The blistering growth of big data analytics in industries has transformed how decision-making is done and increased the risk to privacy of centralized machine learning, in which aggregation of sensitive raw data can put information at risk of breaches and inference attacks. The Federated Learning (FL) system provides a decentralized framework that allows performing collaborative model training, but retains data centred on the client devices or institutional servers, thus fulfilling the stringent regulatory standard of regulations like GDPR and HIPAA. The current review is a synthesis of 127 recent papers (20232025) that assess five main privacy-sensible FL methods, namely Standard Federated Averaging (FedAvg), Differential Privacy-enhanced FL (DP-FL, Secure Aggregation, Homomorphic Encryption-based FL (HE-FL) and Hybrid FL frameworks. One of them, DP-FL, is the most widely used method (about 40% of deployments) and it offers a good privacy-utility trade-off with common accuracy degradations of 1-5%. Hybrid designs, particularly those combining differential privacy and secure aggregation, provide defense-in-depth protection, little performance loss (1-4%), and most rapidly increasing deployment rates (34%/year), especially in regulated markets. FL has a high level of practical impact in fundamental areas: healthcare (35% of the applications, e.g., multi-institutional medical imaging and disease prediction), finance (28%, e.g., fraud detection and risk assessment), IoT/smart cities (20%, e.g., traffic optimization and predictive maintenance), and mobile/enterprise systems. The longstanding issues, such as non-IID data heterogeneity, communication overhead, security threats (poisoning and inference attacks), system heterogeneity, and scalability, are addressed with inventions, such as adaptive aggregation, gradient compression, hierarchical architectures, and Byzantine-robust mechanisms. In recent developments to 2026, the focus of development is toward personalized FL, greater adversarial robustness and connection with large language models, making hybrid and personalized FL the best approach to creating secure, scalable, privacy-preserving analytics in the increasingly decentralized world of big data.

Strontium is a ubiquitous element due to its presence, of both natural and anthropogenic origin, in all environmental compartments. In stable or radioactive form, it has numerous industrial and medical applications and is also used in research projects. For radioactive isotopes of strontium, the risk of exposure through irradiation or internal contamination is therefore very real. In addition, in the current international context, CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear) risks have increased and diversified, with a more present terrorist component. Among the possible scenarios, malevolent acts such as the use of a "dirty bomb" containing sources of radionuclides (including strontium) currently used in industry, in the medical field, or for research must be envisaged. As a result, the authorities need to have effective and operational tools of prevention and protection at their disposal to be able to respond to these growing threats, which expose not only the civilian population but also the military and first responders. This review presents the most relevant up-to-date data, notably covering biokinetics, health effects, and pharmacological treatments following internal contamination exposure to radioactive strontium compounds. Following this critical review of existing research work, the need for additional advanced knowledge is emphasized in the fields of toxicity and medical treatments, which are fundamental areas in radiation protection.

The pursuit of liberation (mokṣa) and the means to achieve it are the prominent objectives of both the Orthodox (Āstīka) and Non-Orthodox (Nāstīka) schools of Indian philosophy. These both school’s fundamental area of exploration is cognition (jñāna) and the means of valid knowledge (pramāṇa), about which they have their own differences. Among the six Orthodox (Āstīka) schools of Indian Philosophies, the popular Nyāya philosophy founded by Gautama & Vaiśeṣika philosophy founded by kāṇāda acknowledge only four types of valid means - perception, inference, analogy and verbal testimony. Īśvara cannot be perceived, nor known through analogy, or Verbal testimony. There are factors why īśvara not being cognized by the above said means except inference. So the existence of god is established by the means of inferential cognition by naiyāyika and vaiśeṣika. We will discuss about the factors why īśvara cannot be cognized by the above said means except inference, the definition of inferential cognition, the means of inference, the five components of a syllogism referred as anumāna vākya and the Syllogism used here for the establishment of the god elaborately in this paper with few other arguments for establishing the īśvara tatvam.

