Purpose This study aims to emphasize that transgender youths face unique psychosocial challenges in asserting their identity within society. It highlights the critical impact of stigma, discrimination and social exclusion on their mental health and well-being, and underscores the need for deeper exploration and policy reforms to safeguard their rights and foster inclusion. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a reflective and analytical review of existing literature and policy frameworks concerning transgender youth. The study analyses the efficacy of present strategies in addressing psychosocial vulnerabilities and promoting mental health by identifying gaps through a systematic mapping of research evidence. Findings The findings indicate that transgender youth experience heightened mental health challenges due to poverty, abandonment and exclusion, compounded by inadequate policy support. It highlights the importance of psychotherapeutic interventions, inclusive social environments and robust frameworks for periodic mental health assessment. The fundamental rights of transgender people can be safeguarded and participation can be strengthened through increased acceptance and the successful use of supportive policies. Originality/value This paper provides a granular, critical perspective on the intersection of mental health, social stigma and policy frameworks affecting transgender youth in India.

Background The European Union’s Artificial Intelligence Act (AI Act) establishes a pioneering, sector-agnostic, risk-based taxonomy for artificial intelligence systems. However, its concrete operational implications for academic libraries, which increasingly rely on AI for discovery services, metadata generation, user support, and analytics, remain insufficiently explored. Methods This study conducts a systematic review of recent scientific and professional literature and maps common academic library AI use cases onto the proportional risk and compliance obligations defined by the AI Act. Based on this analysis, a sector-specific risk-classification matrix is developed to support regulatory interpretation in the library context. Results The findings indicate that ethical principles frequently prevail over enforceable compliance mechanisms, that library AI applications align conceptually with the AI Act’s taxonomy but lack practical operationalization, that generative AI and large language models intensify regulatory ambiguity, that AI procurement practices in libraries rarely incorporate AI Act safeguards, and that the protection of fundamental rights, including equity, privacy, and intellectual freedom, requires measurable controls beyond transparency notices. Discussion The results reveal a substantial gap between the regulatory framework and its practical implementation in academic libraries. Governance approaches remain largely normative, while auditable and operational compliance mechanisms are still underdeveloped. The rapid diffusion of generative AI further complicates accountability, risk classification, and institutional responsibility. Conclusion This study contributes a sector-specific AI risk-classification matrix, identifies policy needs for tailored audit and procurement models, and highlights key research gaps in empirical validation, bias detection, and trust frameworks. By bridging regulation and practice, it positions academic libraries as potential norm-setters within the European AI governance ecosystem, exemplifying rights-preserving and compliance-ready institutions where regulation acts both as a safeguard and a catalyst for responsible innovation.

This paper provides a systematic analysis of the emerging legal profiles in the artificial intelligence ecosystem, structured along three interdependent conceptual axes. Firstly, it examines the multi-level regulatory framework taking shape in the European Union. The EU Regulation 2024/1689 is critically explored in its risk-based approach, with particular attention to the categories of high-risk AI systems. The synergies and tensions with the legal framework governing data circulation in the Union are analyzed, with a profound influence in terms of compliance on data-driven technologies. This includes the EU Regulation 2016/679, which directly addresses crucial issues such as automated decisions and profiling; the EU Regulation 2022/868 on data altruism mechanisms and the reuse of public data; the EU Regulation 2023/2854, which introduces rules related to accessing data generated, among others, by IoT and industrial devices, as well as the EU Regulation 2025/327. Secondly, the complex issue of AI liability is evaluated, in the dual dimension of and safety. Particular attention will be paid to the now dismissed EU regulatory proposals. A specific focus will deal with the possible applicability of the product liability discipline. Finally, several sectoral criticalities are identified through case studies in healthcare and transport domains, evaluating for each the difficult balance between potential benefits and risks from algorithmic biases and systemic discrimination. The methodology combines dogmatic analysis, legal comparison, and concrete case studies, contributing to the debate on harmonization between technological innovation, protection of fundamental rights and sustainable legal governance models in the AI era.

