Γ-ray Dose Research Articles

The gamma radiation effect on the surface morphology and optical properties of alpha-methyl curcumin: PMMA film

The effect of gamma, γ, radiation on the surface morphology and the optical properties of a prepared alpha-methyl curcumin: PMMA film were studied under different doses (7, 14, 21 and 28 Gy) of γ-rays emitted by 137Cs source. To monitor the effect of γ radiation on the prepared sample, the UV–visible absorbance and transmittance measurements of the pristine and the irradiated sample were carried out in the spectral range 400–900 nm at room temperature. An optical microscope and image J software were utilized to examine any changes in the surface morphology for the pre and post irradiated samples. The obtained results indicated that the surface morphology, linear and nonlinear optical properties of the films have been affected by γ radiation.

Exposure to radioactive rocks from the Egyptian eastern desert attenuates the efficiency of the immune organs and induces apoptosis of blood lymphocytes in rat model.

Exposure to ionizing radiation emitted from natural sources induces many health hazards. The response to ionizing radiation involves a number of mediators including inflammatory cytokines and free radicals which mediate immunosuppression. The present study aimed to monitor the impact of exposure to natural radioactive rocks from the Egyptian eastern desert on the primary immune organs. Therefore, three experimental groups (15 rats per group) were used: group I included the control non-irradiated rats; group II included rats that were exposed for 28 consecutive days to natural radioactive rocks from the Egyptian eastern desert (IR/R group); and group III (positive control group) included rats that were exposed to high dose of γ-rays (4Gy/14days for 28days) (IR/γR group). We found that rats of both the IR/R and IR/γR groups exhibited pathological alterations in the architecture of the primary immune organs (bone marrow and thymus). Additionally, the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α), and reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly increased in the IR/R and IR/γR groups compared to the control group. Furthermore, rats from the IR/R and IR/γR groups exhibited significant increase in the activity of caspase-3 and caspase-9 and subsequently exhibited a significant increase in the apoptosis of PBMCs compared with the control group. Most importantly, apoptosis induction in the PBMCs was associated with increased expression of cyclin B1 and decreased expression of cyclin D1 and survivin compared with the control non-irradiated group. Taken together, our data demonstrated that consecutive exposure to natural radioactive rocks from the Egyptian eastern desert could dampen the immune response through damaging the architectures of the immune system and mediating serious health problems to the population inhabiting this region.

Impact of the radiation effect on the energy storage density and wake-up behaviors of antiferroelectric-like Al-doped HfO2 thin films.

The effect of the γ-ray total dose radiation on the energy storage density (ESD) and the phase transition of antiferroelectric-like (AFE-like) Al-doped HfO2 (HfAlO) thin films was investigated. The ESD property and wake-up behavior of the phase transition during the field cycling of the AFE-like HfAlO thin films were quantified before and after the radiation. The efficiency of the AFE-like thin films for energy storage slightly decreases as the total dose increases from 200 krad (Si) to 5 Mrad (Si), which is attributed to the radiation-induced trapped defects at the interfaces of HfAlO/TiN. Both the J-E, C-V, and εr-f characteristics of the AFE-like HfAlO thin films were also measured before and after the radiation at the same electrodes. These results further confirm that the ferroelectricity of the thin films can be reduced due to the radiation oxide trapped defects. It is worth noting that an enhanced wake-up behavior of the AFE-like HfAlO thin films can be observed after the radiation, which indicates that the transition from the antiferroelectric phase to the ferroelectric phase could be accelerated by the increased radiation-induced defects.

Effect of γ-ray irradiation on Schottky and ohmic contacts on AlGaN/GaN hetero-structures

