Fundamental Axis Research Articles

Differential Regulation of L-Arginine Metabolism through NOS2 and Arginases during Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi.

L-arginine metabolism through arginases and inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) constitutes a fundamental axis for the resolution or progression of Chagas disease. Infection with Trypanosoma cruzi can cause a wide spectrum of disease, ranging from acute forms contained by the host immune response to chronic ones, such as the chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy. Here, we analyzed, in an in vitro model, the ability of two T. cruzi isolates, with different degrees of virulence, to regulate the metabolism of L-arginine through arginase 1 (Arg-1) and NOS2 in macrophages and through arginase 2 (Arg-2) and NOS2 in cardiomyocytes. Stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMΦ), obtained from CD1 mice, with TNF-α + IFN-γ induced their polarization into classically activated macrophages (CAMΦ), which expressed functional NOS2, while stimulation with IL-4 induced their polarization into alternatively activated macrophages (AAMΦ), which expressed functional Arg-1. Interestingly, stimulation of cardiomyocytes, obtained from hearts of CD1 neonatal mice, with TNF-α + IFN-γ or IL-4 also resulted in functional NOS2 and arginase expression, as observed in CAMΦ and AAMΦ, but Arg-2 was the arginase isoform expressed instead of Arg-1. We observed that infection of BMMΦ with the more virulent T. cruzi isolate (QRO) importantly diminished NOS2 expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in CAMΦ, allowing parasite survival, while infection with the less virulent isolate (CI2) did not diminish NOS2 activity and NO production in CAMΦ to a great extent, which resulted in parasite killing. Regarding Arg-1, infection of BMMΦ with the QRO isolate significantly induced Arg-1 expression and activity in AAMΦ, which resulted in a higher parasite load than the one in the unstimulated BMMΦ. Even though infection with CI2 isolate did not increase Arg-1 expression and activity in AAMΦ, the parasite load was higher than the one in the unstimulated BMMΦ but at a lesser magnitude than that observed during infection with the QRO isolate. On the other hand, infection of cardiomyocytes with either QRO or CI2 isolates and further stimulation with TNF-α + IFN-γ inhibited NOS2 expression and NO production, leading to amelioration of infection. Surprisingly, infection of cardiomyocytes with either QRO or CI2 isolates and further stimulation with IL-4 strongly inhibited Arg-2 expression and function, which resulted in parasite loads similar to those observed in unstimulated cardiomyocytes. Our results suggest that T. cruzi isolates that exhibit variable virulence or pathogenicity degrees differentially regulate L-arginine metabolism through Arg-1/2 and NOS2 in macrophages and cardiomyocytes.

Factors associated with the perception of university social responsibility among dental students from two universities in the Peruvian capital: a multivariable regression analysis

Students play a key role in university social responsibility (USR), as they are the protagonists of change and the fundamental axis in the teaching-learning process. This study aims to assess the factors associated with the perception of university social responsibility among dental students from two universities in the Peruvian capital. This analytical cross-sectional study assessed 754 students from two Peruvian universities between May and July 2023. The study utilized a validated 51-item questionnaire to assess sociodemographic factors and dental students’ perception of USR. A Poisson regression model with robust variance and prevalence ratio (PR) was used to assess the influence of variables such as age, sex, marital status, type of university, academic year, and awareness of taking subjects related to USR. The significance was set at p < 0.05. The perception of USR was rated as poor, fair, and good by 16%, 67%, and 17% of the participants, respectively. According to the study, dental students from public universities were 68% more likely to perceive their USR education as poor than those from private universities (APR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.06–2.66), and those who were aware of taking MSR-related courses were 37% less likely to perceive their USR education as poor (APR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.40–0.98). Similarly, dental students attending public universities were 2.28 times more likely to perceive poor organizational management in USR compared to their counterparts at private universities (APR = 2.28, 95% CI: 1.51–3.44). Additionally, students in their first and second academic years were 62% and 57% less likely to perceive poor organizational management in USR compared to those in their sixth year (APR = 0.38, 95% CI: 0.19–0.79 and APR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.20–0.95; respectively). Furthermore, students from public universities were 2.31 times more likely to perceive social participation in USR poorly compared to their counterparts from private universities (APR = 2.31, 95% CI: 1.63–3.26). Lastly, it was observed that students from public universities were 2.51 times more likely to have a poor overall perception of USR compared to students from private universities (APR = 2.51, 95% CI: 1.67–3.78). Acknowledging the diverse contexts and challenges inherent in public and private institutions, it can be concluded that more than half of the dental students had a fair perception of USR. Additionally, attending a public university was found to be a risk factor for having a poor perception of USR. However, taking a course related to USR and being in the early years of the program were identified as protective factors against a poor perception of organizational training and management in USR. It is recommended that students be involved in USR activities, including the Sustainable Development Goals, from the first years of their university education, especially in public universities.

