Fundamental Motivations Research Articles

On being a scholar/activist: Personal history and acquired wisdom

Requests to publicly think about what one has learned over time are always interesting to me. They require that authors reflect back on a trajectory that may not be totally clear even to the writers themselves. They ask writers to construct an historical narrative that is simultaneously both personal and intellectual/political. In this “acquired wisdom” essay, I want to engage with this combined task, to reflect on some of the political/intellectual/educational history of the development of my work over time, on some of the most important things I have learned, and on the situations and processes that made this more likely. At the same time, I want to situate this development in some of the more personal groundings that might explain how and why the work I’ve done came about. Let me begin with some general points that bear on my later comments about my grounding in politically engaged educational efforts. There are two fundamental motivations behind such critical work. The first is understanding the complex dynamics of exploitation, domination, and subordination that all too often structure our societies and their constitutive relations inside and outside of education. Yet, while understanding is absolutely crucial, it is not sufficient. Emerging out of such understandings is a commitment to interruption. Both understanding and interruption have their basis in a set of ethical and political commitments that are simultaneously collective and personal (Bourdieu, 2003). And both are crucial to me.

Representing and assessing distributed situation awareness in multi-agency disaster response: A hypergraph-based methodology

Representing and assessing distributed situation awareness in multi-agency disaster response: A hypergraph-based methodology

Object-centric Learning with Capsule Networks: A Survey

Capsule networks emerged as a promising alternative to convolutional neural networks for learning object-centric representations. The idea is to explicitly model part-whole hierarchies by using groups of neurons called capsules to encode visual entities, then learn the relationships between these entities dynamically from data. However, a major hurdle for capsule network research has been the lack of a reliable point of reference for understanding their foundational ideas and motivations. This survey provides a comprehensive and critical overview of capsule networks, which aims to serve as a main point of reference going forward. To that end, we introduce the fundamental concepts and motivations behind capsule networks, such as equivariant inference . We then cover various technical advances in capsule routing algorithms as well as alternative geometric and generative formulations. We provide a detailed explanation of how capsule networks relate to the attention mechanism in Transformers and uncover non-trivial conceptual similarities between them in the context of object-centric representation learning. We also review the extensive applications of capsule networks in computer vision, video and motion, graph representation learning, natural language processing, medical imaging, and many others. To conclude, we provide an in-depth discussion highlighting promising directions for future work.

Dampak Ganda Persepsi Karyawan dan Kemandirian terhadap Hasil Kinerja

Quality feedback is essential for performance reviews to positively influence employees' behavior. This study explores two novel relationships between staff members' perceptions and employee performance. An analysis of personnel indicators suggests that the connections between performance evaluations of various forms of self-employment and personal development are mediated by employees' fundamental motivations and significantly influenced by their independence. This finding underscores the critical role of self-reliance in the relationship between overall performance and perceived performance improvements. It is crucial to highlight the implications of employee engagement in conjunction with independence and freedom. Incorporating employees with a high degree of independence into comprehensive performance reviews may enhance their confidence. The study concludes that while communication improves for employees whose independence is at risk, it deteriorates for those who are committed to maintaining their independence. The primary goal of this research is to compare two different models that link employee perceptions to performance outcomes. The relationship between perceived performance evaluations and actual performance is determined by employees' fundamental motives and is strongly supported by their independence. The most significant finding is how self-regulation measures the association between perceived enhanced performance ratings and actual performance. Consequently, the implications for fostering employee participation, independence, and freedom should be emphasized. This may encourage the use of performance appraisals that involve employees with high levels of independence. The study also summarizes that while relationships are positive for employees with lower independence, they are negative for those with strong autonomy.

