Futurabond DC Research Articles

Effect of nanotechnology in self-etch bonding systems on the shear bond strength of stainless steel orthodontic brackets.

ABSTRACTObjective: To evaluate the effect of silica dioxide (SiO2) nanofillers in different bonding systems on shear bond strength (SBS) and mode of failure of orthodontic brackets at two experimental times. Methods: Ninety-six intact premolars were divided into four groups: A) Conventional acid-etch and primer Transbond XT; B) Transbond Plus self-etch primer; and two self-etch bonding systems reinforced with silica dioxide nanofiller at different concentrations: C) Futurabond DC at 1%; D) Optibond All-in-One at 7%. Each group was allocated into two subgroups (n = 12) according to experimental time (12 and 24 hours). SBS test was performed using a universal testing machine. ARI scores were determined under a stereomicroscope. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to determine the size and distribution of nanofillers. One-way ANOVA was used to compare SBS followed by the post-hoc Tukey test. The chi-square test was used to evaluate ARI scores.Results: Mean SBS of Futurabond DC and Optibond All-in-One were significantly lower than conventional system, and there were no significant differences between means SBS obtained with all self-etch bonding systems used in the study. Lower ARI scores were found for Futurabond DC and Optibond All-in-One. There was no significant difference of SBS and ARI obtained at either time points for all bonding systems. Relative homogeneous distribution of the fillers was observed with the bonding systems.Conclusion: Two nanofilled systems revealed the lowest bond strengths, but still clinically acceptable and less adhesive was left on enamel. It is advisable not to load the brackets immediately to the maximum.

The effect of a dentin desensitizer on the shear bond strength of composite to dentin using three different bonding agents: An in vitro study.

Objective:The effect of dentin desensitizer Systemp on the shear bond strength of composite resin to dentin using three different bonding agents, i.e., Prime & Bond NT, Xeno V+, and Futurabond DC were evaluated.Materials and Methods:Sixty recently extracted human premolars were divided into six groups of ten teeth each. The superficial dentin was etched with 37% phosphoric acid. In Groups I, II, and III, Prime & Bond NT, Xeno V+, and Futurabond DC, respectively, were applied to dentin and composite placed. Following application of dentin desensitizer Systemp in Groups IV, V, and VI, Prime & Bond NT, Xeno V+, and Futurabond DC, respectively, were applied to dentin and composite placed. The shear bond strength was evaluated. Data obtained were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance, post hoc, and Dunnett's test.Results:Following application of dentin desensitizer Systemp, mean shear bond strength increased when Prime & Bond NT bonding agent was used while it decreased for Xeno V+ and Futurabond DC bonding agents.Conclusion:Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was observed that following application of dentin desensitizer Systemp, mean shear bond strength may increase or decrease depending on the bonding agents used.

Effect of saliva and blood contamination on the shear bond strength of fifth-, seventh-, and eighth-generation bonding agents: An in vitro study.

Aim:To evaluate the bond strength of different adhesives after contamination with saliva and blood at various steps of application.Materials and Methods:Buccal surfaces of 180 human premolars were sliced to expose dentin. The specimens were randomly divided into six groups (n = 30), in which saliva and blood were used as contaminants in three groups each. The groups were further divided according to the generation (fifth – OptiBond Solo Plus Kerr, USA; seventh – OptiBond All-In-One Kerr, USA; eighth – Futurabond DC, Voco, Germany) of the adhesive used. Effect of contaminant application both before and after polymerization of the adhesive was evaluated. Composite cylinders were fabricated on exposed dentinal surfaces and were subjected to shear bond strength test. The results were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and t-test.Results:The eighth-generation adhesive showed the highest mean shear bond strength, followed by fifth- and seventh-generation adhesive. Salivary contamination resulted in greater decrease of bond strength when contaminated before polymerization. However, the results were vice versa when blood contamination was done, except in the case of fifth-generation adhesive. Blood contamination produced the lowest shear bond strength in all conditions.Conclusion:The eighth-generation adhesives showed the highest and blood contamination the lowest bond strength in all conditions.