Poland’s External Security in the Political Thought of Selected Extra-parliamentary National Circles: The Period of Full-scale Ukrainian-Russian Conflict

The author of the article presents his definition of the external threat, then he analyses the political thought of two nationalist political circles (the circles of the “Myśl Polska” weekly magazine and the periodical “Polityka Narodowa”) during the full-scale Ukrainian-Russian conflict and in the years immediately preceding it. It should be emphasised that both circles consider themselves to be continuators of the same nationalist movement, namely, the National Democracy and its leader Roman Dmowski. The main objective of the article is to identify the most important external threats to the Polish state. Threats in the form of other state actors are taken into account. The author concludes that the attitude towards Russia, and by extension the conflict in Ukraine, has become a fundamental axis of contention between the two communities. This affects the perception of Poland’s external security arrangements.

Intents-Based (Maqasidi) Interpretation of the Gracious Qur’an: The early history and the terms that it went through

This study aims to uncover the history of Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation, its initial beginnings as a new form of interpretation, and to outline its stages, touching upon the milestones and turns that contributed to its formation, development, and advancement. Each stage represented a fundamental axis and a distinct direction within a knowledge system that reflects the realism of the text in accordance with the realism of time and place. The researchers followed the inductive method to achieve this by tracking and organizing the sayings of early and later interpreters. They also used the analytical method, which involves studying and analyzing the components of the scientific material and collecting similar phenomena to clarify the features of the history of Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation and its organizational evolution. The study, based on evidence and proofs, reached numerous conclusions, including: the structure and development of the history of Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation were not homogeneous in method, content, and perspectives; the history of Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation, throughout its stages, lacked foundational construction, with exegetes' efforts in all eras and stages being directed towards the practical level; and the influence of schools, ideas, and notable figures in nourishing Intents-Based (Maqasidi) interpretation, such as the Meccan school and its figures, as well as other schools and their figures.

Quantum Software Engineering: Practical Challenges

Quantum computing is a young discipline that specializes in the construction of hardware and software using the quantum properties of nature, to solve problems of higher complexity that classical computing cannot address, in multiple business areas. The most important computing revolution of the last 60 years has begun because of the integration of classical computing, quantum computing and artificial intelligence. In this paper, we present a pragmatic survey of the main quantum computing areas, focusing in particular on software and the need for real Quantum Software Engineering (QSE) to produce quantum software with sufficient quality and productivity, which is the fundamental axis for the diffusion of quantum computing.

The problematic of feminist criticism: between the diversity of terms and the complexity of concepts

The term “feminist criticism” refers to an analytical approach that examines literary, artistic and cultural works from a gender studies perspective. Therefore, feminist criticism is linked to two fundamental axes. The first involves the study of the image of women in literature produced by men, while the second concerns the study of texts produced by creative women. Feminist criticism aims to re-establish women's value as full participants in all aspects of life, rejecting the appropriation of women and male domination. It addresses the representation of women as writers and subjects, focusing on the appropriation of female personalities within male creative frameworks and the liberation of women from male domination in feminist discourse. The present article attempts to explores the term "feminist criticism," its origins, initiators, fields, and main critics. It also addresses the diversity of terms used and the complexity of concepts associated with feminist criticism. It has been concluded that feminist criticism is primarily an ideological liberation movement rather than a purely aesthetic interrogation process. The term "feminist criticism" has sparked much debate in the literary criticism arena, between proponents and opponents. Moreover, this critical arena has witnessed terminological chaos in unifying the term and defining it precisely.