The Tracing Investigation on Training Quality of Government-sponsored Primary English Education Graduates under the Perspective of Outcome-Based Education (OBE) ——Taking the Graduates of 2011 of Heyuan Polytechnic as an Example

In order to gain a deeper understanding of their career development since graduation, this study conducted interviews with the government-sponsored graduates of 2011,which mainly centred around their fundamental motivations for teaching in rural areas, their self-growth and professional development trajectories, future career development directions and planning, teaching effect and influential social contributions, etc. The results show that talents training objectives for primary English education major is highly achieved ;government-sponsored graduates are firmly dedicated to teaching in rural areas;they have a strong drive for professional development, and the talents training mode of government-sponsored graduates has obtained good results; Accordingly, suggestions were proposed to optimize the talents training of primary English education based on outcome-based education.

Generative deep learning for data generation in natural hazard analysis: motivations, advances, challenges, and opportunities

Data mining and analysis are critical for preventing or mitigating natural hazards. However, data availability in natural hazard analysis is experiencing unprecedented challenges due to economic, technical, and environmental constraints. Recently, generative deep learning has become an increasingly attractive solution to these challenges, which can augment, impute, or synthesize data based on these learned complex, high-dimensional probability distributions of data. Over the last several years, much research has demonstrated the remarkable capabilities of generative deep learning for addressing data-related problems in natural hazards analysis. Data processed by deep generative models can be utilized to describe the evolution or occurrence of natural hazards and contribute to subsequent natural hazard modeling. Here we present a comprehensive review concerning generative deep learning for data generation in natural hazard analysis. (1) We summarized the limitations associated with data availability in natural hazards analysis and identified the fundamental motivations for employing generative deep learning as a critical response to these challenges. (2) We discuss several deep generative models that have been applied to overcome the problems caused by limited data availability in natural hazards analysis. (3) We analyze advances in utilizing generative deep learning for data generation in natural hazard analysis. (4) We discuss challenges associated with leveraging generative deep learning in natural hazard analysis. (5) We explore further opportunities for leveraging generative deep learning in natural hazard analysis. This comprehensive review provides a detailed roadmap for scholars interested in applying generative models for data generation in natural hazard analysis.

A Research on Alexander of Macedonia, One of the Greatest Conquerors Ever

The motivations for Alexander the Greats military expedition are significant due to the extent of his military conquests. This essay analyses a combination of fundamental motivations for Alexanders conquests, his behavioural patterns, and development during Alexanders youth that might contribute to his motivation. How he was raised and unique events in his life was also considered in an attempt to reach a more reasonable conclusion. A comparison of all these influencing factors is still unable to provide a definite conclusion. However, it has resulted in a speculation that fame was a major influencing factor, in addition to social norms not holding significant impact of Alexander. There is a certain amount of historical evidence that supports his tendency to want more fame. This essay combines the ancient study of history and the relatively modern study of psychology to try and gain a more well rounded understanding of Alexander the Great of Macedonia.

Factor Model of Life-Planning Competence in High School Students

Life-planning competence is an integral personality trait that characterizes one’s desire and ability to implement one’s potential, i.e., knowledge, skills, experience, character traits, etc., in order to achieve one’s life objectives. It consists of motivational, cognitive, emotional, volitional, axiological, semantic, operational, reflective, and proactive components. The present research featured the life-planning competence in high school students (n = 200; 2019–2022) of the city of Krasnoyarsk, Russia. The resulting strategies demonstrated a connection with the concept of being-inthe-world by M. Heidegger and L. Binswanger, as well as A. Längle’s concept of fundamental existential motivations. The statistical analysis involved the principal component method with Varimax rotation and Kaiser sampling. The factor analysis revealed eight factors: 1) purposefulness, meaningfulness, and readiness for life planning; 2) cooperation; 3) reflexive activity control; 4) correlation with the world; 5) control of oneself and the situation; 6) self-awareness; 7) dynamic balance; 8) self-development. These factors connected the process of life-planning with the four existential fundamental motivations identified by A. Längle and the forms of being-in-the-world described by M. Heidegger and L. Binswanger. The high school students demonstrated a motivation for physical survival and spiritual overcoming of existence, as well as a desire to enjoy life, experience values, find self-identity, and seek justice. As teenagers, they lacked the fourth existential motivation, i.e., motivation to obtain existential meaning.