MICROLEAKAGE PATTERN AT TOOTH-ADHESIVE INTERFACE UNDER METAL-BRACKETS BONDED WITH CONVENTIONAL OR FLOWABLE NANO-ADHESIVE SYSTEMS

Objective: This in vitro study aimed to assess the microleakage at the tooth-adhesive interface underneath metal-brackets, either bonded with a conventional or a nano-adhesive system. Materials and Methods: Dye penetration method was used to evaluate microleakage at the enamel-bracket interface. Twenty freshly-extracted human maxillary and mandibular premolars (average age: 15.47 ± 2.18 years) were randomly divided into two groups (n = 10/group/type of bonding composite). Group 1: metal-brackets bonded with conventional light-cured Transbond XT (3M-Unitek); Group 2: metal-brackets bonded with the light-cured flowable nano-hybrid composite Grandio SO Flow (Voco-Germany) used in combination with a one-step self-etch dual-cured adhesive, Futurabond DC (Voco-Germany). Specimens were thermocycled, immersed in Fuchsin dye, sectioned longitudinally, and evaluated for microleakage. Microleakage was recorded at the adhesive-enamel interface on both occlusal and gingival margins. Statistical analysis was performed using t-test as well as the paired t-tests. Results: Both groups demonstrated microleakage at the adhesive-enamel interface, yet the metal-brackets bonded with the nano-composite Grandio SO Flow (G2) exhibited significantly higher microleakage values at the adhesive-enamel interface compared to brackets bonded with the conventional composite material (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Flowable nano-composites may still not be the adhesive of choice for bracket bonding due to their remarkable microleakage at the enamel-adhesive interface in comparison to conventional light-cured Transbond XT (3M-Unitek).

Effects of Silane on the Push-out Bond Strength of Fiber-reinforced Resin Posts luted with different Self-adhesive Resin Cements

ABSTRACT Aim The present study was completed to evaluate the effect of silane on the push-out bond strength on fiber-reinforced posts. The intention of the study was also to determine if there was a regional relation between the adhesive system and the push-out bond strength of the fiber post. Materials and methods Fifteen single rooted human teeth were endodontically treated and 2 mm diameter glass fiber-reinforced composite posts were cemented in the root canal. In the first group Futurabond DC without silane, in the second group the same luting material after silane treatment of the posts, and in the third group Clearfil DC Core System without silane were used to lute the posts. After complete setting of the luting agents three 2-mm-thick slices were obtained from the cervical, middle, and apical regions of the roots. The specimens were subjected to push-out test in special equipment. Bond strength data were analyzed with analysis of variance tests. Results The Rebilda posts cemented with Futurabond DC without silane had the highest push-out bond strength at the coronal region (164.71 N ± 72.12), while the posts cemented with Clearfil without silane had the lowest value at the apical region (94.86 N ± 34.14). Silane had no significance on the push-out bond strength (p = 0.909); however, the root canal dentin regions had a significant effect (p &lt; 0.010). Conclusion This study did not show any significant differences among different luting protocols. The bond strength was significantly higher in the coronal region due to the greater cemented surface area and the difference in dentin structure. Clinical significance Based on the results of the push-out tests, the retention of the posts did not depend on the luting methods; however, the region of the root canal played a significant role. How to cite this article Rajnics Z, Marada G, Moetaz E, Radnai M. Effects of Silane on the Push-out Bond Strength of Fiber-reinforced Resin Posts luted with different Self-adhesive Resin Cements. Int J Experiment Dent Sci 2017;6(1):22-25.

Effect of Sonic Application of Self-etch Adhesives on Bonding Fiber Posts to Root Canal Dentin.

