Future Intrusions Research Articles

New Technologies in Search and Seizure

The Fourth Amendment and court cases interpreting it provide guidelines for how law enforcement should legally approach searching for and taking evidence in criminal investigations. Though it originally applied to physical intrusion by law enforcement, current—and likely future—intrusions are more virtual in nature. Law enforcement officers no longer need to walk onto someone's property to search for criminal activity because various technologies now provide similar or more in-depth information. Technological innovations have stretched the bounds of the Fourth Amendment. Although public opinion cannot answer the policy implications, it can speak to what the public reasonably expects of the police. In general, limited research demonstrates that the public has concerns about the way law enforcement officers can use technology in their investigations, but those concerns are not strong enough to decrease individuals’ technology use.

Unveiling Malicious Network Flows Using Benford’s Law

The increasing proliferation of cyber-attacks threatening the security of computer networks has driven the development of more effective methods for identifying malicious network flows. The inclusion of statistical laws, such as Benford’s Law, and distance functions, applied to the first digits of network flow metadata, such as IP addresses or packet sizes, facilitates the detection of abnormal patterns in the digits. These techniques also allow for quantifying discrepancies between expected and suspicious flows, significantly enhancing the accuracy and speed of threat detection. This paper introduces a novel method for identifying and analyzing anomalies within computer networks. It integrates Benford’s Law into the analysis process and incorporates a range of distance functions, namely the Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD), the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test (KS), and the Kullback–Leibler divergence (KL), which serve as dispersion measures for quantifying the extent of anomalies detected in network flows. Benford’s Law is recognized for its effectiveness in identifying anomalous patterns, especially in detecting irregularities in the first digit of the data. In addition, Bayes’ Theorem was implemented in conjunction with the distance functions to enhance the detection of malicious traffic flows. Bayes’ Theorem provides a probabilistic perspective on whether a traffic flow is malicious or benign. This approach is characterized by its flexibility in incorporating new evidence, allowing the model to adapt to emerging malicious behavior patterns as they arise. Meanwhile, the distance functions offer a quantitative assessment, measuring specific differences between traffic flows, such as frequency, packet size, time between packets, and other relevant metadata. Integrating these techniques has increased the model’s sensitivity in detecting malicious flows, reducing the number of false positives and negatives, and enhancing the resolution and effectiveness of traffic analysis. Furthermore, these techniques expedite decisions regarding the nature of traffic flows based on a solid statistical foundation and provide a better understanding of the characteristics that define these flows, contributing to the comprehension of attack vectors and aiding in preventing future intrusions. The effectiveness and applicability of this joint method have been demonstrated through experiments with the CICIDS2017 public dataset, which was explicitly designed to simulate real scenarios and provide valuable information to security professionals when analyzing computer networks. The proposed methodology opens up new perspectives in investigating and detecting anomalies and intrusions in computer networks, which are often attributed to cyber-attacks. This development culminates in creating a promising model that stands out for its effectiveness and speed, accurately identifying possible intrusions with an F1 of nearly 80%, a recall of 99.42%, and an accuracy of 65.84%.

Honey-block: Edge assisted ensemble learning model for intrusion detection and prevention using defense mechanism in IoT

The Internet of Things (IoT) has gained popularity with interconnected devices and diverse network applications, leading to increased vulnerability of sensitive data to security threats. Many researchers have focused on intrusion detection without considering prevention mechanisms. To overcome these issues, we propose the honeypot and blockchain-based intrusion detection and prevention (HB-IDP) model, in which edge computing is introduced to reduce the latency during communication. Initially, three-fold authentication is performed for entities (users, devices, and gateway) to ensure legitimacy using the camellia encryption algorithm (CEA), which provides secret keys. The proposed datasets (i.e., UNSW-NB15 and BoT-IoT) are pre-processed at the gateway using min–max normalization to reduce redundancy and complexity during feature extraction and classification. Signature-based intrusion detection is performed on the pre-processed data, with known attacks classified into three classes (normal, malicious, and suspicious) using the improved isolation forest (IIF) algorithm. Suspicious data are forwarded for anomaly detection to the edge level; here, a honeypot is deployed to attract the attacker’s patterns. Ensemble learning technique, including multi-layer perceptron (MLP), general adversarial network (GAN), and lightweight convolutional neural Network (LCNN), is applied to classify suspicious packet behaviors. Once intrusions are detected, the proposed work prevents future intrusions by generating reports, which are then encrypted by the CEA algorithm and provided to legitimate users. All transactions (i.e., key generation, report generation, and attacker patterns) are stored in the blockchain. The HB-IDP model’s performance and effectiveness were evaluated using network simulator 3.26 (NS-3.26), showcasing its superiority over existing approaches.