Ethics in the Governance of Data and Digital Technology: An Analysis of European Data Regulations and Policies

Addressing ethical concerns is among the fundamental motivations for the development of policies and regulations for data and digital technologies. In the last few years, the European Commission has issued a number of policies, regulations and legislative proposals for socially desirable and legally compliant data governance for technologies which have ethical implications. What is not obvious, however, is whether and in what way ethics are included explicitly in the way these policies and regulations are created and implemented to address data governance challenges. Given the increasing amount of available digital data, its use for AI and other purposes and the growing amount of regulatory activity around data, this paper explores the role ethics plays in these documents. We examined eight of these documents to map the ethical concerns and justifications underlining their provisions, the ethical principles they promote and the implementation approaches recommended. Our analysis shows that the current EU data governance policy landscape can be read from an ethical perspective as being grounded in ethical thinking, typically expressed in terms of human rights, aware of likely concerns, based on well-established principles and in the process of being codified in regulation, legislation and institutions. However, the practical implementation of these principles, for instance how conflicts among these principles can be resolved, remain unclear.

Behind my pet's shadow: exploring the motives underlying the tendency of socially excluded consumers to anthropomorphize their pets

PurposeSocial exclusion is a complicated psychological phenomenon with behavioral ramifications that influences consumers' lifestyles and behaviors. In contrast, anthropomorphism is a phenomenon that marketing strategists employ and that occurs in customers' lives as a result of social isolation. The literature discusses these two complicated structures as ones that require investigation based on consumer judgments. The purpose of the current study is to understand the fundamental motivations that underlie the propensity for anthropomorphizing in people who suffer social isolation through their pets.Design/methodology/approachTo look into the motivations driving these themes, a study technique with three distinct components was created. Cyberball was employed as a technique to manipulate social exclusion in the initial stage of this research methodology. Two scenarios, one of which had an anthropomorphizing tendency and the other of which did not, were presented to participants who had suffered social exclusion and advanced to the second phase in order to determine the anthropomorphizing tendency. The Attachment to Pets Scale (LAPS), which Johnson et al. (1992) created based on the social support provided by pets, was utilized while creating the scenarios. The Zaltman method was applied as an interviewing technique in the third stage of the research design, with the interviewees being guided by visuals that reflected their emotions and thoughts.FindingsThe results of the data analysis were evaluated in light of social psychology. A more thorough expression of the complex relationship between anthropomorphism and those who experience social exclusion has been made. The findings showed that when people anthropomorphize their pets in response to feelings of social exclusion, the motivations that emerge include pure love, loyalty, animals' need for a human, living creature and embracing. The study emphasizes that these ideas will be helpful in customers' interactions with anthropomorphic objects.Practical implicationsAs a contribution to the literature, the study findings offer the five major motivations underpinning these beliefs. These findings may help marketing scientists comprehend social exclusion and anthropomorphism, thereby benefiting the individual and society.Originality/valueThe majority of research in the literature (Chen et al., 2017; Epley et al., 2008; Eyssel and Reich, 2013; Waytz et al., 2019) verified that people who were socially excluded would use anthropomorphism, but no studies were discovered about the motivations outlined in the current study. The results of this investigation should add to the body of knowledge in this area. The pet was employed as an anthropomorphism tool in the current study because it is the object that a person chooses to anthropomorphize deliberately and independently. It adds to the study's originality by explaining in the individual's own terminology how he will feel as a result of his social isolation, how he will make up for it and potential responses he may have. In addition to all of these contributions, the study's primary goal of analyzing the motivations behind anthropomorphism yields significant findings that are relevant to both industry and academic research.

Newborns' perception of approach and withdrawal from biological movement: A closeness story.