This paper reconstructs a set of expectations, that is, what a subject or a group of subjects expects in terms of fundamental rights with respect to the Chilean constituent process 2023. To do so, it analyses the foundations of the popular initiatives by means of the content analysis method. In this way, it is shown that what is pursued by some of the actors outside the world of legal operators reflects a set of historical demands, but also a series of disagreements regarding what constitution Chileans need in the face of what recent reform processes have shown.

Although the discussion of human rights has evolved significantly on a global and regional level, women in rural India continue to have unequal access to and knowledge of these rights. This study examines the level of human rights awareness among women in Assam's Nalbari district, a place where sociocultural norms and economic disadvantage combine to produce distinct gendered realities. By means of qualitative interviews and survey-based data collection, the study finds a troubling discrepancy between lived experiences and formal legal rights. Although many women are generally aware of their fundamental rights, they nevertheless lack specific information about legal protections against domestic abuse, property rights, and political involvement. This disparity reflects what Nussbaum (2000) calls women's "capability failure," in which systemic societal impediments prevent institutional frameworks from empowering women. (Nussbaum, 2000, p. 98)The study also looks at how local government, civil society organizations, and education affect people's understanding of their rights. It concludes that women's knowledge of their rights under Indian constitutional law and international human rights frameworks is much enhanced by having access to education and participating in self-help groups or women's NGOs. However, the scope of these programs is frequently restricted, especially for women from underprivileged caste and tribal backgrounds. The results are consistent with those of Agnes (1999), who emphasized the systemic injustices that support gendered legal consciousness in India. (Agnes, 1999, pp. 112-115) The study emphasizes the critical need for locally based, culturally relevant, and context-sensitive legal literacy and human rights education initiatives, especially in areas like Nalbari where traditional patriarchy still shapes gender relations. (Mohanty, 2003, p. 142)

Education is a fundamental right that must be fought for by every child in the nation, and throughout its development, it continues to undergo innovations and evaluations toward better quality. One educational model that is growing in Indonesia is the boarding school system, which has its own characteristics, advantages, and challenges. This study aims to describe the social studies (IPS) teachers’ strategies in boarding school–based learning, the implementation of IPS learning within the boarding school environment, and the obstacles faced by IPS teachers at MTs Darul Hikmah. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. The study was conducted at Pondok Modern Darul Hikmah Tulungagung, with seventh-grade students as research subjects. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show several factors that influence the low effectiveness of IPS learning in boarding schools, including the dense institutional activity schedule that reduces students’ learning focus, teachers’ limited mastery of the subject matter and classroom management, and the dual curriculum implemented simultaneously within the institution. Efforts to improve IPS learning effectiveness include enhancing teacher discipline when entering and leaving the classroom, utilizing audio-visual learning media, and connecting learning materials with current issues to make the lessons more relevant and engaging. Furthermore, the study reveals several advantages of boarding school–based education, such as fostering students’ independence, developing social awareness, providing deeper religious instruction, and integrating both general and religious education. Thus, IPS learning in boarding schools has the potential to develop more optimally with the support of appropriate learning strategies and more structured institutional management.

Background: The active integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into diverse spheres of human activity has created significant opportunities for innovation and efficiency, while simultaneously raising complex ethical, legal, and social challenges. Among these, the deployment of high-risk AI systems requires particular scrutiny due to their potential impact on fundamental rights, public safety, and socio-economic relations. This research examines both the benefits and risks of AI technologies, with an emphasis on the need to establish clear legal and regulatory frameworks at the national and international levels. Methods: The study employs a comparative legal analysis of existing regulatory approaches, including the European Union’s AI Act (EU AI Act), the OECD AI Principles, and national legislative practices. The methodology is based on a systematic review of normative legal acts, doctrinal sources, and policy papers, as well as an evaluation of prospective risks associated with the use of high-risk AI systems in various sectors, including transport, healthcare, and financial services. Results and conclusions: The analysis reveals that, while the adoption of AI contributes to economic development, efficiency in public administration, and improved quality of services, it also generates risks such as discrimination, violations of privacy, cyberthreats, and reduced accountability. In particular, the study highlights that existing legislation in Kazakhstan, as in many other jurisdictions, does not sufficiently address the specificities of high-risk AI systems. Comparative legal analysis demonstrates that the most effective regulatory models are risk-oriented, ensuring transparency, human oversight, and liability mechanisms. The findings suggest that partial amendments to existing legislation—such as in the areas of mandatory insurance and consumer protection—could serve as an interim measure, while the adoption of a dedicated AI law may be necessary in the long term. The study underscores the need for a balanced legal framework that harmonises technological innovation with the protection of human rights and societal interests. It is argued that Kazakhstan, while considering international best practices, should pursue a two-stage approach: (1) introducing targeted amendments to sectoral legislation; and (2) elaborating a comprehensive AI law focused on high-risk systems. Such a framework would mitigate risks, ensure accountability, and foster public trust, while promoting the responsible and sustainable use of artificial intelligence.