Communication skills, which play a central role in interpersonal communication processes, are one of the fundamental areas of study that have been addressed in the literature for a long time and continue to attract the interest of researchers. In this regard, numerous measurement tools have been developed to explain and measure the different dimensions of communication skills; comprehensive studies have been conducted to resolve uncertainties regarding the theoretical and practical aspects of the concept through these tools. Among these measurement tools, the Communication Skills Assessment Scale (CSAS), developed by Korkut (1996) and widely used in the national literature, is noteworthy. This study aims to conduct a meta-analysis of reliability generalisation to systematically examine the reliability of the Communication Skills Assessment Scale, which is frequently used in different samples and research conditions. Within this scope, a total of 88 studies (N = 29,454) that used the CSAS and reported Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients were included in the meta-analysis. The random effects model was used to combine the Cronbach's alpha coefficients. The aforementioned value was transformed using Bonett's method. The study included reliability generalisation and analyses of heterogeneity, publication bias, forest plots, Analog ANOVA, and meta-regression. Analog ANOVA was applied for categorical variables and meta-regression analyses for continuous variables to explain the variation in reliability coefficients. The study found that the average effect size was 0.895 (95% CI: 0.881–0.908). However, moderator analyses conducted on different variables did not yield any significant results. The findings revealed that the CSAS is a measurement tool that produces consistent and highly reliable scores in different samples and study conditions.

Artificial intelligence (AI) has always been a strategic asset in industrial policy, but with the emergence and proliferation of generative AI models, it has become a key pillar of geopolitical and economic competition. It has had the capacity to impact fundamental areas of the socio-economic sphere, triggering a race for technological dominance led by major word powers such as the United States (US) and China changing the rules of the global order. In this article, we review and illustrate with figures the impact of AI in various spheres and analyse and classify the regulatory measures adopted by the two major powers and the European Union (EU). The main contribution of the article is the classification of legislative and strategic measures in two dimensions: economic competitiveness and security and ethics, which allow us to compare the strategies of the three powers in the race for AI in a clearer and more structured way. The results show that while the US has promoted AI based on private sector-led innovation with minimal regulation, China has deployed a centralised state strategy with heavy investment in R&D and strict regulatory control. For its part, the European Union has developed a horizontal regulatory framework for AI with a weak competitive strategy but strong ethical and security support.

Grammatical competence, or the capacity to comprehend and construct grammatically sound sentences, is the foundation of successful communication in every language. This study explored the challenges faced by Grade 11 STEM students at the University of Cebu Pardo and Talisay, Inc. in achieving grammar competence during the academic year 2024-2025. The research employed a mixed-method research design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative data to provide a comprehensive understanding of the students' linguistic weak points and lived experiences. The quantitative findings revealed varied levels of grammar proficiency among the 41 student respondents. While students demonstrated "Outstanding" mastery in determiners, their performance in subject-verb agreement, pronoun identification, and relative clauses "Did Not Meet Expectations". Notably, a critical gap was identified in prepositions, where students recorded a 0% correct average. For data analysis, the study utilized statistical treatment for quantitative data to determine frequencies, percentages, and the significant relationship between student profiles and grammar competence. For the qualitative phase, the Colaizzi method was used to analyze in-depth interviews, allowing the researcher to identify significant statements and formulate meanings that eventually clustered into the emergent themes. The main themes emerging from the qualitative analysis were: (1) Multifaceted Nature of English Grammar Acquisition, (2) How Experience and Deep Involvement Shape Us, (3) The Influence of the First Language (L1), and (4) Impact of Explicit Instruction and Learning Strategies. The qualitative results highlighted that students perceived grammar acquisition as a holistic challenge shaped by a complex interplay of internal and external elements. These themes underscored that L1 interference (specifically Bisaya) and the lack of exposure were primary hurdles, while interactive strategies such as games and real-world applications were seen as highly effective for retention. Based on these findings, a set of differentiated learning activities was proposed to enhance student performance. In conclusion, the study reveals that while students demonstrate mastery in certain fundamental areas, significant gaps in grammatical competence persist due to the complex interplay of first-language interference and a lack of immersion; consequently, it is recommended that educators adopt the proposed differentiated learning activities and interactive, strategy-based instruction to address these multifaceted linguistic challenges and foster a more holistic mastery of the English language.