Since birth, infants discriminate the biological motion (BM) revealed by point-light displays (PLDs). To date, no studies have explored whether newborns differentiate BM that approaches rather than withdraws from them. Yet, approach and withdrawal are two fundamental motivations in the socio-emotional world, key to developing empathy and prosocial behavior. Through a looking-behavior paradigm, we demonstrated that a few hours after birth, a human figure approaching attracted more visual attention than a human figure receding, showing that newborns are attuned to PLDs of others moving toward rather than walking away from them. Further, a withdrawing body appears to be less attractive than withdrawing scrambled points. Altogether, these observations support the existence of an early predisposition toward social closeness that might have its roots in an evolutionary perspective.

Diasporic Cinema: The Representation of Immigrants in Post-2000 German Films

Migrant laborers began coming to Germany in the 1960’s and caused various transformations in Germany’s demographic and cultural structure. This migration movement has been addressed and represented on the silver screen multiple times, making cinema one of the most important mass communication devices of the 21st century. This study examines how diaspora directors have approached migration in cinema after 2000 and analyzes the diasporic elements in Turkish-German cinema along with fundamental motivations and dynamics. To examine labor migration in cinema from a historical perspective, changes in migrant representations in German cinema until the 2000s are also discussed. Yasemin Şamdereli‘s 2011 film „Wilkommen in Deutschland“ (Welcome to Germany), Feo Aladağ‘s 2010 film „Die Fremde“ (When We Leave), and Fatih Akın‘s 2017 film „Aus dem Nichts“ (In the Fade) are analyzed using Hofstede’s “Cultural Onion” method and the sociological film analysis method.

(Physical and Analytical Electrochemistry Division David C. Grahame Award) Vignettes of Charge Transfer Processes at Interfaces Inspired By D.C. Grahame and Previous ECS Grahame Awardees

I am very humbled to be recognized with the 2023 ECS David C. Grahame Award. My presentation will start with the acknowledgment that this award does not happen without all the efforts of students, post-doctoral fellows and colleagues over the past 30 years. Notably, the basis of all my graduate work was inspired by Grahame’s 1947 seminal work [1] on electric double layers at metal-solution interfaces. The study of “clean” pseudo-single crystalline silver electrodes enabled us to quantify and understand the electrochemical formation of stable monolayers of various anions and cations, e.g. [2,3]. In hindsight, also I recognize that these studies provided me with the fundamental underpinnings and motivations to study charge transfer processes in much more complicated semi-metal- and semiconductor-solution systems using a plethora of experimental methods during my academic career. As discussed long ago by Gerischer [4], the key distinction between metal-solution and semiconductor-solution interfaces is that the mechanisms of charge transfer processes can be divided into many groups, mainly with those with weak interactions and the reactants in the electrolyte and those with strong interactions. A more complicating factor with semiconductor-solution interfaces is that the charge-transfer process typically involves both reaction with the electrolyte and a change in the conductivity of the electrode, e.g. [5]. I will provide a series of vignettes (case studies) inspired by several previous ECS Grahame awardees of the distinctive features of different charge transfer processes and their relation to energy conversion, energy storage and chemical sensing applications.[1] Grahame, D. C. Chem. Rev. 1947, 41, 441.[2] Stevenson, K. J.; Gao, X.; Hatchett, D. W.; White, H. S. J. Electroanal. Chem. 1998, 447, 43.[3] White, H. S.; Peterson, J.; Cui, Q; Stevenson, K. J. J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 2930.[4] Gerischer, H. 1969, 18, 97.[5] Nikitina, V. A.; Vassiliev, S. Yu; Stevenson, K. J. Adv. Ener. Mater. 2020, 1903933.

