A large number of physicians with a migration background work in Germany. Political changes in their countries of origin might affect the healthcare situation in Germany. In the case of Syria, the consequences of possible emigration of Syrian doctors have already been publicly discussed. The aim of this study was to survey the self-assessment of Syrian doctors in Germany regarding their future professional orientation. Anonymous exploratory survey among Syrian doctors and medical students. Data collection took place from January to March 2025 using REDCap (Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA). The survey was distributed via the Syrian Society of Physicians and Pharmacists in Germany (SyGAAD e.V.), the German-Arab Ophthalmological Society (DAOG e.V.) and all medical student councils in Germany. Information collected included training status, current employment, the timeframe in which respondents could imagine working in Syria, and the reasons influencing their decision-making. The distribution of participants by federal states was assessed descriptively. 191 Syrian doctors, including 92 ophthalmologists, and 41medical students participated. 91% of the doctors were born in Syria, 83% completed their medical studies in Germany. 41% were younger than 35 years. Of the ophthalmology specialists, 32% worked in hospitals and 66% in practices. Overall, 27% of all participating Syrian doctors could imagine working in Syria within the next five years, and another 35% within the next ten years. Political, religious, or cultural reasons (60%) and family factors (52%) were selected far more frequently than economic (29%) or career reasons (23%). The highest proportion of participating Syrian doctors was in Saarland and the lowest was in Schleswig-Holstein. The data suggest that Syrian doctors in Germany are predominantly young and mostly trained in Germany. Almost two-thirds could imagine working in Syria within the next ten years. Representative surveys of the regional distribution could help assess the risk of healthcare shortages more accurately. The Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development plans programs for German-Syrian hospital partnerships that could be beneficial for both countries.

As a key component of sustainable economic development, digital transformation has become a fundamental driver for developing and upgrading the modern economic system. While existing research has identified resources and dynamic capabilities as foundational elements, a critical yet underexplored factor lies in the cognitive foundations that enable firms to strategically direct and leverage these assets. Based on 19,062 observation samples of more than 3000 listed companies in Shanghai and Shenzhen stock markets from 2010 to 2023, this paper constructs a theoretical framework of entrepreneurship, organizational attention and digital transformation from the Attention-Based View, and examines a moderated mediation model of the relationship between entrepreneurship and digital transformation. The results show that entrepreneurship significantly promotes digital transformation; organizational attention to “cooperation orientation” and “future orientation” plays a mediating role in it; and the regional innovation atmosphere positively strengthens the “cooperation orientation” path, facilitating the diffusion of innovative knowledge and technologies within the region. Meanwhile, online media reports negatively regulate the “future orientation” path, reflecting that short-term public pressure may weaken enterprises’ attention to long-term sustainable technology investment. In addition, different dimensions of entrepreneurship have varied effects on digital transformation. Heterogeneity analysis revealed significant variations across ownership type, scale, region, industry competition intensity, and technological intensity. This study expands the theoretical mechanism of entrepreneurship and digital transformation from the perspective of attention allocation, and provides theoretical and empirical foundation for fostering a strategic cognitive orientation and advancing digital transformation.

This study examines the relationship between achievement motivation and employability through the mediating roles of self-efficacy and career aspiration among final-year students at the Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Negeri Semarang. The research explores how psychological mechanisms connect motivation and employability within the university context. A quantitative method was applied using data from 315 students, analyzed with Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The model showed strong reliability and validity, with factor loadings above 0.70 and composite reliability exceeding 0.90. The findings indicate that achievement motivation significantly affects self-efficacy, career aspiration, and employability. Both self-efficacy and career aspiration have significant effects on employability and mediate the relationship between motivation and employability, with career aspiration showing a stronger contribution. The results highlight how internal motivation and future orientation shape employable behavior and readiness for professional demands, providing theoretical and practical insights for higher education in enhancing students’ motivation and career development.

Teenagers' saving habits are crucial for their financial well-being in adulthood, yet poor saving behaviors among adolescents have become a prevalent global issue. Traditional financial education often fails to effectively change teenagers' actual behaviors due to their limited self-control and cognitive biases. Behavioral economics, with its focus on "nudging"-subtle, non-coercive interventions that guide choices-provides a new perspective for addressing this problem. This paper systematically explores the application of behavioral economics in shaping teenagers' saving habits, analyzing the behavioral characteristics of teenagers that hinder saving, the theoretical basis of nudging interventions, and practical cases of effective nudges. The research finds that teenagers are prone to present bias, lack of future orientation, and mental accounting fallacies, which undermine their saving intentions. Nudging strategies such as default options, goal setting, and feedback mechanisms can effectively mitigate these biases and promote positive saving behaviors. Finally, the paper puts forward suggestions for constructing a multi-dimensional nudging system involving families, schools, and financial institutions to help teenagers develop sustainable saving habits, laying a solid foundation for their long-term financial health.