Relationships between boldness and fecal steroid hormone levels in captive alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) in China

Animals adapt to environmental changes through behavioral and physiological regulation, and there are individual differences in their ability to adapt to the environment, which are associated with individual personality. Boldness is a fundamental axis of animal personality, characterizing an animal's response to unfamiliar environments and threats. From June 1 to July 28, 2023, a personality assessment experiment utilizing a novel stimulus test with an unfamiliar human was conducted on 39 captive alpine musk deer (Moschus chrysogaster) at the Zhuanglang Musk Farm in Gansu Province, China. We recorded avoidance reaction indicators of musk deer in the presence of an unfamiliar human, and measured the level of the musk deer's boldness, influencing factors, and the relationships with fecal steroid hormone levels. Based on cluster analysis, 39 captive musk deer could be divided into bold (boldness score, BSS = 0.994 ± 0.008, n = 3) and shy groups (BSS = 0.327 ± 0.145, n = 36) and the average BSS in 39 musk deer was 0.378 ± 0.228. Factors such as age, sex, and density of enclosures did not have a significant effect on the boldness of musk deer. There was a significant negative correlation between the musk deer's boldness and the level of fecal cortisol metabolites. However, the correlations between boldness and testosterone levels in males and estradiol levels in females were not significant. Based on the results of our study, in the practice of musk deer farming, the measurement of the boldness can help predict the individual's adaptation to environmental stress, and it can also provide a new research perspective for the study of the boldness of solitary animals that are forced to live in groups.

Efficient analysis of deep neural networks for vision via biologically-inspired receptive field angles: An in-depth survey

Efficient feature extraction is a pivotal requirement for Deep Neural Network (DNN) models, particularly in the realm of visual tasks where effective feature extraction relies on well-designed receptive fields. Nevertheless, the evaluation and fulfillment of the criteria for “effective receptive fields”, along with their essential conditions, continue to pose numerous unresolved mysteries. In this Analysis we amalgamated principles from the field of biologically inspired vision to reevaluate the role of receptive fields within neural networks, and have proposed a comprehensive design theory aimed at characterizing and guiding the research of efficient DNNs. Our design theory draws from both the principles of biological vision and the latest advances in DNN design theory. It encompasses five fundamental axes of receptive field design research: the Global Artificial Neuron Workspace (GANW), Layered Processing Theory (LPT), Multi-Receptive Field Integration Design (M-RFID), Heterogeneous Receptive Field (HRF), and Receptive Field Plasticity Theory (RFPT). We have applied these design theories to validate traditional and cutting-edge neural networks, conducting in-depth analyses of the outcomes to provide a summary of the current landscape of research on visual receptive fields. Furthermore, we have classified current visual receptive fields into three categories: sample-specific local receptive fields, global spatial receptive fields, and adaptive dynamic receptive fields. From the perspective of perceptual fields and network lightweight design, we have introduced some classic and state-of-the-art DNN models, with a particular emphasis on those employing innovative algorithms that have yielded the most recent achievements. We have concluded by highlighting the key areas of interest in the field of visual receptive fields for future research endeavors.

Life experience of a nursing student with cancer

(1) Background: Cancer is a pathology that can originate in almost any organ or tissue of the body, all cancers, has the same underlying basis: cells out of control which accumulate forming tumors, but there is another variant of the disease in which tumors are not necessarily formed despite the uncontrolled multiplication of cells in the blood, as in the case of leukemia. Objective: To relate the life experience of a nursing student with cancer (2) Methods: This study has a qualitative approach, case study design and descriptive scope, through the narration of experiences and perceptions of a nursing student with cancer during her educational process. The technique used is a semi-structured interview, prior to the application of an informed consent, once the information was collected it was recorded and transcribed in order not to lose any important information; (3) Results: This inspiring story highlights the importance of mutual support and empathy in times of adversity; (4) Conclusions: it was possible to demonstrate that, through unwavering determination, courage and perseverance, the power of caring and compassion are fundamental axes in the recovery of health, which affects not only patients but also those who care for them.

PENTA as a model for advanced integrated cancer management in low-resource settings.