The Fundamental Recruitment Error: Candidate-Recruiter Discrepancy in Their Relative Valuation of Innate Talent vs. Hard Work

Innate talent and orientation toward hard work are highly important personal attributes with respect to workers’ productive capabilities. In this research, we identify a discrepancy between job candidates and recruiters in their relative valuation of these two attributes. Although innate talent is valued relatively more by job candidates than recruiters, the opposite is true for orientation toward hard work. We propose that the discrepancy is rooted in a misalignment of the fundamental motivations of the two parties in the job market. In seven studies (four preregistered), which include randomized trial experiments and quasi-experiments and use real life recruiters and job seekers (across a total of 112 industries) as participants, we provide evidence of the current effect and its underlying mechanism. Studies 1A–1C demonstrate the negative consequence of the discrepancy on job market efficiency, showing that it can lead candidates to adopt impression management strategies that lower their chance of getting the job. Studies 2A and 2B show that full-time workers consider career potential to be associated with both innate talent and hard work but position performance to be more strongly associated with hard work than innate talent. Finally, Studies 3A and 3B indicate that candidates are relatively more career-focused, whereas recruiters are relatively more position focused and that this difference in their relative focus mediates the current discrepancy. Implications of the present research for both job candidates and recruiters are discussed. Funding: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China General Program [Grant 72172136] awarded to X. Dai and University of Macau Multi-Year Research Grants [MYRG2020-00030-FBA and MYRG2022-00126-FBA] awarded to K. Si. Supplemental Material: The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2023.1667 .

Life choice: Opportunity or necessity

The article deals with the psychological peculiarities of life choices as an integral part of modern man’s life. Questions of existential choice and their influence on the attitude to the future are touched upon. The theme of considering the main characteristics of life choices as necessity and possibility is raised. The essence of life choices from the point of view of fundamental motivations is revealed

Brain Systems Underlying Fundamental Motivations of Human Social Conformity.

From birth to adulthood, we often align our behaviors, attitudes, and opinions with a majority, a phenomenon known as social conformity. A seminal framework has proposed that conformity behaviors are mainly driven by three fundamental motives: a desire to gain more information to be accurate, to obtain social approval from others, and to maintain a favorable self-concept. Despite extensive interest in neuroimaging investigation of social conformity, the relationship between brain systems and these fundamental motivations has yet to be established. Here, we reviewed brain imaging findings of social conformity with a componential framework, aiming to reveal the neuropsychological substrates underlying different conformity motivations. First, information-seeking engages the evaluation of social information, information integration, and modification of task-related activity, corresponding to brain networks implicated in reward, cognitive control, and tasks at hand. Second, social acceptance involves the anticipation of social acceptance or rejection and mental state attribution, mediated by networks of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Third, self-enhancement entails the excessive representation of positive self-related information and suppression of negative self-related information, ingroup favoritism and/or outgroup derogation, and elaborated mentalizing processes to the ingroup, supported by brain systems of reward, punishment, and mentalizing. Therefore, recent brain imaging studies have provided important insights into the fundamental motivations of social conformity in terms of component processes and brain mechanisms.

Understanding Users’ Urge to Post Online Reviews: A Study Based on Existence, Relatedness, and Growth Theory

Online user-generated content continues to attract the attention of practitioners and academics. However, there is limited research on the fundamental motivations and psychological factors underpinning users’ urge to post online. Thus, the objective of this study is to investigate the impact of users’ existence, relatedness, and growth needs on intrinsic and extrinsic motivations and their urge to post online reviews. In addition, it examines the moderating effect of website features (i.e., perceived critical mass, brand awareness, and information quality) on such an impact. A regression analysis reveals that existence and growth needs have a significantly higher and more positive impact on intrinsic motivations than on extrinsic motivations. Relatedness needs, on the other hand, has a significantly higher and more positive influence on extrinsic motivations. Further, this study shows that existence, relatedness, and growth needs have a significant direct effect on the urge to post online reviews. It also confirms that website features significantly moderate the relationship between intrinsic motivations and the urge to post online reviews. In particular, perceived critical mass has a significantly moderating effect on the relationship between extrinsic motivations and the urge to post online reviews. The study concludes with the academic and managerial implications of its findings, its research limitations, and directions for future research.