In corporate financial management, management accounting is particularly important, and its development will be affected by many factors. Particularly amid a constantly shifting business environment, the capacity of management accounting to attain ongoing enhancement and advancement depends on its capability to precisely manage diverse impacting factors, which also serves as the key to ensuring its continued development. The value of this research lies in reviewing and synthesizing the factors that have affected management accounting in recent years, and based on this foundation, putting forward future research orientations.

ABSTRACT The psychosocial transition during military training poses a significant public health risk requiring preventive, health-integrated responses. This study applied latent class analysis to identify five social support profiles among 2325 military trainees in Taiwan and examined associations with depressive symptoms and future orientation. Family cohesion and extraversion predicted membership in higher-support profiles. Trainees in the low-support profile reported elevated depressive symptoms and weakened future orientation, indicating a clinically significant risk group. The identified profiles translate interpersonal dynamics into indicators for health and military social workers, supporting risk stratification, early screening, and targeted micro- and mezzo-level interventions within integrated healthcare systems.

ABSTRACT Homeschooling is an educational approach in which parents choose to educate their children at home instead of sending them to public or private schools. In this framework, the responsibility for education lies with the parents, who determine the curriculum, methods, and pace. In recent decades, numerous academic studies have examined the phenomenon of homeschooling. However, despite its significant impact on the couple’s relationship, this aspect remains underresearched. The current study aims to shed partial light on this topic by focusing on couples who choose to homeschool their children. Fifteen Israeli mothers who practice homeschooling were interviewed using semistructured in-depth interviews. The findings were analyzed using categorical content analysis. The results revealed a range of themes describing how mothers perceive their marital relationship within the context of homeschooling. These include a focus on the relationship, strategies for preserving it, challenges within it, and future orientation. The study shows that couples invest substantial effort in developing and maintaining their relationship and highlights the central role of the couple’s bond in the stability and growth of homeschooling families. These findings align with the Sound Relationship House (SRH) theory, developed by John Gottman.

ABSTRACTObjectivesDelay discounting reflects individual differences in future orientation and impulsivity and may relate to life‐history strategies. Because delay discounting has a substantial genetic basis, we investigated whether the polygenic score (PGS) for delay discounting is associated with genetic predispositions for key life‐history traits—education, age at first birth, and number of children—and whether these relationships are reflected phenotypically.MethodsWe used data from the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study, including 2713 men and 2980 women of European ancestry with available genetic data. Linear regressions examined associations between the delay‐discounting PGS and PGSs for educational attainment, age at first birth, and number of children. Parallel models assessed phenotypic associations with years of postsecondary education, age at first birth, and number of children. All models controlled for birth year and the first 10 genomic principal components.ResultsIn both sexes, the delay‐discounting PGS was strongly negatively associated with the PGSs for educational attainment and age at first birth, and positively associated with the PGS for number of children. Phenotypic associations were directionally consistent but substantially smaller: higher delay‐discounting PGSs predicted fewer years of education, earlier first birth, and (marginally) more children. Explained variance ranged from approximately 4%–5% for education to 1%–2% for reproductive traits.ConclusionGenetic and phenotypic associations between delay discounting, education, and reproductive timing align with predictions from fast–slow life‐history theory. These findings suggest that behavioral tendencies related to impulsivity and future orientation share molecular genetic foundations with key life‐history traits while leaving substantial scope for environmental influences.

Electricity production is one of the significant problems in the global context, particularly in light of recent developments regarding the growth of renewable energy resources in both developed and developing countries. This paper mainly focuses on this issue in the Turkish sample. The percentage of carbon-based production, hydroelectric production and renewable resources is calculated, their relationship is argumented, and the price of industrial electric consumption is correlated with these variables in this paper. The research aims to realize a Monte Carlo Simulation with a Cholesky Decomposition (300 iterations and relatively small sample, n=9 years) to frame these relationships. Throughout the research, the current situation of electricity production will be examined, and future orientations and possibilities of development will be discussed. Thus, a research gap will be filled. According to the key findings, there are no important changes in energy production at this pace of the energy production methods and energy prices. On the other hand, the ratio of carbon-based electricity production is still high, and to increase the percentage of renewable energy production, the necessary amendments should be designed regarding capacity improvements, innovation and technology.