To evaluate the effect of sonic application of 5 different self-etch adhesives on the push-out bond strength of fiber posts in root canals. In a preliminary test, 24 teeth were treated with manual and sonically assisted bonding, then a composite cylinder was built up to test the shear bond strength as a proof of principle. In the main test, 120 root canals were endodontically prepared and divided into 10 groups: 5 self-etch adhesives (Futurabond DC, Futurabond M, Futurabond U, Optibond XTR, Universalbond), each applied under manual and sonic application modes. After insertion of the fiber posts using the specific adhesive and a dual-curing composite, the teeth were sectioned and the push-out test was performed. The specimens were analyzed by light and scanning electron microscopy. Statistical analysis was performed using the Shapiro-Wilk test, one-way ANOVA and the Tamhane test. Sonic application of self-etch adhesive systems did not increase the bond strength of fiber posts in root canals. In general, the bond strength decreased from the coronal to the apical part of the root canal, irrespective of the applied method. The best post retention was achieved with Futurabond U and Optibond XTR. Sonic application of self-etch adhesives did not improve the fiber post retention in the root canal and can therefore not be recommended. Nevertheless, sonic application of etch-and-rinse adhesives can increase the bond strength to coronal dentin.

Effect of thermocycling on the micro-shear bond strength of solvent free and solvent containing self-etch adhesives to dentin

The aim was to investigate the effect of thermocycling on the microshear bond strength of one solvent free self etch adhesive system, Bond-1SF, and two solvent containing self-etch adhesives, Futurabond DC and Adper Easy One. Materials and methodsSixty caries free third molars were used to prepare specimens of dentin surfaces. The adhesives were applied on dentin surfaces according to the manufacturer's instructions then Grandio-SO Composite resin was condensed through a polyethylene tube with a one mm internal diameter and height attached firmly to dentin surfaces and light cured. The bonded specimens were stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h before being tested. Half of the bonded specimens were tested for microshear bond strength without thermocycling and the other half were thermocycled in water baths held at 5°c and 55°c with a dwell time of 1 min each for 500 cycles prior to testing. The micro shears bond strength before and after thermocycling was calculated and statistically analyzed to show the interaction between different materials. ResultsWithout thermocycling, the bond strength of Futurabond DC and Adper Easy, were 22.524 MPa and 23.397 MPa respectively, while Bond-1 SF solvent free one step at lowered mean value 22.284 MPa and the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). After thermocycling the bond strength of Futurabond DC and Adper Easy were 14.904 MPa, 22.713 MPa respectively, while Bond-1 SF solvent free one step self etch adhesive had 18.318 MPa and the differences were statistically significant (p > 0.05). ConclusionThermocycling had a negative effect on the bonding of self etching adhesive systems to dentin and solvent free adhesive system has non-significant lower bond strength in relation to solvent containing adhesive systems.

Comparison of Different Dentin Pretreatment Protocols on the Bond Strength of Glass Fiber Post Using Self-etching Adhesive

IntroductionThis study compared the influence of different irrigants with and without ultrasound or laser irradiation on the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive in a supplementary dentin pretreatment. MethodsNinety bovine incisor roots were divided into 3 groups according to the irrigant tested: 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) (n = 30); 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) (n = 30), and saline solution (control) (n = 30). Each group was randomly divided into 3 subgroups according to the supplementary dentin pretreatment: ultrasound, Nd:YAG laser, and nonsupplemented (control). A self-etching adhesive system (Futurabond DC; VOCO GmbH, Cuxhaven, Germany) was used, and the glass fiber posts were cemented with dual-cure epoxy-based luting agent (Bifix QM, VOCO GmbH). All roots were sectioned transversely, and the push-out test was performed. Failure mode analysis was also evaluated. ResultsBond strength decreased significantly after the use of 2.5% NaOCl in all root thirds (P < .05). CHX showed no difference in the mean bond strength value compared with saline solution (P > .05). The supplementary dentin pretreatment using the Nd:YAG laser or ultrasound did not improve the bond strength values for both NaOCl and CHX (P > .05). Moreover, the apical third exhibited the lowest mean bond strength values (P < .05). Analysis indicated that the predominant failure mode was the mixed type. ConclusionsRegardless of the irrigant used, the supplementary dentin pretreatment with ultrasound or laser irradiation showed no improvement in bond strength. Also, the use of NaOCl decreased the bond strength of glass fiber posts using a self-etching adhesive system, whereas CHX preserved it.