With the increasing global incidence of strokes, the demand for the development of rehabilitation robots for poststroke patients is very high. However, the development of rehabilitation robots for poststroke patients is a complex issue. To effectively engage in research in this field, one needs to be equipped with a vast amount of knowledge related to biomechanics, medical treatment, robotic systems, and control systems. For new developers entering this field, it will be a significant challenge, requiring an understanding of various interdisciplinary areas. Therefore, the aim of this research is to systematically evaluate the interdisciplinary knowledge areas used in the development of lower limb rehabilitation robots for poststroke patients. This study will assess several fundamental areas of knowledge, including human biomechanics, anthropometry, stroke pathology, treatment methods, lower limb rehabilitation robotic systems, safety issues, and clinical trials for the system. Additionally, this research will discuss some potential development directions in this field. Through this study, essential knowledge content necessary for the development of lower limb rehabilitation robots will be provided.

Objective: Disability assessment is one of the fundamental areas of forensic medicine practice. However, in the evaluation of traumatic injuries and their sequelae, the opinion of a single specialty is often insufficient. This study aimed to examine the frequency of consultation requirements, the specialties involved, their impact on reporting time, and the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in disability evaluations. Methods: A total of 508 cases who applied to the Department of Forensic Medicine at Ondokuz Mayıs University between January 1, 2020, and December 31, 2023, for disability assessment were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic data, presence of consultations, requested specialties, and reporting durations were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 22.0 software. Results: Of the cases, 331 (65.2%) were male and 177 (34.8%) were female, with a mean age of 37.1±17.2 years. The most common age group was 20–29 years (28.4%). Consultations were requested in 61.8% of the cases, most frequently from Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation (71.7%) and Neurology (12.1%). Radiology consultations had the longest mean reporting time (87.1 days), and consultations from Radiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, Otorhinolaryngology, and Neurosurgery significantly prolonged reporting durations (p<0.05). Conclusion: The high rate of consultations in disability assessments highlights the necessity of a multidisciplinary approach to ensure accuracy and standardization in forensic reports. Establishing structured consultation algorithms and strengthening interdisciplinary collaboration are crucial for improving the quality and reliability of forensic medical evaluations.

The thermophysical characterization of construction materials is a fundamental area of research in building physics and energy efficiency. Over the years, various experimental techniques have been developed to determine key thermal properties such as thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and heat capacity. While these methods have provided valuable results, their accuracy and applicability remain limited in many cases due to uncertainties in the input parameters and assumptions regarding material homogeneity and saturation levels. These limitations often require researchers to implement additional experimental protocols to refine the measurements and adapt them to real-world conditions. This paper proposes a new experimental method that builds on two well-established techniques: the "hot wire" method and the "guarded hot probe" method. The proposed technique is specifically designed for the characterization of unsaturated porous construction materials, which pose particular challenges due to their complex structure and moisture content. It enables the reliable measurement of apparent thermal conductivity under variable saturation conditions and offers greater adaptability in laboratory and field settings. Experimental thermal tests were performed on a typical construction material to validate the method. The results show that the new technique improves the precision of thermophysical parameter estimation and provides a more accurate reflection of material behaviour under realistic conditions. This approach contributes to the on-going development of energy-efficient construction practices by supporting the selection and optimization of materials based on scientifically validated thermal performance criteria.

The Hall-effect thrusters (HET) operate within the 100–1000 W power range to function as primary propulsion systems for small satellite constellations and all-electric GEO station-keeping operations and future deep-space exploration missions. The paper conducts an in-depth 2025 assessment of worldwide facilities and diagnostic tools and construction materials which enable HET development and qualification testing. The review examines Ukrainian HET development activities through Space Electric Thruster Systems (SETS) as a private company and academic research institutions. The research demonstrates Ukraine operates a modern vacuum-diagnostic facility (SETS facility with 2–3 m³ volume and cryogenic panels and thrust-stand precision of 0.005 mN) which confirmed the ST-25 flight model and ST-40 near-flight version [4]. The research shows that Hall thruster testing requires vacuum chambers exceeding 10 m³ to support 1–5 kW thruster and cluster configurations and extended open experiments beyond 15,000 hours. The review combines data from Goebel & Katz (2008/2024) monographs with technical reports and scientific articles published between 2015 and 2025 to determine the fundamental innovation areas which consist of additive manufacturing for ceramic components and multi-layer dielectric coating development and optical diagnostic systems and artificial intelligence for operational performance enhancement. The research data enables the choice of equipment and materials needed to construct a modern Ukrainian HET research facility which focuses on small-spacecraft propulsion and deep-space exploration.