Contemporary criminal law paradigm transformation directs towards restorative approaches prioritizing rehabilitation and social accountability over retribution. In corporate criminal offenses, restorative justice implementation becomes urgent considering legal entities bear socio-economic responsibilities to the public. This research examines restorative justice implementation through dual-track system in handling corporate crimes in Indonesia. Dual-track system integrates penal and non-penal tracks simultaneously to achieve equilibrium between sanctions and restoration. Normative juridical research method with conceptual and statute approaches analyzes regulations including Limited Liability Company Law, Anti-Corruption Law, and corporate law enforcement policies. Research findings demonstrate corporate law enforcement insufficiently relies solely on criminal sanctions, but must integrate victim restoration, governance reform, and good corporate governance implementation. Dual-track system enables proportional law enforcement where criminal sanctions function as deterrents while non-penal mechanisms facilitate systemic improvements and recidivism prevention. This study concludes restorative justice through dual-track system represents corporate criminal law modernization adaptive to corporation-state-society relational complexities, directing future law enforcement orientation toward legal certainty, substantive justice, and social utility synergy for sustainable legal systems. Keywords: restorative justice, dual-track system, corporate crime, restoration, modern criminal law

This study aims to analyze the awareness level, the current trends, the perceived organizational outcome, challenges and future orientation concerning embedding of sustainability into Human Resource Management (HRM) practices. With the increasing strategic value of sustainability, the research aims at offering an empirical evidence on how organizations consider sustainability principles in HRM, and the obstacles they face in the process.The study design used was a cross-sectional, quantitative research design. Primary data were gathered in a structured questionnaire that comprised 24 items, but the measures were on a five-point Likert scale. The research involved five main constructs which are awareness of Sustainable HRM, implementation trends, organizational outcomes, challenges, and future orientation. The data were collected among employees of the public, private, semi-government and non-government organizations. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistical methods such as the mean values, standard deviations, and reliability analysis.The results indicate that the extent of awareness and adoption of Sustainable HRM practices is moderately high. Companies were found to be more adopting of employee well-being programs and green HR practices whereas integration of sustainability in performance appraisal and formal training systems was relatively poor. Sustainable HRM was also seen to have a positive impact on employee engagement, organizational commitment, reputation and long-term performance. Nevertheless, the main barriers to the effective implementation included unclear sustainability policies, financial constraints, insufficient training, and limited awareness. It is also important to note that respondents showed a very future-based view, focusing on the contributions of technology, government support, and increased investment.The research has pointed out that better sustainability policies, systematic training, leadership endorsement, and technological reinforcement are required to improve on the Sustainable HRM implementation. The results provide effective recommendations to managers and policymakers that seek to strengthen sustainability-driven HR strategies.The present research adds to the existing knowledge of HRM sustainability by both analyzing the awareness, trends, results, challenges, and future prospects at the same time, thus contributing to the dynamics of sustainability integration in HRM.

Leadership plays an essential role in developing professional competence, enhancing decision-making ability and fostering effective teamwork in agricultural education. The present study aimed to identify dominant leadership styles and to analyse factors influencing leadership behaviour among postgraduate agriculture students. The present study was conducted among postgraduate students enrolled in state agricultural universities in Southern India during 2024-25 academic year, with a sample size of 200 respondents selected through random sampling techniques. A descriptive-cum-analytical research design was employed to examine their leadership style, locus of control and resilience orientation. Standardized psychometric methodologies were used for primary data collection, including the leadership effectiveness and adaptability description (LEAD) questionnaire, based on the Hersey and Blanchard situational leadership model and the Nicholson McBride resilience questionnaire (NMRQ). The collected data were analysed to understand the adaptability of leadership behaviour and resilience characteristics among agricultural postgraduates. Both descriptive statistics and the multinomial logistic regression model were employed for analysis. Results revealed that the participating leadership style (38.00 %) was most prevalent among agricultural students, followed by delegating (32.50 %), telling (17.00 %) and selling (12.50 %). The model fitting test (χ² = 38.130; df = 21; p = 0.012) indicated that the fitted model was statistically significant at 1 % level. Among the predictors, gender, order of birth and locus of control significantly influenced leadership orientation, while variables such as previous education background, decision-making ability and future goal orientation were not significant. The findings underscore the need to integrate structured leadership training and psychological development programs within agricultural education to enhance adaptive, inclusive and resilient leadership competencies among future professionals.