This article aims to critically examine anti-discrimination law in the context of protecting the fundamental rights of LGBTI+ individuals. Adopting a dogmatic and interdisciplinary approach, the text explores the foundations of material equality and human dignity, highlighting social and institutional practices that perpetuate discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. To this end, it defines essential concepts such as cisgender identity, heteronormativity, homophobia, and transphobia, showing how these categories function in reproducing symbolic, physical, and legal violence. Drawing on jurisprudence from the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court, particularly the decisions in ADO 26 and ADI 4275, the article argues that judicial recognition of rights is a necessary but insufficient measure in the face of persistent structural inequality. Finally, it advocates for education, inclusive public policies, and conceptual clarity as the foundations of an effective anti-discrimination legal framework.

This article examines the legal, social, and economic impacts of Brazil’s labor reform (Law No. 13,467/2017) and pension reform (Constitutional Amendment No. 103/2019), within the broader context of structural changes implemented between 2017 and 2025. It focuses on core legislative innovations, such as the predominance of collective bargaining over statutory law and the imposition of a minimum retirement age, assessing their implications for the effectiveness of fundamental social rights, union performance, and the financial sustainability of the social security system. The research adopts a qualitative approach, grounded in bibliographic review, legal analysis, and empirical data from official sources. The study concludes that the reforms shifted the axis of social protection toward economic rationality, weakening historic labor guarantees. It highlights the urgency of compensatory policies, reinforcement of collective bargaining, and measures for inclusive pension coverage as strategies to restore balance to the social protection framework.

The present study focused on understanding integrity programs in the context of electoral law. As part of a global sustainable development agenda, recognizing and implementing the importance of integrity programs needs to be a real commitment. The public financing of campaigns with the allocation of billions of financial sums being allocated to political parties puts the democratic system itself under concern if integrity and ethical conduct are not observed. Such a risk reveals concern regarding the enforcement of fundamental rights, at the same time as it reveals a fundamental duty of such associations towards transparency, morality and the democratic regime. Integrity programs emerge as a guaranteeing tool for the realization of rights and the fulfillment of duties inherent to each actor in life in society. The problem focused on verifying how integrity programs can be considered instruments to ensure compliance with the fundamental rights of citizens and the fundamental duties of political parties. Using an exploratory method, the relevant literature was visited.