The effect of γ-ray irradiation on the electrical transport characteristics of ohmic contacts and Schottky contacts having different dimensions on AlGaN/GaN hetero-structures has been reported. The contacts have been irradiated with three incremental doses of gamma irradiation up to the order of 104 Gray (Gy). The contacts are electrically characterized using current-voltage (I-V) analysis and the transfer length method (TLM). After each γ-ray dose, both the forward and reverse I-V characteristics show a gradual change associated with the variation in the dimensions of the Schottky contacts. A shift in the turn-on voltage (VF) with a tendency of improvement in the ideality factor (η) and decrease in series resistance(R) of the diode was observed whereas no change in Schottky barrier height (фB) was calculated. The reverse leakage current (IR) was reduced from 27 μA to 10 μA and the contact resistance (RC) value was reduced to 0.35 Ω-mm from 0.7 Ω-mm following the γ-ray irradiation. The Schottky contacts with larger dimensions and lower perimeter-to-area ratios (P/A) showed greater changes in the device parameters (VF, η, IR) due to high induced local heating. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis also shows reduction in dislocation density due to partial annealing effect. Finally, capacitance voltage (CV) characterization and Hall measurement shows no change in carrier concentration whereas improvement in the mobility has been observed due to traps/defects redistribution.

Degradation prediction of a γ-ray radiation dosimeter using InGaP solar cells in a primary containment vessel of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station

ABSTRACTIndium gallium phosphide (InGaP) solar cell with a superior high-radiation resistance is expected to be a powerful candidate for a dosimeter under a high-radiation dose rate environment. In this study, in order to predict the lifetime as the dosimeter using the InGaP solar cell, we clarify the effect of minority-carrier diffusion length (L) on a radiation-induced current as a dose signal in the InGaP solar cell by irradiation tests and empirical calculations. In the irradiation tests, the short-circuit current density (Jsc) as a function of the γ-ray dose rate is measured to estimate the L for the InGaP solar cell by irradiation tests. The operational lifetime as a detector using the InGaP solar cell under various dose rates is estimated by using the empirical calculations based on the relation between the L and absorbed dose. The results suggest that the dosimeter using InGaP solar cell is able to be used during more than 10 h in the primary containment vessel of the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant and it has a high potential of being a radiation-resistant dosimeter that would contribute to the decommissioning.

Effect of MnO on structural, optical and thermoluminescence properties of lithium borosilicate glasses

MnO doped lithium borosilicate glasses of the composition 50B2O3–30SiO2-(20-x)Li2O-xMnO (where x = 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.0 mol %) was synthesized by melt-quench method. Structural and optical properties of these glasses were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and UV–Vis reflectance spectroscopic techniques. The glasses were exposed to γ-ray dose of 100 Gy and 1 kGy respectively and their thermoluminescence (TL) spectra were recorded up to a maximum temperature of 400 °C. The glow curve showed a single broad peak in the temperature range of 100–150 °C. The optimum response was observed for 0.5 mol% of MnO. The kinetic parameters have been calculated using peak shaped method, initial rise method and Glow curve convolution deconvolution (GCCD) method. The variation of kinetic parameters with the increasing concentration of MnO was studied. The mechanism of decrease in the TL output with the gradual increase in MnO content is explained upon the basis of the existence of different valence states of Mn ions in the present glasses. The glass with 0.5 mol% of MnO can be used for radiation dosimetry application due to good TL response.

Optimization and validation of automated dicentric chromosome analysis for radiological/nuclear triage applications

Dicentric Chromosome Assay (DCA) is the most preferred cytogenetic technique for absorbed radiation dose assessment in exposed humans. However, DCA is somewhat impractical for triage application owing to its labor intensive and time consuming nature. Although lymphocyte culture for 48 h in vitro is inevitable for DCA, manual scoring of dicentric chromosomes (DCs) requires an additional time of 24–48 h, making the overall turnaround time of 72–96 h for dose estimation. To accelerate the speed of DC analysis for dose estimation, an automated tool was optimized and validated for triage mode of scoring. Several image training files were created to improve the specificity of automated DC analysis algorithm. Accuracy and efficiency of the automated (unsupervised) DC scoring was compared with the semi-automated scoring that involved human verification and correction of DCs (elimination of false positives and inclusion of true positives). DC scoring was performed by both automated and semi-automated modes for different doses of X-rays and γ-rays (0 Gy–5 Gy). Biodoses estimated from the frequencies of DCs detected by both automated (unsupervised) and semi-automated (supervised) scoring modes were grossly similar to the actual delivered doses in the range of 0.5 to 3 Gy of low LET radiation. We suggest that the automated DC tool can be effectively used for large scale radiological/nuclear incidents where a rapid segregation is essential for prioritizing moderately or severely exposed humans to receive appropriate medical countermeasures.