This paper identifies the cognitive capabilities of leaders that enable them to implement ecosystem strategies in sustainable business ecosystems. We analyze the relation between three concepts – cognitive capabilities, ecosystem strategies, and sustainable business ecosystems – in the empirical context of autonomous electric vehicles (AEVs). We used Factiva and online video material to analyze data on the ecosystem strategies of Tesla and General Motors (GM) and their leaders’ cognitive capabilities from 2020 until 2024. Our results show that GM applies a component strategy, collaborating with other firms in the ecosystem, whereas Tesla implements a system strategy, developing most of its technologies in-house with a focus on competition over collaboration. Tesla takes on the role of ecosystem orchestrator, setting the standard for electric vehicle charging and autonomous technology. While cognitive empathy – which includes stakeholder cooperation, building trust, and encouraging others’ initiative – supports a component strategy, a system strategy is driven by a future orientation that involves foreseeing novel AEV technologies, advancing an ecosystem vision, and persuading others to embrace that vision. Our study makes a novel contribution by linking specific cognitive capabilities to distinct ecosystem strategies in sustainable business ecosystems. By grounding this relationship in the dynamic managerial capabilities’ framework, we highlight the microfoundations through which leaders shape ecosystem strategies in sustainability contexts.

Purpose: This study examines the causal impact of cooperative membership on the subjective well-being of food crop farmers in Indonesia, measured through self-reported indicators of Happiness and Life Satisfaction. Design/Methodology/Approach: Utilizing panel data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 5 (IFLS-5), the study covers 13 provinces and includes 3,475 food-farming households, comprising 792 cooperative members and 2,683 non-members. A probit regression model is employed to identify socioeconomic determinants of cooperative participation, followed by Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Inverse Probability Weighted Regression Adjustment (IPWRA) to estimate the treatment effects on well-being outcomes. Findings: The probit results reveal that mobile phone usage, gender, experience of crop failure, and residential location significantly affect the likelihood of joining a cooperative. Both PSM and IPWRA estimates indicate that cooperative membership leads to a statistically significant increase in Happiness (by 42–45%) and Life Satisfaction (by 25–29%). These findings highlight that cooperatives contribute not only to economic stability but also to psychosocial dimensions of farmer well-being, including income predictability, future orientation, and social inclusion. Social Implications: The study recommends repositioning cooperatives as inclusive institutions that not only provide economic services but also foster training, digital access, gender-sensitive participation, psychosocial support, and risk-sharing, thereby enhancing farmers’ happiness, life satisfaction, and overall welfare. Originality/Value: This study uniquely integrates subjective well-being indicators to assess cooperative impacts, offering national-scale evidence for psychosocial and economic welfare improvements.

The current study investigates the relationship between perceived control and future orientation, systematically addressing the questions of "what," "why," and "how to mitigate" the relationship between these constructs. Study 1 (n = 60) experimentally manipulated perceived control and found that it significantly predicted future orientation, with higher levels observed in students with high perceived control compared to those with low perceived control. Study 2 (n = 136) further explored the moderating role of construal level, finding that high construal level mitigated the negative effects of low perceived control on future orientation. Study 3 (n = 128) focused on individuals with low perceived control, randomly assigning participants to either a tight culture group or a loose culture group using a situational priming method. Results revealed that in a loose cultural context, a high construal level effectively improved future orientation among individuals with perceived control deficits. These findings highlight the importance of perceived control and construal level in shaping future orientation and suggest that cultural context may influence the effectiveness of these psychological constructs. Implications for enhancing future orientation through interventions targeting perceived control and construal level are discussed.

This study examines the influence of financial literacy, financial attitude, and self-control on saving behavior among Generation Z users of e-wallets. A quantitative approach was employed by distributing surveys to 89 Generation Z respondents who actively use e-wallet platforms. The findings reveal that financial attitude has a positive and significant effect on saving behavior, indicating that a positive mindset, future orientation, and responsible financial attitudes are key psychological factors that drive consistent saving habits in the digital era. In contrast, financial literacy and self-control show no significant impact, suggesting that financial knowledge and personal discipline alone are insufficient to translate into actual savings practices in fast-paced digital payment environments. These results highlight the importance of strengthening financial attitudes and cultivating healthy financial mindsets to effectively encourage saving behavior among young adults, particularly within the rapidly evolving digital finance ecosystem.