ABSTRACT The Roma represent the largest ethnic minority in Europe, with Romania hosting the largest share. A significant proportion of this population seeks to improve their living conditions through migration. Drawing on the aspirations–capabilities framework, this study examines the micro‐, meso‐, and macro‐level factors influencing Romanian Roma's intentions to migrate abroad. Using data from the 2021 EU Fundamental Rights Agency (FRA) survey on Roma, we apply binary logistic regression to analyze the determinants of future migration intentions. Our findings show that migration intentions among disadvantaged groups are shaped not only by negative experiences in their home countries such as harassment and social exclusion, but also by relative forms of empowerment, including higher levels of education, economic independence through self‐employment, and increased social interaction with dissimilar others. Younger Roma are more likely to consider leaving Romania compared to those aged 45 and older. Similarly, individuals with more than 13 years of education are more likely to intend to migrate than those with no formal education. Employment situation also plays a role: Roma engaged in self‐employment or in education or training are more likely to express migration intentions than those in paid employment. In addition, intense feelings of social exclusion and experiences of hate‐motivated harassment are positively associated with the intention to migrate. Conversely, higher levels of institutional trust and stronger social ties homophily are associated with lower the likelihood of migration plans. These findings underscore the need for nuanced policy interventions that go beyond addressing material deprivation of marginalized groups.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping the legal field, including mediation as an alternative dispute resolution mechanism. While AI tools can enhance efficiency, accessibility, and predictive capabilities, their integration into mediation raises concerns over confidentiality and trust. Confidentiality has long been a cornerstone of mediation, yet when AI systems process sensitive data, risks emerge related to data protection, oversight, and public confidence. This article examines the legal and regulatory challenges of incorporating AI into mediation in Kazakhstan. It reviews international standards, particularly the European Union’s privacy-by-design principles, and compares them with existing Kazakh legislation. The study highlights significant legal gaps: current national laws protect data primarily at the operational stage but lack provisions for embedding privacy at the design stage of AI systems. Using doctrinal and comparative methods, as well as regulatory benchmarking, the article identifies shortcomings in Kazakhstan’s legal framework and proposes recommendations for aligning it with international best practices. The analysis confirms that without robust legal safeguards, AI-supported mediation risks eroding trust rather than strengthening it. However, with targeted reforms, Kazakhstan can establish a framework that balances technological innovation with the protection of fundamental rights, fostering greater confidence in AI-driven mediation.

Food security reflects the extent to which a country or region is capable of providing sufficient, safe, and nutritious food for its entire population. Efforts to strengthen food security are of vital importance in realizing a safe, healthy, and prosperous society. In the context of national development, food security has become one of the main priorities, which undoubtedly requires active support from local governments. This is closely related to the fulfilment of the right to food, which is a fundamental right of every citizen. The issue addressed in this study concerns the forms of food governance implemented by local governments to support food security at the local level. To address this issue, a normative legal research method is employed to examine the policy directions of local governments in ensuring the availability of food that is both adequate and accessible to the community. In ensuring the sustainable fulfilment of food needs, local governments play a strategic role in managing the food system within their regions. This role is realized through policy formulation, regulatory development, and the implementation of programs based on local potential. Thus, local governments can serve as key actors in promoting equitable and sustainable national food security.

This article aims to reflect on the fundamental rights of protection for motherhood and childhood, from a perspective of promoting human dignity for children and adolescents, as well as parenting. Regarding methodological aspects, a qualitative bibliographic review was conducted, within a perspective of understanding what public policies are, identifying two examples of policies promoted by the State. Furthermore, understanding that public policies are directed towards a goal, human dignity, we analyze the perspective of interpretation according to the constitution of the idea of protection for motherhood as protection for parenting, through constitutional mutation, given the existing social changes today.

This paper examines the evolution and current role of the Brazilian Ministério Público (Ministère Public, Attorney General or Public Prosecutor’s Office) as both a supervisory and supportive entity within the governmental framework, essential to the justice system, independent and autonomous from the other branches of power. Beginning with its historical roots, the study explores the Public Prosecutor’s Office transformation into a vital pro-accountability agency, especially after the 1988 Constitutional reform, which marked a significant turning point. The analysis delves into the institution’s constitutional and legal foundations, highlighting its specialized functions in protecting collective rights and addressing public interest issues. Furthermore, the paper presents contemporary data, offering a comprehensive “portrait” of the Ministère Public’s structure, functions, and its pivotal role in safeguarding homogeneous, diffuse, and collective rights in Brazil, investigating, prosecuting, and acting as plaintiff and custos juris (joint party) granting access to justice and the protection of human and fundamental rights.

