ABSTRACT Modal adjunct is the element that does not possess the potential to be Subject in clauses in Systemic Functional Linguistics. The criteria for delimiting its forms are not yet consistent, and their global characteristics also remain under-explored. This study explores the lexicogrammatical evolution and evolving paths of English modal adjuncts from a diachronic perspective based on the Corpus of Historical American English. The findings indicate that modal adjuncts of Probability, Usuality, and Inclination exhibit gradual and steady evolutionary trends, while those of Obligation vary significantly. According to the rankscale, modal adjuncts of Probability and Usuality follow an evolving pathway from group to clause to clause complex, though the former demonstrate a leap from group directly to clause complex. In contrast, modal adjuncts of Obligation evolve between adjacent ranks from word to group or from clause to clause complex, while those of Inclination display no systematic pathway. The evolution of modal adjuncts is argued to follow the principle of ‘interpersonal first’, subjected to a self-adapting system. This study is conducive to construing the modal system in Systemic Functional Linguistics, uncovering the evolving picture of modality system in American English, and providing diachronically detailed evidences for the English modal recognition.

Parent-report measures are increasingly used in research and clinical settings to assess early cognitive outcomes after preterm birth. Directly observed cognitive measures often share a correlational structure, from which a general factor of cognition is calculable. We investigated associations between gestational age at birth and language, attention and executive function at two years using parent-report measures and examined whether a general factor could be derived from parental assessment of abilities across these domains. 183 2-year-old children (96 preterm and 87 term) were assessed for language using the Vineland Adaptive Behaviour Scales-3rd edition and the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory, attention using the Early Childhood Behaviour Questionnaire, and executive functions using the Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool version. Linear regression was performed to determine associations with gestational age for each domain, adjusting for infant sex, age at testing, and maternal education. Spearman correlations ( rho) and principal component analysis were used to investigate correlational structure across domains. By parental report, gestational age at birth predicts language (standardised estimates 0.13 to 0.21, corrected p-values <0.05), but not attention or executive functions, at age 2years. Scores across domains were modestly correlated: language and attention ( rho=0.29 to 0.32; p- values <0.05), attention and executive functions ( rho=0.19 to 0.30; p- values <0.05), language and executive functions ( rho=0.19; p- values <0.05). The first principal component explained a substantial proportion of variance (35.4%) amongst measures, indicating a general factor. Parents of 2-year-old preterm children report reduced language ability, but similar attention and executive function development compared to term-born children. A general factor explains a significant proportion of variance in parental ratings of cognition across domains in early childhood.

This article provides a comprehensive analysis of hair-related rites of passage in the family-ritual folklore of Kazakh and Turkic peoples from an ethnolinguistic and cultural-semiotic perspective. The aim of the study is to determine the semantic structure, associative field, and function of linguistic units related to hair in family-ritual folklore texts as a cultural code in the national worldview. From an ethnolinguistic perspective, the concept of hair is viewed in folk lore as a link between worlds, a seat of the soul and vital energy, a symbol of strength, beauty and health, well-being and honor, age, and marital status. The study utilized legends, fairy tales, family ritual folklore genres, as well as proverbs, sayings, and ethnographic data. These sources allow us to identify the linguistic and symbolic function of ritual actions associated with hair (braiding, combing, and letting down hair) in recording transitional stages of the human life cycle (virginity – bride – widowhood). This article examines the ritual triad of “braiding hair, combing hair, and letting hair down during mourning” as a structural and functional model, defining the semantic meaning and pragmatic function of each of its components

Living arrangements and cognitive resilience in aging: unraveling distinct pathways through plasma biomarkers

This article explores linguopragmatic approaches to the analysis of English texts, with particular attention to the interaction between linguistic form and pragmatic meaning in communicative contexts. The study aims to develop and refine a methodological framework that integrates principles of pragmatics, discourse analysis, and functional linguistics in order to provide a systematic approach to text interpretation. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive methodology, focusing on contextual and inferential aspects of meaning construction. As an empirical basis, a selected literary text is examined to illustrate how pragmatic factors such as speaker intention, contextual relevance, and linguistic choice contribute to the interpretation of discourse. The analysis demonstrates that linguopragmatic models offer effective tools for revealing implicit meaning and communicative functions that cannot be fully captured by purely formal or structural approaches. The findings suggest that the proposed framework is adaptable and applicable to different text types, supporting a more comprehensive understanding of textual meaning within contemporary linguistic research.