Bonding performance of universal adhesives in different etching modes

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and resin penetration into dentine of three universal adhesives (UAs) applied in two different etching modes (i.e. self-etch or etch-and-rinse). The effect of thermocycling on the μTBS was also evaluated. MethodsThe occlusal third of sound human molars was removed and the exposed surfaces were treated with three UAs (Futurabond Universal, Scotchbond Universal Adhesive and All-Bond Universal) in self-etch or etch-and-rinse mode. Two one-step self-etch adhesives (Futurabond DC and Futurabond M) were applied on additional teeth as reference. After composite build up, the specimens were stored for 24h in distilled water at 37°C or thermocycled for 5000 cycles. Composite/dentine beams were prepared (1mm2) and μTBS test was performed. Data was analyzed using three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (α=0.05). One additional tooth was prepared for each group for evaluation of infiltration ability into dentine by dyeing the adhesives with a fluorochrome (Rhodamine B). After longitudinal sectioning, the generated interfaces were examined under confocal laser scanning microscopy. ResultsThe addition of an etching step did not significantly affect the μTBS of none of the UAs, when compared to their self-etch application mode. All pre-etched specimens showed considerably longer resin tags and thicker hybrid layers. Thermocycling had no significant effect on the μTBS of the UAs. ConclusionsApplication of an etching step prior to UAs improves their dentine penetration, but does not affect their bond strength to dentine after 24h or after thermocycling for 5000 cycles. Clinical significanceSimilar bond strength values were observed for the UAs regardless of application mode, which makes them reliable for working under different clinical conditions.

One year clinical follow up of nano filled glass ionomer and composite resin restorations

BackgroundThe authors evaluated the clinical performance of a nano filled glass ionomer restorative material (Ketac N100) and a nano filled composite resin restorations (Grandio SO) with its adhesive (Futurabond DC) in Class V carious lesions over one year. MethodsThirty patients received sixty different restorations. The distributions of materials and the teeth locations were randomized. Class V cavity was prepared according to caries extension. For cavities to be restored with composite a 1 mm bevel was placed on the enamel margin to increase the surface area for bonding. adhesives were used following the manufacturer's instructions. Grandio SO with its adhesive and Ketac N100 restorative materials were applied following manufacturer's instructions. Finishing and polishing was performed using finishing burs and polishing discs. Each restoration was clinically evaluated at base line (24 h), 6 months and after one year using USPHS criteria. ResultsThe recall rate was (81.7%) after 1 year. Survival rate for Grandio SO restorations were (85.185%) while for Ketac N100, it was (100%) after one year of clinical service. Using Friedman test, a significant difference was recorded between the tested materials when the effect of time was tested on restoration fracture, color match, anatomic form, marginal adaptation and recurrence of caries. Using Fischer's exact test, a significant difference was recorded between tested groups regarding restoration fracture, color match. Anatomic form, recurrence of caries, marginal discoloration and postoperative hypersensitivity. ConclusionMost of the restorations maintained good quality during the observation period, which was considered a short evaluation time. Clinical implicationsGrandio SO and Ketac N100 achieved clinically acceptable results after one year of service. So both materials may be used with confidence in Class V carious lesions. A longer evaluation period may be recommended to decide the use of restorative material safely in Class V cavities.