Effect of γ-irradiation on structural, morphological and luminescence properties of cerium-doped Y3Al5O12 nano-material

ABSTRACTCerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG: Ce3+) nanopowder phosphors have been elaborated by sol–gel process and annealed at 900°C for 2 h. The prepared phosphors were exposed to gamma radiation, using 60Co source, at different doses ranging from 5 to 100 kGy. The influence of γ-irradiation on the structural, morphological and luminescence properties of YAG: Ce3+ phosphors were investigated in detail by X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence measurements. The XRD analysis confirmed the presence of single cubic phase for all samples of YAG: Ce3+ nanophosphors independent of γ-rays dose. FESEM micrograph results revealed that the particles present flate-like shapes and high density of dislocation for sample irradiated at 100 kGy of γ-ray. The YAG: Ce3+ nanophosphors showed broad green–yellow emission band in the range of 450–700 nm with maximum intensity at 538 nm assigned to the 5d → 4f transitions of Ce3+ ion. The emission intensity of YAG: Ce3+ phosphors vary with the γ-ray irradiation and reach the maximum for sample irradiated to a dose of 25 kGy. The variation of luminescence intensity is related to the crystallite size and Ce4+ ions content in YAG host nanomaterial.

Effect of γ-radiation on TL, ESR and evaluation of trapping parameters of K2Ca(SO4)2:X (X = Dy or Eu) phosphors

ABSTRACTThe present phosphor K2Ca(SO4)2, doped by dysprosium and europium, is synthesized by the solid-state diffusion method. The doping concentration varied from 0.1 to 0.5 mol% by weight. A phosphor is studied for X-ray powder diffraction, surface morphology analytical scanning electron microscopy and analyzed by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The prepared phosphor K2Ca(SO4)2, doped by Dy and Eu, has been characterized for thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve, showing maximum peak temperatures at 176°C and at 200°C, respectively. TL peak intensity of K2Ca(SO4)2: Dy and Eu was compared with the standard TLD CaSO4:Dy phosphor. Both phosphors show the dose linearity ranging from 20 to 240 Gy doses of γ-rays of 60Co source at room temperature. Negligible fading has been observed when irradiated with γ-rays and stored for 60 days without taking any care from sunlight. The TL materials were used in powder forms. The linearity of ESR response with dose for powder forms of K2Ca(SO4)2: Dy was also studied using the signals at g = 2:0039 (SO3−) and at g = 2:02282 (SO4−). It was observed that the range of linearity of dose response extended between 20 and 240 Gy. Kinetic parameters have been calculated using three different methods: Chen's peak shape method, various heating rate method and initial rise method. To study the heating rate method, the glow curve was recorded for the heating rate as 1°C, 3°C, 5°C, 7°C, 9°C each time. Electron spin resonance (ESR) shows the ionic radical formation during γ-irradiation, which is responsible for TL. The effect of temperature and microwave power on the ESR signal was also studied.

Changes in structural and optical properties due to γ-irradiation of MgO nanoparticles

Abstract In this research, the influence of γ-irradiation on the optical and structural properties of magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles was studied. The MgO nanoparticles were irradiated with doses 100 Gy, 1 kGy, 10 kGy and 20 kGy from 60Co source. The as-synthesized samples of MgO nanoparticles prepared by the sol-gel technique were analyzed by XRD which suggested the double phase; cubic and hexagonal structures of the material. The crystal defects that produced in the cubic and hexagonal lattice were studied before and after 60Co γ-irradiation in a gamma cell by different dose rates in order to report the changes in structural properties of the MgO nanoparticles. The irradiated and un-irradiated samples were characterized by XRD and UV–Vis. The XRD pattern of MgO nanoparticles is showed that the crystal size of MgO nanoparticles being increased with increasing the γ-ray dose rate. For optical absorption, the UV–Visible absorption spectra of MgO nanoparticles are showed that when the dose rate is increased, the value of band gap is decreased. Also, the experimental values of the mass attenuation coefficient of MgO nanoparticles have been calculated before and after γ-irradiation by using the gamma spectroscopy method. Therefore, the results are showed that γ-ray irradiation has various effects on structural, morphological and optical properties.