Novel SHP-ECC Mechanism Architecture for Attack Node Mitigation and to Predict Future Community Intrusions

Purpose: Because of the apparent rapid advancement in the field of information and communication technology and its constant connection to the internet, customer and organizational data have become vulnerable to cyber-attacks, necessitating the explanation of solutions to ensure the security and protection of information throughout the industry. Today, it is critical for governments and major corporations to implement cybersecurity systems to ensure the confidentiality and security of data in the face of cyber-attacks. As community-based fully systems have become more important in today's society, they've become targets for malicious actions, prompting both industry and the research community to place a greater emphasis on resolving community intrusion detection difficulties. In network intrusion detection challenges, gadget examining algorithms have proven to be a valuable tool. Design/Methodology/Approach: This research provided a fully unique architecture for attack node mitigation as a result of the use of a novel type and encryption mechanism. First, the UNSW-NB15 dataset is received and separated into training and testing data. Within the Training section, information is first and foremost pre-processed, and capabilities are extracted. The relevant features are then chosen using the Taxicab Woodpecker Mating algorithm (TWMA). The BRELU-ResNet classifier is then used to classify the attacked and non-attacked data. The typical statistics are encrypted using the ESHP-ECC method, which is then saved in the security log report. Following that, the shortest distance will be calculated using Euclidean distance. Finally, the information is decrypted utilizing a set of ideas known as DSHP-ECC. If the entry appears in the log record while testing, it is marked as attacked statistics and will not be communicated. The method of detecting cyber-assaults will continue if it is not detected. Findings/Result: The analysis is based on the UNSW-NB 15 dataset, which shows that the proposed approach achieves an excessive security level of 93.75 percent. Originality/Value: This experimental-based research article examines the malicious activities in the cyberspace and mitigated by using a SHP-ECC mechanism. Paper Type: Research Article

Prior territorial responses and home range size predict territory defense in radio-tagged great tits

Territorial animals often use signals to advertise territorial occupancy within their larger home ranges. Songbirds are among the best-studied territorial signaling taxa, and when competitors start singing during a territorial intrusion, residents usually show elevated spatial and vocal responses. These responses could be used by intruders and distant eavesdroppers to predict future responses or to compare responses across competitors. Yet, the extent to which responses of a resident to a territorial intrusion predict its future responses and its overall spatial behavior (home range) within a neighborhood is less well understood. We used wild great tits (Parus major) as a model species in repeated song playback trials, simulating territorial intrusions combined with radio-tracking before and during playback trials. The time spent close to the loudspeaker in response to an initial simulated intrusion predicted the same response variable during a second simulated intrusion on the next day, whereas singing activity during the first simulated intrusion did not predict singing during the second simulated intrusion. We also show that more explorative males (as determined by a novel environment test) and males with smaller home ranges sang more and spent more time near the loudspeaker in response to both simulated intrusions. Thus, by probing residents, intruders can obtain reliable information about subsequent response probabilities, while eavesdroppers from a distance, who can use auditory information only, would not receive sufficient predictive information. Our findings also suggest that males with larger home ranges are more tolerant toward intruders, which could reflect a trade-off between tendencies to respond strongly and to range widely. The lack of predictability of singing activity with regard to responses to future intrusions might explain why territorial animals continuously exchange vocal signals and regularly foray into neighboring territories, as a way to obtain regular information updates.Significance StatementAnimals use experience from interactions with conspecifics in their future decision making, such as mate choice and strategies for conflict resolution. The value of such information depends in part on the predictability of the future behavior of that conspecific. In songbirds, territorial individuals respond to intruders by approach and signaling. Here, we tested in radio-tagged great tits (Parus major) if territorial responses are predictable and are affected by individual and environmental factors. We show that the time spent near the simulated intruder was more predictable than singing activity and that birds with larger home ranges showed weaker responses. These findings suggest that information based on such spatial responses is more useful for future decision making, as compared to vocal information, and that distant eavesdroppers will thus receive less reliable information. Limited predictability may explain why territorial animals continuously exchange vocal signals and foray into neighboring territories, providing opportunities for regular information updates.