Cytotoxicity Test of One-Step Self-Etching Bonding Agents by Standardized Dentin Barrier Test Using Polyurethane Discs

This study was performed to standardize a dentin barrier test with the substitute and evaluate the cytotoxicity of one-step self-etching bonding agents. Each of the natural bovine dentin and polyurethane discs were 500-μm thick and were tested using a perfusion device. Following the treatment with 0.05% phenol on the natural bovine disc or three kinds of polyurethane discs—30, 40, and 50 pcf (pounds per cubic foot)—cell viability of L-929 was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and expressed as percentages of non-treated group, respectively. A substitute showing permeability similar to that of bovine dentin was determined based on this result. Cytotoxicity test of bonding agents was performed by the selected substitute, the results of which were expressed as percentages of the control. In addition, SEM images were taken after the tests. The cell viability by 40-pcf polyurethane disc was not statistically different from that by bovine dentin disc (P > 0.05). Futurabond DC resulted in the highest cell viability and Bond force the lowest by the 40-pcf polyurethane disc (P < 0.05). The adhesives on the 40-pcf polyurethane disc changed cellular morphology with different degrees on the SEM images. This standardized test might be useful for assessing the cytotoxicity of dental materials applied to dentin before clinical applications.

Effect of different configuration factors on marginal gap formation of two composite resin systems

AimTo evaluate the effect of different configuration factors “C-factors” on the marginal gap formation of two types of contemporary composite resin systems before and after thermal loading. Materials and methodsOne hundred and twenty eight human sound molars were used. The occlusal surface of each tooth was wet-ground until flat dentin surfaces were obtained. Teeth were divided into four main groups in which cylindrical cavities were prepared representing different C-factors. Samples in each group were subdivided into 2 subgroups according to the type of composite resin system. The cavities in subgroup A were restored with Clearfil SE bond and Clearfil Majesty Esthetic while those in subgroup B were restored with Futurabond DC and Grandio SO. Eight samples in each subgroup were thermo-cycled. All samples were processed for SEM evaluation to examine the restoration margins at (25× and 500×) magnification. The marginal gap was measured for all the samples using AutoCAD software. ResultsThe median values (IQR) of the marginal gap were 0 (0) in all the samples restored with Clearfil Majesty Esthetic. The same was found in samples restored with Grandio SO which were not subjected to thermo-cycling, while those subjected to thermo-cycling, a direct relation was found between C-factor and gap length. Thermo-cycling had a significant effect on marginal gap particularly in samples restored with Grandio SO with high C-factor preparations. The two tested composite resin systems had a significant effect on the marginal gap particularly in high C-factor preparations. The C-factor had no significant effect on the marginal gap except in samples restored with Grandio SO. ConclusionThe different C-factors had no effect on the marginal gap formation in the samples of both subgroups which were not subjected to thermo-cycling but could influence the marginal gap formation in the samples restored with Grandio SO subjected to thermo-cycling.

The effect of combined application of new dentin desensitizing agent and deproteinization on dentin permeability of different adhesive systems

PurposeTo evaluate the effect of dentin desensitization using casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate paste; CPP-ACP, with and without deproteinization (10% sodium hypochlorite), on dentin permeability of two types of self-etch adhesives and a total-etch one. Materials and methods90 freshly extracted, sound human molars were sectioned into 1 mm thick dentin disks, and randomly divided into three equal groups (S1, S2, and S3); 30 specimens each, according to the dentin surface treatment, as follows: (S1) adhesive system {AS} only, (S2) CPP-ACP + AS, (S3) 10% NaOCl + CPP-ACP + AS. Each group was further divided into 3 divisions (D1, D2, and D3), 10 specimens each, according to the tested adhesive system (Solobond M, Clearfill SE and Futurabond DC) respectively. Dentin surfaces were treated Dentin permeability was measured at base line and after dentin treatment and storage under simulated pulpal pressure for 10 min. ResultsCPP-ACP treatment significantly decreased the permeability of (S2D2) and (S2D3), but didn't affect (S2D1). The combined NaOCl and CPP-ACP treatment decreased the permeability of the three tested adhesives significantly. Clinical significance: The combined application of 10% sodium hypochlorite and CPP-ACP paste may be recommended to improve the dentinal permeability before using dental adhesive systems.

COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE BONDING EFFICACY OF SIXTH, SEVENTH AND EIGHTH GENERATION BONDING AGENTS: AN IN VITRO STUDY

The aim of the study was t o compare In - v itro the micro tensile bond strength of si xth generation (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray, Japan), seventh generation (Adpe r Easy One, 3 M ESPE, Germany) and eighth generation ((Futurabond DC, Voco, Germany) dentin bonding agents. Twenty freshly ex tracted caries free, unrestored human molars were select ed. The occlusal surfaces were ground flat; divided into four groups of five each according to the bonding agent applied and covered with composite resin (10 mm in height). The teeth were sectioned into one mm thick specimens with a cross section al area of 1 mm square in hard tissue microtome and subjected to tensile force in a universal testing machine. The highest strength was seen in 8 th generation bonding agent (Futura bond DC, Voco, Germany) 34.9332 MPa followed by 6 th generation bonding agent 32.3477 MPa (Clearfil SE Bond , Kuraray dental, Japan) and the 7 th generation agent 31.8826 MPa (Adper Easy One, 3M ESPE, Germany) respectively. The eighth generat ion dentin bonding agent appeared to be more advantageous in bonding

Comparing the shear bond strength of direct and indirect composite inlays in relation to different surface conditioning and curing techniques.

Objective:The aim of this study was to test the null hypothesis that different surface conditioning (etch and rinse and self-etch) and curing techniques (light cure/dual cure) had no effect on the shear bond strength of direct and indirect composite inlays.Materials and Methods:A total of 112 extracted human molar teeth were horizontally sectioned and randomly divided into two groups according to restoration technique (direct and indirect restorations). Each group was further subdivided into seven subgroups (n = 8) according to bonding agent (etch and rinse adhesives Scotchbond multi-purpose plus, All-Bond 3, Adper Single Bond and Prime Bond NT; and self-etch adhesives Clearfil Liner Bond, Futurabond DC and G bond). Indirect composites were cemented to dentin surfaces using dual-curing luting cement. Shear bond strength of specimens was tested using a Universal Testing Machine. Two samples from each subgroup were evaluated under Scanning electron microscopy to see the failing modes. Data was analyzed using independent sample t-tests and Tukey's tests.Results:Surface conditioning and curing of bonding agents were all found to have significant effects on shear bond strength (P < 0.05) of both direct and indirect composite inlays. With direct restoration, etch and rinse systems and dual-cured bonding agents yielded higher bond strengths than indirect restoration, self-etch systems and light-cured bonding agents.Conclusions:The results of the present study indicated that direct restoration to be a more reliable method than indirect restoration. Although etch and rinse bonding systems showed higher shear bond strength to dentin than self-etch systems, both systems can be safely used for the adhesion of direct as well as indirect restorations.

Evaluation of the Influence of the Nd:YAG Laser and Different Irrigants on the Bond Strength of the Adhesion of the Fiber Posts to Root Dentin using a Self-etching Adhesive System