Detection of XRCC1 Expression and (8-OHdG) Levels as a marker of Oxidative DNA Damage in Individuals Exposed to Low Dose of Gamma Rays

To study ionizing radiation (IR) effects on biological systems there several techniques are used to identify molecular features of IR exposure, urinary detection of 8-ohdG by ELISA as a marker of DNA oxidative stress is one of the techniques was used in this research, when IR absorbs in a cell so that causing DNA damage and releases 8-ohdG through correction damage. The detection of XRCC1 expression by QRT- PCR is else technique in this study. The genotoxic of IR can be observed even at a low doses 5cGy, According to RPC (Radiation Protection Center) limited place in Baghdad as a source of low-dose IR( Europium 152) before it is removed, some of workers and slums are exposed to low dose of γ-rays ( 5cGy to 10 cGy ). The study groups included the (G1)fifty workers in metal melting are working closely with ( IR source), (G2)twenty five individuals from slums near the IR source, and(G3) twenty five volunteers individuals of male in different age, didn’t exposure to diagnostic x-ray examination or other radiotherapy. Peripheral blood are collected and urine from all individuals. The results indicate that the level of 8-OHDG factor in workers higher than slums individuals and negatively related with XRCC1 expression, also the expression of XRCC1 decreased in individuals exposed for more than 5cGy, and increasing in slums exposed to 5cGy. The low dose of γ-rays causing genotoxic effects due to a combination of DNA-damaging effects and reduced capacity of DNA repair.

Genetic Variability Induced by Gamma Radiation in Cowpea [(Vigna unguiculata L. (Walp)] in Burkina Faso

Cowpea is a good source of protein, minerals, and vitamins in most developing countries in Africa. However, this legume production is still limited by various biotic and abiotic constraints. Beyond these constraints, the pressure of conventional breeding methods on natural variability exhausted a narrow genetic base of cowpea. Therefore, it is important to explore other ways of broadening the genetic base of the crop. Gamma irradiation is an alternative to increase genetic variability and improve the genetic base of crops. This paper focuses on evaluating the level and structuring of agro-morphological variability induced by gamma radiation among M2 plants of cowpea genotype. So, Tiligre, Moussa local, and KVx396-4-5-2D genotypes were treated with 150 Gy of gamma rays. The M2 generation was then screened for genetic variability. Thus, 38 M1 plants (either 38 x 10 seeds) by genotypes are advanced to the M2 generation based on the plant by line method. Four (04) agro-morphological parameters were used to assess phenotypical variability. Analysis of variance showed a highly significant difference between the families of plants except those of KVx396-4-5-2D for the flowering time. The maximum variability was observed for the number of branches and the length of the peduncles with a very high coefficient of variation. A high broad-sense heritability was recorded for all measured traits (>75%) of Moussa Local; for plant height (81.1%) of KVx396-4-5-2D, for first flower date (80.2%), and peduncles length (78.6%) of Tiligre. Based on phenotypic characters, the principal component analysis (PCA) and the cluster analysis showed variation among genotypes irradiated, and they were grouped into four clusters in KVx-396-4-5-2D, six clusters in Moussa local and Tiligre populations. So, 150 Gy dose of γ-rays was effective to induce variability in morphological and phenological characters within cowpea genotypes.

Cumulative dose γ-irradiation effects on material properties of AlGaN/GaN hetero-structures and electrical properties of HEMT devices