e13783 Background: Cancer models are reactive, fragmented, and volume-based care, in which the lack of coordination between different layers of care, along with clinical and quality variability, technological pressure, and dominant positions, result in high levels of inefficiency and waste, affecting economic sustainability and hence effective access. This is prohibitive for low-resource settings. Modern healthcare system models in this scenarios should focus on solve this problems. Comprehensive cancer management needs a reorientation towards value- and efficiency-generating architectures.Usual redesigns have focused on direct cost containment through intensified audits or new contracting and payment modalities between stakeholders. However, the real impact of these strategies is marginal, increasing sectoral mistrust and failing to meet the quintuple aim. PENTA is a comprehensive cancer management framework to optimize cancer patient care, with emphasis on clinical governance, data guidance, and clinical-administrative alignment. This is an operational model for stakeholders in low-resource settings. PENTA model has been successfully implemented in health insurance companies in Colombia and in private insurance branch in Peru. Methods: PENTA has been applied since 2020. We employed a work methodology based on the Agile-2 matrix, which allows for fluidity and lower resource consumption. This methodology is hybrid and its execution begins with an initial diagnosis of the process within the partner company. This diagnosis includes prioritizing interventions from each of the axes, but understanding that this is a systemic project that includes 5 fundamental axes. This axes must be worked on simultaneously and interdependently to achieve the greatest value. Axes are: 1. Smart Risk Management, 2. Advanced Clinical Gobernance, 3. Value Audit, 4. Technology Management and 5. Value-based Contracting Focus on managing inefficiencies and waste (optimization model), PENTA can generate early results across various dimensions such as clinical variability and technology costs. Structuring and using a cross-cutting data architecture is fundamental to the model's development into a data control tower. Results: Implementation of a data control tower for cancer cohorts , development of joint clinical pathways (insurer-payer) for prioritized diseases, clinical practice agreements with hierarchical positions on high-cost medications, implementation of mini health technology assessments (HTAs), and generation of new prospective payment modalities based on performance adjustment. The estimated savings generated are $1.5 million for the phase 2 in Colombia and $800,000 for the phase 1 in Peru. Conclusions: PENTA is an agile framework for cancer management that can be sucessfully adapted to low-resource settings.

Reliability of a Scale for Improving Attitudes towards Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in Physi-cal Education

The right to inclusive education is one that has drawn the attention of public organizations, scholars, and academics worldwide. Students' beliefs and perceptions are a fundamental axis to know the state of the classrooms based on this ethical principle, allowing teaching professionals to promote improvement strategies and programs. This study aims to explore the reliability and factorial structure of the questionnaire "The Attitudes towards Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in Physical Education" (AISDPE) in students belonging to the secondary and baccalaureate educational stages. The sample consisted in 889 students who participated 2 times a week in physical education classes. Reliability tests, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis were done. Then, a factor structure with two dimension (cognitive perception and predisposition to action) and 15 items was extracted, showing excellent values for the various selected goodness-of-fit indices. Additionally, a good reliability (Cronbach's Alpha = 0.77–0.79) was attained. The AISDPE might therefore be regarded as a credible and trustworthy measure to examine physical education pupils’ assessments of their attitudes towards inclusive instruction in order to improve social well-being and school health in the classroom. Keywords: inclusion; physical education; attitudes; validation; scale

Cărtărescu vs. Cărtărescu: el imaginario literario de Melancolia, cambio y pervivencia

The aim of this paper is to analyze the differences and similarities between the latest volume of stories published by the Romanian writer Mircea Cărtărescu (Melancolia, 2019, Bucharest, Humanitas) and his previous literary production. Although Melancolia has been associated with Nostalgia and indeed exhibits many parallels with the first volume of short novels published by Cartarescu, the truth is that the 2019 volume refers to the literary universe created from other texts as well. By comparing and contrasting Melancolia with some of his main works, from novels such as the three volumes of the Orbitor trilogy (Aripa stângă, Corpul, Aripa dreaptă), Travesti or Solenoid to his poetry, through the stories of Nostalgia, the essay aims to demonstrate how this volume dialogues, more or less explicitly, with all the previous ones while distancing itself from them in some narrative and stylistic aspects. After examining elements such as characters, motifs, symbols, metaphors, subjects, intertextuality, and metafiction, the work focuses on space and time as the two main categories in which the most significant changes take place as they move away from their usual context, communist Bucharest (more precisely, from the late 1950s to the end of Nicolae Ceaușescu’s regime in the late 1980s). This temporal and spatial framework is one of the fundamental axes of all Cărtărescu’s literary texts, which gives them unity, stability, and continuity. However, as the article tries to demonstrate, the change is not total, but Mircea Cărtărescu, through his usual intertextual play, refers indirectly to this space well known by his readers and, consequently, perhaps also to that historical period. To argue this issue, this article outlines the direct allusion to a specific space mentioned in some of the author’s earlier texts. This is the factory where one of the most important episodes of the first story (Punțile) takes place. The spatial descriptions of the first and third stories are also analyzed to check the parallels between them and some settings of Nostalgia, Orbitor or Solenoid. The work also investigates the possible objectives of these changes and similarities. On the one hand, it is possible to identify some of Cărtărescu’s characteristic elements in Melancholy due to its thematic and stylistic permanence (child and adolescent characters, the games as creation and as a gateway to a magical universe, the mother, rites of passage, onirism, the use of polysemic symbols such as the butterfly, duality, symmetry and twins, fractal images, anti-mimetic references, etc.), as well as the allusions (explicit or implicit) to his previous works. On the other hand, by neglecting (at least unequivocally) the preferred space-time frame of his previous works, Melancolia can be universalized, and the fictitious components can prevail over any possible reference to extra-literary reality. In this way, the Romanian writer achieves a work that is both very similar to and very different from his broader literary corpus, from everything he had written until the moment of the publication of Melancolia.