ABSTRACT Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of pretreatment of different irrigating solutions with and without the application the Nd: YAG laser on the bond strength (RU) of the adhesion of the fiberglass post relined with resin composite to the root dentin. Materials and methods Sixty-six single bovine incisor roots were divided into 6 groups according to irrigating solution and with/without the apllication of the Nd: YAG laser after root canal filling: S- saline; C-2% chlorhexidine solution, H-2.5% sodium hypochlorite; SL-saline + laser, CL-2% chlorhexidine + laser; HL-2.5% sodium hypochlorite + laser (all n = 11). The roots were standardized up to a file # 80 and root-filled with gutta-percha (Dentsply) and Sealer 26 (Dentsply) by lateral condensation. The root canal filling was partly removed. Afterward, root canals were irrigated with 5 ml of the selected irrigant and the fiberglass post were cemented with epoxy resin curing dual Bifix QM (VOCO) and a self-etch adhesive system Futurabond DC (VOCO). All roots were sectioned transversely, and the push-out tested was performed. The bond strength means were analyzed by the analysis of variance and Tukey test (α= 5%). Results The following bond strength MPa values—were recorded for each group: group C—7.77(±1.8)a, LC—6.46 (±2.2)a, S7.33 (±2.2)a, LS 7.35 (±1.68)a, H 5.43 (±1,3)b, LH 5.13 (±1,6)b. A signifcant bond strenght decrease was noticed with the use of 2.5% NaOCl (p &lt; 0.05). No statistical significant difference were found with our without the apllication of the Nd:YAG laser (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusion Regardless the irrigant tested, the use of Nd: YAG laser can be indicated prior to cementation of fiberglass without loss in bond strength. How to cite this article Pucci CR, Lacerda AJF, Gullo M, Xavier ACC, Torres CRG, Martinho FC, Carvalho CAT. Evaluation of the Influence of the Nd:YAG Laser and Different Irrigants on the Bond Strength of the Adhesion of the Fiber Posts to Root Dentin using a Self-etching Adhesive System. World J Dent 2013;4(3):170-174.

In vitro enterococcus faecalis biofilm formation on five adhesive systems

Objective: To determine the E. faecalis biofilm formation on the surface of five adhesive systems (AS) and its relationship with roughness. Study Design: The formation of E. faecalis biofilms was tested on the surface of four dual-cure AS: AdheSE DC, Clearfil DC Bond, Futurabond DC and Excite DSC and one light-cure antimicrobial AS, Clearfil Protect Bond, after 24 hours of incubation, using the MBEC high-throughput device. Results: E. faecalis biofilms grew on all the adhesives. The least growth of biofilm was on Excite DSC, Clearfil Protect Bond, and the control. Futurabond DC resulted in the greatest roughness and biofilm amount. There was a close relationship between the quantity of biofilm and roughness, except for Clearfil Protect Bond, which showed little biofilm but high roughness. Conclusion: None of the tested AS prevented E. faecalis biofilm formation, although the least quantity was found on the surface of Clearfil Protect Bond. Key words:Adhesive systems, biofilm, Enterococcus faecalis, roughness.

Microshear bond strength of self-etching systems associated with a hydrophobic resin layer

To evaluate in vitro the microshear bond strength of adhesive systems applied to dentin according to manufacturers' instructions, associated or not with a hydrophobic layer of unfilled resin. Six self-etching adhesives (Clearfil SE Bond, Kuraray Medical; AdheSE, Ivoclar Vivadent; Xeno III, Dentsply; I Bond, Heraeus-Kulzer; Bond Force, Tokuyama; Futurabond DC, Voco) were tested. The labial dentin of sixty bovine incisors was exposed, and the teeth were divided into two groups according to the application or not of an extra hydrophobic resin layer (Scotchbond Multi Purpose Plus, bottle 3). Six composite cylinders (Filtek Z250, 3M ESPE) were built up on each treated surface. Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37ºC for 24 h and then subjected to the microshear bond strength test in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. Microshear bond strength values were analyzed by 2-way ANOVA and Tukey's post-hoc test. Failure mode was determined using a stereomicroscope under 20X magnification. The application of the hydrophobic resin layer did not affect bond strength, except for AdheSE. However, the bond strengths with the hydrophobic layer were similar among the six tested systems (Clearfil: 17.1 ± 7.9; AdheSE: 14.5 ± 7.1; Xeno lll: 12.8 ± 7.7; I Bond: 9.5 ± 5.8; Bond Force: 17.5 ± 4.1; Futurabond: 7.7 ± 2.3). When used as recommended by the manufacturers, Bond Force presented statistically higher bond strength than AdheSE and I Bond (p < 0.05) (Clearfil 10.4 ± 4.9; AdheSE 1.6 ± 1.6; Xeno lll: 9.0 ± 3.8; I Bond: 3.0 ± 1.5; Bond Force: 14 ± 3.9; Futurabond: 8.8 ± 3.8). Failure mode was predominantly adhesive. The bond strength of the self-etching systems tested was not significantly affected by the application of a hydrophobic layer, but a significant improvement was observed in AdheSE.