The effects of γ-ray irradiation on AlGaN/GaN epitaxial layers and on high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) devices have been systematically investigated. The layer structure and HEMT device has been irradiated cumulatively with γ-ray dose of the order of 16 kGy. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis of irradiated sample shows a lowering in full width at half maximum (FWHM) values along (102) and (002) planes in comparison to the pristine sample due to partial annealing effect. A decrease in the in-plane biaxial stress from 1.20 GPa to 0.75 GPa has been observed. Raman spectrum analysis also corroborates the reduction in stress post γ-ray irradiation. Edge dislocation density is reduced from 2.7 × 108 cm−2 to 1.75 × 108 cm−2 whereas the screw dislocation density remains almost unaffected. Further, Hall measurement shows an improvement in the mobility from 1580 cm2 V−1 s−1 to 2070 cm2 V−1 s−1 with reduction in sheet resistance. This improvement in mobility is attributed due to the decrease in surface roughness as confirmed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) characterization and also due to re-arrangement of the local defect centers as confirmed by cathodoluminescence (CL) imaging analysis. Finally, an increase in drain current from 99.5 mA mm−1 to 121.2 mA mm−1 with reduction in leakage current has been observed in case of HEMT device due to the improvement found in various material parameters.

Application of InGaP space solar cells for a radiation dosimetry at high dose rates environment of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant

ABSTRACT Decommissioning the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (1F) after the accident caused by a tsunami in 2011 requires characterization of the fuel debris by dose distribution measurement. This paper describes the experimental and theoretical behavior of a radiation detector applied with InGaP solar cells is investigated and allow the localization and characterization of the fuel debris. In the irradiation test, it was observed that the radiation-induced current output of the InGaP solar cells increases linearly with increasing dose rates of 60Co γ-rays. For measurements at low dose rates, it becomes clear that the minimum detectable dose rate and resolution can be determined by analyzing the noise characterization. The maximum detectable level of radiation dosimetry for the InGaP solar cell was found to be higher than the highest γ-ray dose rate observable at the reactor core for 1F plants. Additionally, as an analysis of the radiation-induced current, it is attempted to express a relational expression between the absorbed dose rate and the creation of radiation-induced current pairs in the solar cells. The experimental and simulation results suggest that solar cells can be powerful tools for radiation dosimetry in high dose rate environments near the debris of the 1F plant.

An investigation of 60Co gamma radiation-induced effects on the properties of nanostructured α-MoO3 for the application in optoelectronic and photonic devices

Gamma ray has sufficient energy to ionize and displace of atoms when interacts with optoelectronic and photonic devices that are placed at γ-radiation exposure environment, can be exposed to gamma radiation, resulting the alteration of the physical properties and hence the performances of devices. A comprehensive investigation of physical properties of the semiconductor materials under the influence of gamma radiation is essential for the effective design of devices for the application in the radiation exposure environment. In this article, a potential candidate for optoelectronic and photonic devices, orthorhombic MoO3 nanoparticles with average crystallite size of 135.31 nm successfully synthesized by hydrothermal method. Then, the properties of nanoparticles exposed to low (10 kGy) and high (120 kGy) absorbed dose of γ-rays from 60Co source were characterized by XRD, FESEM, FTIR and UV–Vis–NIR spectrophotometer and effects of absorbed doses was investigated for the first time. A significant change is observed in different physical properties of α-MoO3 nanoparticles after gamma exposure. The XRD patterns reveal the average crystallite size, intensity and the degree of crystallinity decrease for low dose (10 kGy) and increases for high dose (120 kGy). The calculated average crystallite size exposed to low and high doses are 127.79 nm and 136 nm, respectively. The lattice strain and dislocation density, however, shows the opposite trend of crystallite size with absorbed doses. This result is good evidence for the deterioration of crystallinity for low dose and improvement for high dose. The FESEM results reveal the significant effects of gamma doses on the micrographs of layered structure and on grain size. The optical studies disclose that band gap increases gradually from 2.78 to 2.90 eV, this behavior is associated with the reduction of electronic localized states. These results suggest that α-MoO3 nanoparticles could tolerate high doses of gamma radiation, making it a promising candidate for optoelectronic and photonic devices for γ-ray exposure environment applications.