Behavioural response of workers to repeated intergroup encounters in the harvester ant Messor barbarus

The evolution of cooperation in animal societies is often associated with the evolution of hostility towards members of other groups. It is usually predicted that groups under attack from outsiders should respond by becoming more cohesive or cooperative. However, the responses of individuals to real or simulated intergroup encounters vary widely, for reasons that are poorly understood. We tested how groups of workers of the harvester ant, Messor barbarus, responded to exposure to members of a different colony versus members of their own colony, and how previous exposure to an intruder affected the intensity of the within-group response. We found that workers increased in activity and had more contact with one another immediately following exposure to an ant from a different colony, but also showed a similar behavioural response to presentations involving an ant from their own colony. However, exposure to an intruder from a different colony resulted in much stronger behavioural responses to a second intruder, encountered shortly afterwards. Our results are consistent with studies of social vertebrates which suggest that exposure to intruders results in increased social cohesion. Our results also show that exposure to an intruder primes group members to respond more strongly to future intrusions. Our findings highlight a disconnect between the assumptions of theoretical models which study the effect of intergroup conflict on social evolution over many generations, and the short-term behavioural responses that are the usual focus of studies of intergroup conflict in insects and vertebrates.

Safeguarding rural landscapes in the new era of energy transition to a low carbon future

This paper focuses on threatened future intrusions of energy infrastructure on rural landscapes. In recent years there has been a large outpouring of publications apparently related to “the energy landscape” and “urban energy landscape”. In the author's view this is a misleading use of the word “landscape”. Here the words “rural landscape” refer to rural and countryside, as distinct from town, as they have done in the English language for over 400 years (according to the Oxford English Dictionary).There are many reasons for concern about the future of our rural landscapes due to human initiatives, among which are scarcely constrained developments of onshore wind turbines, ground-mounted solar PV, and “modern” biomass and biofuels. Guidelines and regulations aimed at protection are frequently evaded. Those supposed to apply guidelines and regulations often fail in their duty. Areas supposed to be protected from intrusion by international, national, or local regulations are exploited. A sustainable future requires us to preserve scenic values and protect many rural landscapes. This will require much stricter limits on the location of renewable energy developments in the countryside.

Crisis financiera global y la emergencia de nuevas arquitecturas financieras para el desarrollo (Primera de dos partes)

La crisis actual está resultando productiva en cuanto a experimentación institucional, en el debate y puesta en práctica de arquitecturas financieras delmundo en desarrollo. El empuje hacia tal experimentación surgió desde la crisis financiera de Asia del Este de 1997-98, la cual provocó que algunos países en desarrollo tomaran medidas para protegerse de turbulencias futuras, sanciones del Fondo Monetario Internacional (FMI), y la intromisión en su espacio de decisiones políticas. En este trabajo se argumenta que hay claras y diversas indicaciones que la arquitectura financiera global ahora está evolucionando de manera que contribuye a una nueva heterogeneidad institucional. En algunas innovaciones institucionales y políticas se ve la emergencia de una arquitectura financiera que está mucho menos ligada a los Estados Unidos (US) y al FMI, que había sido lo normal en las ultimas décadas. Además, el creciente poder económico, la autoestima y el protagonismo de quienes formulan las políticas económicas en algunos países en desarrollo (y al mismo tiempo, la incertidumbre correspondiente acerca de las economías de US y Europa) están trastornando los modos tradicionales de gobernabilidad financiera y dispersando el poder a lo largo del sistema financiero global.