Objectives Article presents management functions in the context of organizational decision-making. Organizational management functions are the fundamental areas of managerial activity, allowing them to direct the work of people and resources to achieve organizational goals. Material and methods The research methodology in management psychology and consumer behavior is based on rigorous social science principles, integrating quantitative, qualitative, and mixed approaches. The research is empirical in nature, requiring the operationalization of psychological constructs and basing hypotheses on falsifiable assumptions. Results The research process includes identifying the problem, formulating hypotheses, selecting the sample, choosing methods, collecting data, analyzing and interpreting the results. In consumer research, ecological validity, i.e., conducting research in realistic shopping conditions, is of great importance. In management psychology, theoretical models of motivation, leadership, and organizational behavior are particularly important. Overall, the research methodology in these areas is characterized by interdisciplinarity, integrating psychology, management, marketing, statistics, and data science. This makes it possible to explain psychological mechanisms and formulate practical recommendations for organizations and the market. Conclusions Making purchasing decisions is a process in consumer behavior that combines all the elements discussed earlier—perception, learning, memory, motivation, personality, and attitudes—into the final choice of a product or brand. Every day, consumers make dozens, if not hundreds, of purchasing decisions, ranging from seemingly trivial choices such as “which toothpaste to buy” to life-changing decisions about education, health, or real estate.

This publication addresses the challenges of financial recovery for commodity producers at the stages of identifying and preventing pre-crisis situations. The research objective was to identify and describe the key benchmarks for financial recovery for commodity producers within the regional crisis management system. The study included individual intra-corporate processes and their patterns while taking into account the external influences. A previously developed selective-indicative model for express diagnostics of bankruptcy risks provided statistical data. The regional and industry-specific model covered large and medium-sized agricultural organizations in the Kemerovo Region, Russia. The research started with sampling, interpretation, and classification (direct indicators) of bankruptcy risks, which were then correlated with typical bankruptcy criteria. After structuring the bankruptcy risks into commercial risks and unbalanced liquidity risks, the authors recorded the metrics of structural risk components. Next stage involved a synthesis of direct bankruptcy risk indicators into a diagnostic structure to develop a gradation scale for the model. The operational bankruptcy risk instruments were structured as a pyramid that included bankruptcy criteria, structural components of bankruptcy risks, analytical vectors of anti-crisis diagnostics, direct bankruptcy indicators, bankruptcy signal analytical base (factors of preferred growth and decline), and quantitative bankruptcy factors. The model was tested on data obtained from 38 local enterprises. They were differentiated by bankruptcy risk level (≥ 50 vs. ≤50 %). After that, each enterprise was provided with crisis fields and key benchmarks for financial recovery, as well as fundamental areas of economic impact to strengthen the financial status of regional economic entities. The key benchmarks for the financial recovery of commodity producers (crisis management levers) were identified using a system of operational tools and general bankruptcy risk metrics based on the crisis areas identified in the producers’ activities. Pre-trial recovery should become a standard strategy aimed at restoring the regulatory solvency levels. Factors for the growth of equity capital and the sources (elements) of its formation were identified as fundamental benchmarks for the financial sustainability of regional agricultural enterprises. Insufficient equity capital is a serious and wide-spread financial problem. It explains the current government restrictive monetary policy, which stimulates the expansion of producers’ equity capital.

Biomolecular science studies molecules responsible for life activities (e.g. proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites). It has been the primary engine fueling responses to worldwide health issues. In this methodbased review, we comprehensively recapitulate the recent advancements in global biomolecular science, and their potential to benefit human health.This section first provides the fundamental research areas and technical systems of biomolecular science, next evaluates the scientific technological frontier and foreign scientific technology layout of key technological achievements, and finally summarizes typical application of molecular mechanism research cases in the disease diagnosis and disease treatment.Through combing the frontier progress and the clinical practice, this review emphasizes the important position of biomolecular science in the advance for disease recognition, drug therapy and public health improvement, as well as offering a reference for further research and application. This comprehensive overview aims to bridge the gap between fundamental biomolecular research and practical healthcare applications, offering a roadmap for future interdisciplinary research.