Personal Well-being and Existential Fulfillment: Theoretical and Philosophical Aspect.

The relevance of the work is due to the fact that the analysis of indicators of mental and physical health of a person and their mutual influence is little disclosed in the philosophical literature. There is a problem of studying the achievement of well-being in philosophical terms and the factors influencing it, including the connection of existential fullness (fundamental existential motivations) with various positive aspects of the functioning of the individual that make up well-being: autonomy, competence, personal growth, positive relationships, self-acceptance, life goals. In this regard, we have undertaken a study related to the study at the theoretical level of the relationship between existential fulfillment and well-being. The purpose of the study: to identify the relationship between the components of life well-being and existential fulfillment. The degree of existential fullness shows whether there is a lot of meaning in life, whether a person lives in inner harmony, whether his decisions and actions correspond to his essence. Life well-being is a subjective feeling of wholeness of satisfaction with one's being. The study revealed significant connections between the components of such personal constructs as life well-being and existential fulfillment. As a result of the theoretical study , the following conclusions were made: The first fundamental existential motivation concerning the possibility of existence in the world is largely related to self-acceptance and competence. The second fundamental existential motivation concerning the value of life is largely related to self-acceptance and positive relationships. The third fundamental existential motivation concerning self-esteem is largely related to personal growth. The fourth fundamental existential motivation, crowning all the previous ones and concerning meaning, is essentially related to life goals and autonomy.

Half a Dozen Real-World Applications of Evolutionary Multitasking, and More

Until recently, the potential to transfer evolved skills across distinct optimization problem instances (or tasks) was seldom explored in evolutionary computation. The concept of <i>evolutionary multitasking</i> (EMT) fills this gap. It unlocks a population&#x2019;s implicit parallelism to jointly solve a set of tasks, hence creating avenues for skills transfer between them. Despite it being early days, the idea of EMT has begun to show promise in a range of real-world applications. In the backdrop of recent advances, the contribution of this paper is twofold. First, a review of several application-oriented explorations of EMT in the literature is presented; the works are assimilated into half a dozen broad categories according to their respective application domains. Each of these six categories elaborates fundamental motivations to multitask, and contains a representative experimental study (referred from the literature). Second, a set of recipes is provided showing how problem formulations of general interest, those that cut across different disciplines, could be transformed in the new light of EMT. Our discussions emphasize the many practical use-cases of EMT, and are intended to spark future research towards crafting novel algorithms for real-world deployment.

Psychological well-being and existential fulfillment in late adolescence

The data of the study of the relationship between the components of psychological well-being and existential fulfillment in late adolescence are presented. It was suggested and proved that the first fundamental existential motivation (according to the methodology of V.B. Shumsky, E.M. Ukolova, E.N. Osin, Ya.D. Lupandina "Diagnostics of existential fulfillment") concerning the possibility of being in the world is significantly related to self-acceptance and competence. The second fundamental existential motivation concerning the value of life is significantly related to self-acceptance and positive relationships. The third fundamental existential motivation concerning self-worth is significantly related to self-acceptance and personal growth. The fourth fundamental existential motivation concerning meaning is significantly related to life goals and autonomy. The study sample consisted of boys and girls aged 17 to 25 years in the number of 82 people, 41 of them boys and 41 girls. In the course of the study, the goal was achieved, namely, significant connections were revealed between the components of such constructs as psychological well-being and existential fulfillment. We have made the following conclusions: 1) Respondents with a high level of psychological well-being were guaranteed to have a high level of existential fulfillment. However, respondents with a high level of psychological well-being did not always have a high level of existential fulfillment. 2) The component of psychological well-being "self-acceptance" demonstrated the most significant relationship with the components of existential fulfillment (fundamental existential motivations) at the significance level of p&amp;#8804;0.01. The practical significance of the work lies in the fact that the results of the study can be applied in the framework of existential psychotherapy, as well as in the analysis of factors that affect the psychological well-being of a person.