This article examines the role of the Judge of Guarantees in promoting the accusatorial system and enforcing fundamental rights and guarantees in the Brazilian legal system. It traces the evolution of criminal procedural models - inquisitorial, accusatorial, and mixed - confronting the historical tensions of Brazilian criminal justice, often marked by inquisitorial remnants and the worrying "cognitive contamination" of the judge. Law No. 13,964/2019, by establishing the Judge of Guarantees, aimed to establish a clear separation between the functions of investigation, prosecution, and judgment, thereby strengthening judicial impartiality and protection of the investigated. The article discusses the position of the Federal Supreme Court (STF) in the face of Direct Actions of Unconstitutionality (ADI’s) and the modulation of the effects of its decisions, which, although having declared the constitutionality of the institute, generated doctrinal debates about its application and possible mitigations to its originais logic. It is concluded that the Judge of Guarantees represents a significant advance towards the realization of a democratic and guarantee-based criminal process, although its full consolidation still depends on continuous interpretative and operational improvement.

This article critically examines the legal and regulatory challenges posed by artificial intelligence (AI) within the European Union’s (EU) digital economy, focusing on the recently adopted EU Ai Act (Regulation 2024/1689). While previous studies have addressed AI's ethical and theoretical dimensions, this research fills a gap by analyzing the Act’s practical application across its temporal, personal, material, and territorial scopes. The study adopts a qualitative legal methodology, integrating doctrinal interpretation, comparative analysis, and systemic review of EU and international legal instruments. Key findings reveal that the EU AI Act establishes a pioneering risk-based regulatory framework, distinguishing itself through strong safeguards for fundamental rights, transparency, and human oversight. However, critical limitations remain, including ambiguous high-risk classifications, reliance on provider self-assessment, and exemptions for national security that may undermine human rights protections. The article compares the EU approach with those of the United States and China, illustrating divergent models of AI regulation and their global implications. It argues that while the EU AI Act sets an ambitious precedent, its success depends on effective enforcement, stakeholder compliance, and international regulatory convergence. By addressing these challenges, the EU can shape a globally influential framework for ethical and responsible AI deployment. This study contributes to the evolving academic and policy debate on AI governance by offering practical insights and recommendations for future research and legal development.

This study aims to assess the State's responsibility in guaranteeing the right to inclusive education for children and adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Despite legislative advances in Brazil, such as Law 12.764/12, which recognizes ASD as a disability, and the inclusion of autism in the 2020 demographic census, there are still difficulties in implementing effective public policies that ensure access to quality education for these students. The research adopted a qualitative approach, reviewing legislation, international treaties, case law and academic studies, in addition to analyzing cases of state omission in offering inclusive school environments. The results show that, although legislation protects the right to education, the practice still faces problems such as a lack of trained professionals, inadequate pedagogical resources and a lack of adaptations in schools. This negligence violates fundamental rights and prevents the full development of students with ASD, contributing to the maintenance of social inequalities. It is concluded that it is essential for the State to implement concrete actions, such as efficient public policies, training of specialized professionals and the creation of inclusive school environments. These measures are fundamental to guarantee the right to education, promote social inclusion and ensure the full development of children and adolescents with ASD, fostering a more just, equitable and inclusive society.

Socioeconomic determinants of acid attacks against women in Bangladesh.

In recent years, the issue of the liability regime of internet intermediaries has become a central topic of discussion within the European legal and policy context. A particularly pressing question has emerged as to whether online platforms should bear legal responsibility in situations where their infrastructure is used to disseminate insults, defamation, hate speech, or other forms of content violating fundamental human rights. This issue becomes especially pronounced when individuals whose rights have been infringed address these platforms with formal requests to remove offensive or defamatory material, yet the platforms fail to act. Such situations raise the question of two-layered (or dual) liability, which involves not only the original authors of the unlawful content but also the intermediaries who enable its publication and continued accessibility. The relevance of this topic increased significantly after 2016, particularly in the context of several presidential elections and the Brexit referendum in the United Kingdom. These developments intensified public debates around the balance between freedom of expression and regulatory control over the information environment. Currently, the European Court of Human Rights has developed an almost consolidated body of case law, indicating that internet intermediaries may be held liable when they fail to take appropriate and timely measures to remove defamatory or offensive content from their platforms upon notification. This debate and its potential regulatory solutions are also highly relevant to the Armenian legal context, particularly in light of ongoing legislative reforms and the provisions of the Constitutional Court of Armenia’s decision of October 1 of the previous year. These developments are likely to play a decisive role in shaping the future regulatory framework for the liability of internet intermediaries in Armenia.