Mitochondrial superoxide dismutase 2 mediates \u03b3-irradiation-induced cancer cell invasion

Sublethal doses of γ-rays promote cancer cell invasion by stimulating a signaling pathway that sequentially involves p53, sulfatase 2 (SULF2), β-catenin, interleukin-6 (IL-6), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and Bcl-XL. Given that Bcl-XL can increase O2•− production by stimulating respiratory complex I, the possible role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in γ-irradiation-induced cell invasion was investigated. Indeed, γ-irradiation promoted cell invasion by increasing mitochondrial ROS levels, which was prevented by metformin, an inhibitor of complex I. γ-Irradiation-stimulated STAT3 increased the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), a mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of O2•− to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). In contrast to O2•−, H2O2 functions as a signaling molecule. γ-Irradiation consistently stimulated the Src-dependent invasion pathway in a manner dependent on both complex I and SOD2. SOD2 was also essential for the invasion of un-irradiated cancer cells induced by upregulation of Bcl-XL, an intracellular oncogene, or extracellular factors, such as SULF2 and IL-6. Overall, these data suggested that SOD2 is critical for the malignant effects of radiotherapy and tumor progression through diverse endogenous factors.

γ-Ray dose dependent conductivity of MoS2nanomaterials at different temperatures

The conductivity of γ-ray irradiated MoS2nanomaterials depends on the service temperature. The proper γ-ray irradiation dose can significantly improve the conductivity of MoS2when used at room temperature.

BIOINFORMATIC ANALYSIS OF DOSE- AND TIME-DEPENDENT miRNome RESPONSES.

The advent of new 'omics' techniques determined a massive boost in the measurement of the whole spectra of molecules within cells, favoring promising new radiobiological studies at low doses. The main aim of this work was to assess the radiation-induced perturbations of miRNA profiles and their temporal dynamics. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells were irradiated with low doses of γ-rays. At different time points post-irradiation, cells were harvested and miRNAs isolated. A full mapping of the miRNA sequences via Next-Generation-Sequencing analysis was performed followed by bioinformatic analyses. Pathway enrichment analyses on the differentially expressed miRNAs focused both on the averaged effects of different doses over the 24-h experiment and on the altered temporal dynamics of the miRNA profiles. These complementary analyses provided a picture of the dose- and time-dependent miRNAs responses, allowing to better explore the candidate biomarkers linked to radiation exposures and their corresponding pathways and functions.

Kinetics of nonisothermal dehydration of unirradiated and γ-ray irradiated neodymium (III) acetate hydrate

Abstract Kinetics of dehydration of unirradiated and γ-ray irradiated neodymium (III) acetate hydrate with 103 kGy total γ-ray dose absorbed in air atmosphere were studied by isoconversional nonisothermal method. The dehydration proceeds in two steps with the elimination of 0.8 and 0.4 mol of H2O, respectively. This result indicates that the investigated neodymium (III) acetate hydrate contains 1.2 mol of crystalline water in its structure. The dehydration reactions are best described by nucleation (A 2 model) and gas diffusion (D 4 model) for unirradiated and γ-ray irradiated samples, respectively. Analysis of the kinetic data using linear and nonlinear isoconversional methods showed that the apparent activation energy, Ea (kJ/mol) is dependent on the conversion degree, α, of the dehydration process. The Ea−α plots for both unirradiated and γ-ray irradiated neodymium (III) acetate hydrate showed that the dehydration is a complex process and contains multistep reactions. The results showed that γ-ray irradiation has a significant effect on the kinetics and thermodynamic parameters of the dehydration reaction. Powder X-ray diffraction showed that neodymium (III) acetate hydrate has a monoclinic system (SG P2/m) and no phase transformation was detected by γ-ray irradiation up to 103 kGy absorbed dose. The system maintains the same crystal structure before and after dehydration.

Improvement of the physical properties of chitosan by γ-ray degradation for wound healing

Abstract Improving the physical properties of chitosan films by irradiation with different doses (5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 kGy) of γ-rays to be used as a wound healing material. Mechanical properties and dielectric spectroscopy were measured for the films. Results showed that at low γ-dose, tensile strength (TS) elongation percent (E%) increase, while E-modulus, e′, e″ and δA.C decrease due to the accumulation of ions between the chitosan chains which make a bulk network due to hydrogen bonds. This will make the film more elastic and high biodegradable which is preferred in wound healing. While the contrary was observed by increasing the radiation dose, chain scission occur resulting in weak chitosan interchain bonds and this will increase the mobility of the segments which increase the rigidity. In conclusion, the dose of 5 kGy was the most optimum for the properties of chitosan films used in the application of wound healing.