Inferences on the hydrothermal system beneath the resurgent dome in Long Valley Caldera, east-central California, USA, from recent pumping tests and geochemical sampling

Quaternary volcanic unrest has provided heat for episodic hydrothermal circulation in the Long Valley caldera, including the present-day hydrothermal system, which has been active over the past 40 kyr. The most recent period of crustal unrest in this region of east-central California began around 1980 and has included periods of intense seismicity and ground deformation. Uplift totaling more than 0.7 m has been centered on the caldera’s resurgent dome, and is best modeled by a near-vertical ellipsoidal source centered at depths of 6–7 km. Modeling of both deformation and microgravity data now suggests that (1) there are two inflation sources beneath the caldera, a shallower source 7–10 km beneath the resurgent dome and a deeper source ∼15 km beneath the caldera’s south moat and (2) the shallower source may contain components of magmatic brine and gas. The Long Valley Exploration Well (LVEW), completed in 1998 on the resurgent dome, penetrates to a depth of 3 km directly above this shallower source, but bottoms in a zone of 100°C fluid with zero vertical thermal gradient. Although these results preclude extrapolations of temperatures at depths below 3 km, other information obtained from flow tests and fluid sampling at this well indicates the presence of magmatic volatiles and fault-related permeability within the metamorphic basement rocks underlying the volcanic fill. In this paper, we present recently acquired data from LVEW and compare them with information from other drill holes and thermal springs in Long Valley to delineate the likely flow paths and fluid system properties under the resurgent dome. Additional information from mineralogical assemblages in core obtained from fracture zones in LVEW documents a previous period of more vigorous and energetic fluid circulation beneath the resurgent dome. Although this system apparently died off as a result of mineral deposition and cooling (and/or deepening) of magmatic heat sources, flow testing and tidal analyses of LVEW water level data show that relatively high permeability and strain sensitivity still exist in the steeply dipping principal fracture zone penetrated at a depth of 2.6 km. The hydraulic properties of this zone would allow a pressure change induced at distances of several kilometers below the well to be observable within a matter of days. This indicates that continuous fluid pressure monitoring in the well could provide direct evidence of future intrusions of magma or high-temperature fluids at depths of 5–7 km.

Territorial intrusion risk and antipredator behaviour: a mathematical model.

In territorial animals that hide to avoid predators, a predatory attack creates a conflict because a hiding animal cannot defend its territory from conspecific intruders. When intruders are persistent, a past conspecific intrusion informs a territorial resident that future intrusions by the same animal are likely. Using a mathematical model, I examine the effects that past territorial intrusions can have on antipredator behaviour. Past territorial intrusions rarely affect a resident animal's time to hide (the optimal behaviour is to hide as soon as the predator initiates its attack). In contrast, past intrusions should shorten the length of time during which territory holders remain in hiding, with the magnitude of this effect depending on the time of the predator's attack, the re-intruder's pattern of return, and the intrusion rates of other conspecifics. The results of the model show that we need more information on patterns of re-intruders' behaviour, and emphasize that a similar functional explanation could underlie other behavioural changes following territorial and/or aggressive encounters (such as winner/loser effects or changes in display frequency and territorial vigilance). Differences between my findings and those from previous studies suggest that the trade-off between antipredator behaviour and territorial defence can involve different costs from the trade-off between antipredator behaviour and foraging.

