial Intelligence

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a subfield of computer science concerned with developing intelligent machines capable of performing tasks similar to those performed by humans. This human‐created intelligence began more than 60 years ago. The goal of previous generations of applications was to demonstrate generic human‐like behaviour. The goal has expanded with the advancement and increased compliance of this technology. It includes areas such as healthcare, gaming, and smart devices. The COVID‐19 epidemic has posed a significant barrier to maintaining a sustainable strategy for mental health support clients with major mental illnesses and clinicians who have had to shift delivery modes quickly. In this study, we have conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) to provide an overview of the current state of the literature related to software measurement of healthcare using artificial intelligence. The study followed a secondary research strategy. The systematic literature review aim was to analyze software measurement of mental health illness in terms of previous literature. This study screened out of 28 research papers out of 1076 initial searches. We used Science Direct, IEEE Xplore, Springer Link, ACM, and Hindawi as database search engines. The research objective was to explore the needs of software applications and automation in the healthcare sector to bring efficiency to the systems. The research concluded that the healthcare setting crucially requires the implementation of software automation.