Performance And Evaluation of Diagnosis Training Need for Pharmacy Assistants

Training is undoubtedly one of the most important current issues when it comes to competitiveness, innovation, and continuous improvement of a company. This process involves the detection of needs, planning, implementation, evaluation, feedback, and monitoring of results. The fundamental axis of this process is the Diagnosis of Training Needs (DNC), since it indicates precisely the aspects on which the trainer must work. After a national and international review and the results obtained in the supervision carried out in the municipality, it was possible to detect the existence of training needs for pharmacy assistants. To realize a diagnosis of the training needs of the pharmacy assistants of the Santa Clara Municipality. To prepare the Diagnosis of Training Needs, the Comparative Method was used. This method is based on the differences between what is and what should be, by comparison, makes it possible to verify the requirements that need to be covered. The interview and the survey were used as techniques. Finally, after analyzing all the data obtained from the matrices and open questions, the final diagnosis of training needs was prepared and delivered to the Pharmacy and Optics Company. These results showed that this company needs to immediately implement training activities for its pharmacy assistants in terms of knowledge, skills, and attitudes.

A CHECKLIST DEFINITION FOR ASSESSING MECHANICAL RISKS USING NTP 330 IN A REPAVEMENT CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

In a construction project, such as a road repaving process, skilled and unskilled labor are the fundamental axis for the development of the project. Their intervention must be supervised by the probability of occurrence of occupational accidents due to the use of equipment, heavy machinery and tools required throughout the activities, which can have negative consequences on workers, manifested through temporary, permanent, and even fatal disabilities, and to contractors and employers, due to delays and economic losses in the project, in addition to possible sanctions by control agencies. Occupational hazards must be managed by a legal requirement in all countries. Hence, the need to identify, evaluate and propose risk control measures in all types of constructions. In this case, the study focuses on generating checklists to measure deficiency levels of mechanical hazards in the construction process of replacing flexible pavement with rigid concrete, according to the NTP 330 methodology, which is based on the application of the NTP 324 methodology of the National Institute of Safety and Health at Work (INSST) in Spain. These checklists will be the input for the assessment of mechanical risks by verifying the safety actions and conditions adopted in the construction project. Likewise, compliance with the requirements of these checklists will determine the basic requirements of the mechanical risk control process, prioritizing urgent prevention activities. Keywords: accident rate, risk probability, hazard, hazard level

Science, Technology, and Innovation in Latin America and the Caribbean 2023

In this document we provide several indicators related to Science, Technology and Innovation and reflections on what we must do in Latin America, Ibero-America -Latin America including Brazil, Spain, and Portugal- and the Caribbean so that they become the fundamental axes for the society’s development.

Engagement of people diagnosed with schizophrenia in a five-month exercise program: CORTEX-SP study

Exercise programs represent useful non-pharmacological resources in preventing and treating mental disorders such as schizophrenia (SZ), but there are aforementioned reasons, (i.e., low rates of participation). The study aimed to explore the engagement of people diagnosed with SZ in a five-month exercise program. Therefore, purposive criterion sampling was utilized to recruit 35 participants who were diagnosed with SZ. Qualitative data was collected using semi-structured interviews; these were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The data was subsequently analyzed using thematic analysis. Three themes were identified from the analysis: intrapersonal factors (characteristics and clinical consequences of the SZ and pharmacotherapy), interpersonal factors (relationships with people that participate, health professionals, and family and friends), and environmental factors (exercise program organization and participants’ perception regarding the program). In conclusion, the symptoms and pharmacological treatments for the illness were perceived to be the primary barriers to engaging in exercise for the participants. Participants gave great importance to interpersonal factors, they perceived the group atmosphere and the program environment to be fundamental axes of the program. The presence of healthcare professionals, as well as the support, were also perceived to facilitate engagement in the exercise program. Keywords: schizophrenia, community exercise, qualitative methods, environmental health, mental health.