Peer support services are proliferating for young adults (YA) with serious mental health conditions. Psychiatric rehabilitation services continue to develop and launch these programs nationally and globally. This conceptual article builds upon principles from peer support and trauma-informed care and shares lessons from the field to advance a trauma-informed peer support framework for YA mental health. Informed by the literature, three YA mental health interventions, and a series of iterative team consensus-building meetings, we identified pillars of a trauma-informed peer support for young adults (TIPS-YA) framework to focus research and practice in psychiatric rehabilitation as peer support programs continue to emerge in many YA service contexts. TIPS-YA includes four pillars: (a) safety, (b) mutuality, (c) empowerment and voice, and (d) context. Each is a fundamental area for developing and providing peer support services. Yet, no previous training or conceptualization of peer support includes all aspects of these four critical areas. Peer support for YAs needs distinct consideration in psychiatric rehabilitation. YA services must bridge the developmental period between youth and adulthood, and offer unique supports. TIPS-YA offers a starting point to develop and implement program models that embed peer supporters, and to advance the science of peer support. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).

This article deals with one of the deepest crises that is ignored in the modern world, the systematic discrediting of the father figure, as the basic dynamic of a multifaceted dissolution on the axis of identity, belief and morality. The study, which examines the prophet-father examples in the Quran with Mustafa Merter's work titled Last Tango with Hekaton, reveals that the shock in fundamental areas such as not only the family institution but also the individual's spiritual integrity, social loyalty and faith is directly related to this rupture. The authority of the father, which has been weakened through secular ideologies, media discourses, educational policies, and psychoanalytic approaches, has led to the deterioration of the conception of God in the individual, the rootlessness of morality and the fragmentation of identity. The study analyzes the guiding role of the father in the construction of faith and morality at the theological and pedagogical level by centering the Qur'anic guidance with examples such as Prophet Abraham, Prophet Jacob, and Prophet Luqman in Islamic thought and aims to fill the gap in this field. The reconstruction of father identity is essential for the resurrection of the individual, the family and the nation's return to its spiritual roots. The declaration of 2025 as the "Year of the Family" is seen as a historic opportunity for this reconstruction. The main objective of the article is to create an awareness in the reader that fatherhood is not only a genealogical bond but also an identity of existence that carries justice, love, responsibility, and divine representation. It should not be forgotten that a strong father figure sustains the material and spiritual foundations of not only a family but also a nation and civilization. Therefore, the revival of fatherhood is the key to restoring the existential balance of humanity.

Abstract This study examines the regional competitiveness of Romanian NUTS 2 regions from 2016 to 2022, employing the EU Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI) 2.0. The research identifies a polarized “two-speed” developmental model by benchmarking these regions against relevant EU peers and utilizing a K-means clustering algorithm. The findings indicate that although the capital, București-Ilfov, has reached “Efficiency” levels similar to those of Western European regions, it continues to show structural imbalances caused by weaknesses in institutions and infrastructure. The other seven development regions of Romania are situated within a low-competitiveness cluster, which shows considerable volatility and reduced resilience relative to their Central European peers. The findings reveal that the primary barrier to convergence is not market size, but major obstacles in fundamental areas such as education and physical connectivity. The study concludes that existing “one-size-fits-all” cohesion policies are inadequate, recommending a distinctive strategy that emphasizes absorptive capacity for underdeveloped regions and enhancements in quality of life for the capital region.

: The synthesis of heterocyclic molecules is one of the fundamental areas of synthetic organic chemistry. Metal catalyzed synthesis is a widely used chemical tool for the preparation of important heterocycles. Chromene is one of the naturally occurring scaffolds that are highly valued, serving as the core structure for developing a variety of molecules withwith diverse applications. The aim of this study was to provide an effective method with several applications in the one-pot production of chromene derivatives with green methods and nanocatalyst. In the current compilation, synthetic methods, which have been cited to use exo and endo cyclization, produces chromene derivatives and provide a high yield of products in a straightforward onepot operation with mild reaction conditions. This review will serve as a guiding resource for the researchers in this field. The main benefits of the methodologies are short reaction time, low cost, high atom economy, solvent-free nature, and ease of work-up to give desired chromene derivatives in high yield.