Bond efficacy and interface morphology of self-etching adhesives to ground enamel.

This study compared the microshear bond strengths to ground enamel of three one-step self-etching adhesive systems, a self-etching primer system and an etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Three self-etching adhesives, Futurabond DC (Voco), Clearfil S Tri Bond (Kuraray) and Hybrid bond (Sun-Medical), a self-etching primer, Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray), and an etch-and-rinse system, Admira Bond (Voco), were selected. Thirty human molars were used. The root of each tooth was removed and the crown was sectioned into halves. The convex enamel surfaces were reduced by polishing on silicone paper to prepare a flat surface. The bonding systems were applied on this surface. Prior to adhesive curing, a hollow cylinder (2.0 mm height/0.75 mm internal diameter) was placed on the treated surfaces. A resin composite was then inserted into the tube and cured. After water storage for 24 h, the tube was removed and shear bond strength was determined in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The results were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey.-Kramer test at a 59 degrees confidence level. The enamel of five additional teeth was ground, and the etching component of each adhesive was applied and removed with absolute ethanol instead of being light cured. These teeth and selected fractured surfaces were examined by SEM. Adhesion to ground enamel of the Futurabond DC (25 +/- 3.5 MPa) and Clearfil SE Bond (23 +/- 2.9 MPa) self-etching systems was not significantly different from the etch-and-rinse system Admira Bond (27 +/- 2.3 MPa). The two self-etching adhesives Clearfil S Tri bond and Hybrid Bond demonstrated significantly lower bond strengths (14 +/- 1.4 MPa; 11 +/- 1.9 MPa) with no significant differences between them (p < 0.05). Bond strengths to ground enamel of self-etching adhesive systems are dependent on the type of adhesive system. Some of the new adhesive systems showed bond strength values comparable to that of etch-and-rinse systems. There was no correlation between bond strength and morphological changes in enamel.

Two-year Water Degradation of Self-etching Adhesives Bonded to Bur Ground Enamel

To evaluate the effect of water storage on the microshear bond strength to ground enamel of three "all-in-one" self-etch adhesives: Futurabond DC, Clearfil S Tri Bond and Hybrid bond; a self-etching primer; Clearfil SE Bond and an etch-and-rinse adhesive system, Admira Bond. Sixty human molars were used. The root of each tooth was removed and the crown was sectioned into two halves. The convex enamel surfaces were reduced by polishing on silicon paper to prepare a flat surface that was roughened with a parallel-sided diamond bur with abundant water for five seconds. The bonding systems were applied on this surface. Prior to adhesive curing, a hollow cylinder (2.0 mm in height/0.75 mm in internal diameter) was placed on the treated surfaces and cured. A resin composite was then inserted into the tube and cured. For each adhesive, two procedures were carried out: A--the specimens were kept in water for 24 hours, then the tube was removed and the microshear bond strength was determined in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/minute; B--the specimens were stored in water for two-years before microshear testing. The fractured surface of the bonded specimens after each test procedure was examined by SEM. For the 24-hour control, there was no significant difference in bond strength between the tested adhesives. After two years of water storage, the bond strength of Admira Bond, Clearfil SE Bond and Futurabond DC decreased, but the reduction was not significantly different from that of 24 hours. For Clearfil S Tri Bond and Hybrid Bond, the bond strengths were significantly reduced compared to their 24-hour results.