Anti-predator behaviour changes following an aggressive encounter in the lizard Tropidurus hispidus

Avoiding predators may conflict with territorial defence because a hiding territorial resident is unable to monitor its territory or defend it from conspecific intrusions. With persistent intruders, the presence of an intruder in the near past can indicate an increased probability of future intrusions. Therefore, following a conspecific-intrusion, territorial residents should minimize costs from future intrusions at the cost of higher predation risks. I conducted experiments with males of the territorial lizard Tropidurus hispidus recording approach distance (distance between predator and prey when the prey escapes) and time to re-emergence from a refuge after hiding. Past aggressive interactions affected anti-predator behaviour: lizards re-emerged sooner (compared to a control) when the predator attacked 5 min after an aggressive encounter. If the predator attacked while an aggressive encounter was ongoing, there was also a reduction in approach distance. The results are consistent with an economic hypothesis which predicts that T. hispidus incur greater predation risks to minimize future territorial intrusion; additionally they show that the effects of past and ongoing aggressive interactions are different, consistent with the minimization of present intrusion costs. These results are relevant for studies of the changes in aggressive behaviour due to changes in the social environment and for studies of the costs and (co) evolution of aggressive and anti-predator strategies.

Mechanisms of crustal uplift and subsidence at the Yellowstone caldera, Wyoming

Leveling surveys in 1923, 1976, and each year from 1983 to 1993 have shown that the east-central part of the Yellowstone caldera, near the base of the Sour Creek resurgent dome, rose at an average rate of 14±1 mm/year from 1923 to 1976 and 22±1 mm/year from 1976 to 1984. In contrast, no detectable movement occurred in the same area from 1984 to 1985 (-2±5 mm/year), and from 1985 to 1993 the area subsided at an average rate of 19±1 mm/year. We conclude that uplift from 1923 to 1984 was caused by: (1) pressurization of the deep hydrothermal system by fluids released from a crystallizing body of rhyolite magma beneath the caldera, then trapped beneath a self-sealed zone near the base of the hydrothermal system; and (2) aseismic intrusions of magma into the lower part of the sub-caldera magma body. Subsidence since 1985 is attributed to: (1) depressurization and fluid loss from the deep hydrothermal system, and (2) sagging of the caldera floor in response to regional crustal extension. Future intrusions might trigger renewed eruptive activity at Yellowstone, but most intrusions at large silicic calderas seem to be accommodated without eruptions. Overpressurization of the deep hydrothermal system could conceivably result in a phreatic or phreatomagmatic eruption, but this hazard is mitigated by episodic rupturing of the self-sealed zone during shallow earthquake swarms. Historical ground movements, although rapid by most geologic standards, seem to be typical of inter-eruption periods at large, mature, silicic magma systems like Yellowstone. The greatest short-term hazards posed by continuing unrest in the Yellowstone region are: (1) moderate to large earthquakes (magnitude 5.5–7.5), with a recurrence interval of a few decdes; and (2) small hydrothermal explosions, most of which affect only a small area (<0.01 km2), with a recurrence interval of a few years.

To soothe the savage breast

We review quite a range of procedures--some strange, some familiar--to calm, and spare fantasied harm. Drugs can help a whole bunch, but there is no 'free lunch.' Side-effects from long use, and the risk of abuse, make it wiser to find other means to 'unwind.' (Anxious folks spin a messful of thoughts that are stressful.) Against pressures that fluster, tranquil images muster a sense one is resting--rather than testing how much one achieves (while one's family grieves). Muscle programs to lower tense states, and pace slower, can bring manifold gains easing worry and pains. There are diverse connections among muscle flexions--however those function--that can serve as an unction. Movements practiced each night do more good than the 'right' exercises in theory, left undone by the weary. Thus give choice of routines as well as calm scenes: one might dodge heart attacks if one learns to relax. It will not cheer one's mood to review woes nor brood over future collusions, intrusions, confusions, perfection, rejection and other delusions. Like over-tight shoe points, loosen Puritan viewpoints because standards too stern make adrenaline burn. Teach instead: 'Mellow visions need not earn derisions. People who play more are invited to stay more.' Massages and dancing, gentle fiction entrancing or dulcet harmonics are suitable tonics. For self-damaging actions bring on wholesome distractions. There are so many names for so many games, from social adventures to buying debentures, trip-planning, food-canning and even gold-panning. Thus cease surplus panting but cultivate planting since turmoil may go when one makes flowers grow, or elsewhere embraces Nature's several faces: oceans, rivers, or canyons, mountains, redwoods or banyans, or (thanks to some vets), peaceful contacts with pets.