Object detection is one of the most fundamental and core research areas in the field of computer vision, and the YOLO Series, a representative model series, is widely utilized across various artificial intelligence systems. Mobile networks serve as a crucial connectivity element that links nearly all industrial sectors, connecting various IoT devices through these networks. A typical example is network cameras (CCTV). Some deep learning AI models often exhibit degraded object detection performance compared to their reported benchmark results. While multiple factors may contribute to this, one well-known reason is the difference in characteristics between publicly available training datasets and images collected in CCTV environments. Due to the inherent bandwidth limitations of wireless networks, data transmission is often constrained. Particularly in mobile network environments, various approaches such as applying edge computing have been researched to reduce network load for object detection models deployed on CCTV systems. In this study, we systematically and linearly adjusted image resolution and object scale in video/image data transmitted over the network to analyze their impact on detection performance. Through this, the goal is to explore practical methods for achieving efficient real-time object detection that consider the constraints of network environments.

Introduction: Fixed point theory is a fundamental area in mathematical analysis with wide-ranging applications. This research aims to extend fixed point results in the framework of neutrosophic metric spaces, which incorporate degrees of membership, non-membership, and indeterminacy. The study focuses on the development of compatible maps to generalize fixed point theorems under more realistic conditions. Methods: We introduce two novel classes of compatible maps—types (α) and (β)—defined via implicit relations in neutrosophic metric spaces. New fixed point theorems are established by using these map types and extending existing theories from fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy metric spaces. The work includes formal definitions, interrelations among mappings, and proofs of key results. Results: The newly established theorems offer broader conditions for ensuring the existence of fixed points in neutrosophic metric spaces. These generalizations effectively account for uncertainty, expanding the applicability of fixed point theory to more complex and indeterminate settings. Discussion: The inclusion of implicit relations and compatible maps enhances the theoretical flexibility of fixed point results. To demonstrate the applicability, the proposed theorems are used to solve the Fredholm integral equation under a neutrosophic framework, validating their relevance in handling real-world problems characterized by imprecise information. Conclusion: This study significantly advances fixed point theory by developing and analyzing compatible maps of types (α) and (β) in neutrosophic metric spaces. The findings provide a robust foundation for future mathematical research and practical applications involving uncertainty and incomplete data.

Electrochemistry is rapidly growing, yet its crucial role in emerging industries and research is not sufficiently mirrored in the curriculum of US and Mexican universities. While undergraduate students are briefly exposed to basic electrochemistry concepts within general and physical chemistry courses, dedicated electrochemistry education is often reserved for graduate programs. Furthermore, teaching electrochemistry is challenging as it is a multifaceted subject encompassing concepts from various disciplines. Despite this complexity, electrochemistry equips students with invaluable skills in analytical chemistry, experimental design, instrumental analysis, and device engineering. Recognizing the need for a skilled workforce to meet the demands of emerging industries, it is imperative to reinvigorate electrochemistry education and introduce it at the early undergraduate level to foster interest and deeper engagement.In this talk, I will describe my experience developing and teaching a science workshop on electrochemical energy conversion and storage to bridge educational gaps in high school and early undergraduate students. As part of Clubes de Ciencia MX, a Mexican initiative promoting science and engineering summer workshops, this unique experience has utilized active learning strategies to teach and encourage electrochemistry for two consecutive years. The workshop covers five fundamental areas: electrochemistry basics, water electrolysis, electrocatalysis, fuel cells, and battery technology. In this follow-up talk, I will share our most recent experience covering topics on seawater desalination, electrodialysis, and environmental remediation.By integrating short lectures, group discussions, and interactive learning through experiments, games, and project-based activities, this initiative strives to ignite students' passion for electrochemistry. I will also share evaluations examining the workshop's effectiveness and influence on students' understanding of the role of electrochemistry in climate empowerment and sustainability. This unique experience aims to captivate and inspire early-career students, nurturing the next generation of scientists and engineers who will revolutionize our world.