Characterization of the structural integrity of cortex in adults who have undergone resection for epilepsy treatment has revealed persistent or even accelerated cortical atrophy in some cases, but, in other cases, the converse is evident, and atrophy can decelerate or even be reversed. Whether this variability applies to a pediatric population, for whom postoperative plasticity may be greater than in adulthood, remains to be determined. Furthermore, understanding the morphometrics of this patient population is important, as cognitive gains have been associated with the anatomical status of the preserved cortex post-resection. Here, we used high-resolution structural T1 magnetic resonance imaging data to compare the (1) gross anatomy, (2) cortical thickness, volume, and surface area for 34 cortical regions, and (3) volume for nine subcortical regions of 32 pediatric post-surgical cases and 51 healthy controls. We only analyze the metrics from the preserved hemisphere. Relative to controls, patients with either a preserved right hemisphere (RH) or left hemisphere (LH) had significantly lower total white matter volume and larger lateral ventricle size, as well as a reduction of the volume of select subcortical structures. However, relative to controls, only patients with a preserved RH had significantly lower total gray matter volume and lower thickness, volume, and surface area in multiple cortical regions, primarily in the frontal and temporal cortex. The differences in the preserved RH cortex of LH resection patients may relate to transfer of language function from the affected LH. Our findings lay the foundation for future studies probing associations of the morphometric differences in pediatric epilepsy surgery patients with neuropsychological outcomes.

Abstract. Ever since the Japanese Government's 2021 announcement approving Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO)'s plan to discharge this wastewater into the Pacific Ocean, there has been widespread public dissension. In efforts to control public opinion and mistrust, words such as “treated”, “purified”, and “diluted” circulated among official government and scientific discourse concerning TEPCO's plan. These words are mundane, deceptive and distracting. For example, remaining traces of tritium were proposed as so diluted that the water is akin to drinkable standards. Furthermore, the vast scale of the Pacific Ocean reinforced just how diluted the Fukushima wastewater would ultimately become, totalling to 0.000183 %, meaning quite literally a drop in the ocean. This article responds to this context by exploring how this language of dilution and trace function to mask the slow eco-cultural violence embedded in Japan's wastewater release. Specifically, I focus on how my photographic series Listening to Seaweed attempts to visualize what is largely imageless – diluted trace evidence of tritium. Through close readings of these artworks, I explore how photographic film's inherent sensitivity to ionizing radiation can register, and thereby witness, the presence of environmental radiation. I am interested in how this witnessing functions to critique the ideological contexts that continue to perpetuate nuclear power as a safe by-product of the technology developed to produce nuclear weapons. Methodologically framed via artist and theorist Susan Schuppli's (2020) conception of material witnessing, I argue for forms of politicized witnessing that move beyond visibility itself; instead, quantifiable evidence of nuclear ideology is physically embedded in the image. This article questions how these materially oriented methods can establish forms of socio-ethical listening and material witnessing that promote transgenerational nuclear justice concerning this current geo-political moment.

Anterior temporal lobe resection (ATLR) is an effective treatment for drug-resistant temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) but carries a substantial risk of language impairment, particularly in naming. Understanding and predicting the impact of ATLR on language functions remains a major clinical challenge. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the short-term effects of ATLR on the organization of the functional language connectome with a focus on the role of the nondominant hemisphere. We studied 44 patients with TLE due to unilateral hippocampal sclerosis (24 left, 20 right) who underwent language fMRI and neuropsychological testing preoperatively and 4 months after ATLR. We examined functional connectivity changes pre- and postsurgery and their relationship with neuropsychological performance. ATLR induced widespread alterations in functional connectivity, with distinct ipsilateral disruptions and contralateral compensatory changes. Left ATLR reduced mainly interhemispheric temporal connectivity, whereas right ATLR primarily affected bilateral frontal connections. Postoperatively, left ATLR showed increased intrahemispheric frontotemporal connectivity, and right ATLR exhibited more widespread intra- and interhemispheric increases. In left TLE, better preoperative naming was associated with stronger connectivity of the right (nondominant) temporal lobe and between the left inferior frontal cortex and bilateral posterior hippocampi. Postoperatively, reduced right frontotemporal integration was linked to greater naming decline, underscoring a compensatory role of the nondominant hemisphere. Finally, a machine learning model using preoperative functional connectivity fingerprints outperformed demographic and clinical variables in predicting clinically significant naming decline following ATLR. Our findings highlight the critical role of the right temporal lobe in supporting naming function after left ATLR and suggest that preoperative assessment of its connectivity may improve prediction of postoperative language outcomes.

Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) has emerged as a transformative tool in both cognitive neuroscience research and the treatment of a growing range of neuropsychiatric conditions. This commentary, based on the 2025 H. Houston Merritt Lecture, explores how NIBS can be applied within a translational cognitive neuroscience framework that bridges theoretical models of cognitive function with targeted neural interventions. Drawing on over 15 years of research, the major focus of this piece is on the use of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to characterize and enhance language function in persons with aphasia (PWA). A significant body of work has examined the role of the right hemisphere, particularly the right pars triangularis, which may exert a maladaptive influence within reorganized language networks in many PWA. Inhibitory TMS targeting this region has been shown to produce both transient and sustained improvements in language performance. Key predictors of response to TMS include the characteristics of participants' language deficits and genetic differences that influence neuroplasticity. Network neuroscience approaches can also enhance predictive accuracy by revealing how individual variations in brain structure influence stimulation outcomes. While TMS remains the most extensively studied NIBS modality, transcranial electrical stimulation is gaining momentum, with promising results in both poststroke and primary progressive aphasia. Emerging modalities such as focused ultrasound and transcranial temporal interference stimulation are also on the rise as tools for enhancing brain performance. However, the expanding use of NIBS also raises ethical considerations that must be addressed to ensure its equitable and responsible deployment. Ultimately, NIBS represents a powerful convergence of neuroscience and technology, offering renewed hope for restoring cognitive function in individuals affected by neurologic disease.

The increasing number of older adults and longer life expectancy have led to various health challenges, including cognitive decline. Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is a condition that occurs in the transitional stage between normal aging and dementia. It is characterized by decreased memory, attention, language, visuospatial ability, and executive function, although it does not yet significantly disrupt basic daily activities. However, this condition can influence the independence of older adults in performing Activities of Daily Living (ADL), particularly instrumental activities that require higher cognitive abilities such as managing finances, shopping, preparing meals, and using transportation. If cognitive decline is not properly managed, it may increase dependency, raise the risk of injury, and reduce the quality of life of older adults. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between Mild Cognitive Impairment and Activities of Daily Living among older adults at Posyandu Dewi Sartika Cokrobedog. The research applied a quantitative cross-sectional design with a sample of 93 older adults selected using purposive sampling. Cognitive function was assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment Indonesian version (MoCA-Ina), while daily functional ability was measured using the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) scale. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro–Wilk normality test and Spearman Rank correlation. The results showed a significant relationship between Mild Cognitive Impairment and ADL independence (p &lt; 0.05) with a moderate correlation, indicating that better cognitive function is associated with greater independence in daily activities.

Surface halogen atom modification represents a promising strategy for regulating the photocatalytic performance of covalent organic frameworks (COFs). In this study, a surface bromine atom modification strategy is proposed for TzPm-COF material, which finely tunes its donor-acceptor (D-A) structure and significantly enhances both the activity and selectivity of CO2 photoreduction. By virtue of the in situ Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM), along with others spectral technology we confirm that bromine functionalization effectively facilitates the separation and migration of photogenerated charge carriers. Accordingly, the as-prepared TzPm-COF-2Br exhibits a remarkable CO production rate of 155 µmol g- 1 h- 1 under visible-light-driven CO2 reduction, approximately 2.7 times higher than that of TzPm-COF (57 µmol g- 1 h- 1), along with exceptional selectivity (99.4%), which surpasses the majority of analogous CO-producing photocatalysts in overall performance. Relying on the functional theory (DFT) calculations, we further confirm the introduction of bromine atoms promoted directional electron transfer from TAPTz donors to PMDCA-2Br acceptors through intrinsic polarization effects, thereby enhancing the adsorption and activation of CO2 at oxygen sites on PMDCA units. This work provides a rational material design strategy for developing functionally modified COFs toward efficient and selective photocatalytic CO2 reduction.