Objectives: This study aims to identify the attitudes of educational counselors towards the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in counseling and its relationship to perceived self-efficacy and future orientation in Palestine. Methodology: The study employes a descriptive correlational approach and a predictive methodology. Measures were taken to assess counselors' attitudes towards the use of AI in counseling, their perceived self-efficacy, and their future orientation. A sample of 294 male and female educational counselors in Palestinian public schools was selected using convenience sampling. Results: The results show that counselors' attitudes towards the use of AI in counseling were high, with an average of 3.57, indicating a positive attitude and acceptance of the idea of integrating AI into counseling. The level of perceived self-efficacy among counselors is also high, with an average of 4.16, while their level of future orientation was high, with with an average of 3.81. The results show a positive correlation between counselors' attitudes toward using artificial intelligence in counseling and their perceived self-efficacy. A positive correlation was also found between counselors' attitudes toward using AI in counseling and their future orientation. Furthermore, perceived self-efficacy and future orientation together accounted for 18.5% of the variance in counselors' attitudes toward using AI in counseling. Recommendations: The study recommends implementing the proposed supervisory program, which would support counselors in effectively adopting and using artificial intelligence.

ABSTRACT In East Africa, patterns of partnership have shifted over historical time, from my first fieldwork beginning in 1969 to my recent research on frail partnerships and child filiation. But shifts also occur in the lived time of a partnership. Becoming a co-wife, or ‘rival’, changes the relationship a woman has to her husband. While competition, jealousy, envy, and tensions often characterise the relations between co-wives in the present, this article explores orientations to the future in polygynous marriages. The argument is that a co-wife often displaces the alignment between a couple’s expectations, anticipations, and hopes about their future lives. I show this through material from long-term and repeated fieldwork in Bunyole, now Butaleja District, in Eastern Uganda. Beginning with an unfolding situation recorded in my journal in 1970, I show how one woman’s expectations of a future with her husband were dashed and then pursued successfully with another man. Love medicine was used in anticipation of threats to a relationship to ensure a husband’s affection and hurt a potential rival. Recent fieldwork in Bunyole revealed women’s dislike of polygyny; they found it difficult to imagine and work together for a future when husbands’ attentions were shared with co-wives.

Abstract Proactivity is becoming increasingly crucial for employee career success and organizational productivity in the contemporary workplace across various cultures. However, there has been a prevalent perspective that people in the West seem more proactive than those in the East. This paper challenges the prevalent view by selectively reviewing the research findings and proposing a more comprehensive framework that considers the process of proactivity and its various forms that may better explain cultural differences in proactivity. We identify five cultural dimensions relevant to examining the cultural influences on proactivity: power distance, individualism-collectivism, future orientation, assertiveness, and tightness-looseness. Drawing on research on culture, proactivity, and creativity, we theorize that different cultural dimensions may play a role in shaping three different processes of proactivity: proactive goal generation, planning and execution, and feedback processing. We also elucidate the cultural influences on varying forms of proactivity by classifying them into three broad categories: promotive versus prohibitive, pro-self versus prosocial, and radical versus incremental. Our theorizing challenges and complements the current understanding of cultural influences on proactivity, revealing a more nuanced role that culture may play in shaping proactivity processes.

Health-promoting behaviors, such as regular physical activity and healthy eating, are crucial for physical and mental health. The current research investigates whether subjective economic inequality undermines individuals’ engagement in health-promoting behaviors and examines the mediating role of future orientation. Across five studies using archival data, longitudinal surveys, and fully-controlled experiments, we find consistent evidence for these hypotheses. Study 1 ( N = 14,101), based on nationally representative data, shows a negative association between perceived inequality and physical exercise. Studies 2 ( N = 257) and 3 ( N = 361), using multiwave surveys, demonstrated that perceived inequality negatively predicted various health-promoting behaviors over time. Studies 4 ( N = 196) and 5 ( N = 391) experimentally manipulate perceived inequality and found its causal effect on reducing individuals’ willingness to engage in health-promoting behaviors and the mediating role of future orientation. Study 5 further reveals that enhancing future orientation can mitigate this negative effect. These findings highlight the importance of the perception of the macro environment for healthy lifestyles.