Factors associated with mental health and mental disorders in childhood: Ecosocial and ecological models for public health policies

Mental health is a fundamental axis for health, so it is considered a human right to be cared for and protected. Childhood mental disorders alter an individual's physical, psychological and social development, causing various individual and social problems. The Ecosocial and Ecological models allow the identification of the interactions of different protection and risk factors that influence the maintenance of mental health or the appearance of mental disorders. This work aimed to analyze the social determinants of mental health and mental disorders in childhood within the conceptual framework of the Ecosocial and Ecological models, as an initial strategy for developing public policies aimed at the protection of mental health. in the childhood.

Онтологічні підґрунтя моральної культури. Частина II

Background. Forgetting the problems of being, erasing the idea of being from the worldview of contemporary humans, and focusing on individualistic and hedonistic practices lead to the narrowing of the personality's fullness, dehumanization of its moral and spiritual dimension, and alienation from one's own essence. The ontological turn of thinking, turn to its essential foundations, will allow finding a reliable foundation for a moral culture shaken by skepticism and nihilism, and making an existential turn in search of a person's lost essence. The article is aimed to study the ontological foundations of moral culture. The task of the article's first part is to investigate the ontological framework of moral culture – its fundamental axes; the task of the article's second part is to analyze the moral concepts of freedom, conscience, dignity, and equality through the prism of the ontological framework. Methods. The article uses a historical-philosophical and comparative method, as well as methods of genealogy and hermeneutic methods of interpretation. The general research paradigm is the transcendental anti-positivist tradition of philosophizing. Results. It is argued that the parameters of reality and its internal structure are determined by the ontological framework, namely the axes of sacred and profane, single and multiple, phenomenal and essential (proper). The fundamental connection between the ethical and the ontological, in which human existence is always a moral existence, is emphasized. Moral culture, our ideas about good and evil depend on our understanding of existence. Moral concepts are ontological – point to an objective valuable reality, "material a priori". It is noted that ontological dignity includes formal and material (content) aspects, assuming the existence of ontological equality of all people, ontological freedom and ontological conscience. Conclusions. The vision of existence as a sacred gift enables the ontological dignity of a person, that is, his non-alienated transcendental self-being. The vision of the sacred gift of being in the unity of diversity, in turn, implies the vision of the ontological equality of all people, who, being different, are simultaneously equal as they are all gifted with being. The ontological equality of people requires a certain "common denominator" of humanity, which may vary depending on the chosen paradigm. A meaningful expression of ontological dignity is ontological freedom, which consists of a person's ability to say a transcendental "yes" or "no" to the world, and to choose between being-centric and egocentric modes of existence. Awareness of the two poles of existence – the essential and the phenomenal – gives rise to an ontological conscience: an individual's anxiety about the authenticity of one's own existence and guilt for not being oneself.

Shyness in Female College Students And its relation to some Variables

The human being is a social being and human communication is a fundamental axis in the process of social interaction, and the characteristic of social shyness grows through the interaction of the individual with his environment. Identifying the level of shyness among university students, and identifying the differences in shyness among university students according to specialization (scientific, humanities). In order to achieve the objectives of the research, the researcher prepared a measure of shyness based on Zimbardo's theory, and the components that he identified are the (behavioral, cognitive, and emotional components). The validity and reliability were calculated using the Cronbach's alpha method, reaching (0.94), and the scale in its final form consisted of (38) items valid for measuring shyness. The researcher applied the scale to a research sample of (160) female students from two majors (scientific, humanities). The researcher reached some conclusions, the most important of which are: The individuals in the research sample do not have high shyness, and there is no statistically significant difference in shyness between female students in scientific and humanities colleges.

Social Participation in Urban Planning Instruments

People's participation is rooted in democracy; in Mexico it is a right that is circumscribed by the Constitution of the United Mexican States, and is established as the power that the social collective has to materialize equality, security and freedom, with its rulers; of such importance that it focuses on the validation of people's fundamental rights. Today, the participation of people has become an essential tool that is recognized worldwide as a fundamental axis of development for decision-making. Even the 17 SDGs (2030 Sustainable Development Goals) are based on the well-being of all people, regardless of their condition; that is, under the precept of social inclusion on a permanent basis. The method used was qualitative, the result of bibliographic research and the application of activities in the community to raise awareness about the importance of social participation for the rescue of public space.