This study provides a rigorous sociolinguistic examination of the constitutive role of language in the ongoing socio-political conflict in Cameroon’s Anglophone regions, positing digital activism as a primary site of discursive struggle. While scholarship has addressed historical-political dimensions, a significant gap persists in the empirical analysis of the micro-linguistic strategies through which vernacular practices enact ideological resistance and counter-hegemonic mobilisation (Blommaert, 2005; Kroskrity, 2000). Employing an integrated mixed-methods framework that synergizes Corpus Linguistics with Critical Discourse Analysis (Baker, Gabrielatos, KhosraviNik, Krzy?anowski, McEnery, &amp; Wodak, 2008), this research analyses a specialised digital corpus of approximately 1,200 text-based items from social media, activist communiqués, and transcribed audio (2020–2025)—the Anglophone Digital Activism Corpus (ADAC). Quantitative keyword and collocation analyses identify statistically significant patterns, while subsequent qualitative analysis, guided by Systemic Functional Linguistics’ transitivity model (Halliday &amp; Matthiessen, 2014) and social actor representation (van Leeuwen, 2008), performs close readings. The findings reveal a deliberate linguistic architecture characterised by three core mechanisms: the consistent grammatical positioning of collective Anglophone actors as active agents in material processes; the strategic deployment of code-mixing and lexical innovation, using Cameroonian Pidgin English and Camfranglais to create an exclusive, authentic discursive space (Gumperz, 1982); and the use of conceptual metaphors (Lakoff &amp; Johnson, 1980) such as EDUCATION IS SOVEREIGNTY to reframe political grievances into mobilising narratives. This paper argues that digital activism in this context is fundamentally a sociolinguistic project, contributing an empirical model for analysing the interface of grammar, digital communication, and political conflict, affirming that the struggle for power is intrinsically a struggle over representation and linguistic resource mobilisation (Bourdieu, 1991).

This study aimed to explore the impairment patterns of verbal and spatial working memory in Arabic aphasia adults after stroke. A total of 50 patients with Saudi aphasia admitted to the University Hospital between September 2023 and November 2025 were included in this study. The patient group consisted of 13 females (26.0%) and 37 males (74.0%), with a mean age of 50.3 years, mean years of education of 13.43 years, mean disease duration of 20.30 months, and mean lesion volume of 41.30 mL. The control group consisted of 10 females (20%) and 40 males (80%), with a mean age of 50.88 years and a mean years of education of 12.60 years. The Moroccan Arabic Bedside Western Aphasia Battery-Revised was used to test the subjects’ spontaneous speech, listening comprehension, repetition and naming. functions. It was found that both verbal and spatial working memory were significantly impaired in patients with Arabic aphasia after stroke, with verbal working memory impairment being more pronounced than spatial working memory impairment. After excluding demographic, lesion, and cognitive factors, a positive correlation was found between verbal or spatial working memory and the degree of language impairment in patients with Arabic aphasia after stroke. This study suggests that working memory training will be of great significance in improving language function in aphasia patients.

Cognitive Linguistics can be defined as an approach to language that is mainly relied on people's perceptions of the world and how they perceive, understand, and conceptualize it. The Conceptual Blending Theory , which was established by J Fauconnier and M. Turner, is affirmed in this study. in order to explain concepts like Conceptual Metaphor Theory and Mental Space Theory, Blending Theory was developed. The focus of blending theory was on the function of language in the creation of meaning, especially in creative features such as counterfactuals and novel metaphors.

White matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are common in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and may contribute to cognitive impairment. However, the associations between regional WMH volumes, cognitive domains, and plasma biomarkers remain unclear. This study aimed to explore these relationships across the AD spectrum. A total of 311 participants were enrolled, including healthy controls (HC), individuals with subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and AD. All participants underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessment, brain magnetic resonance imaging, and plasma biomarker analysis. WMH volumes were segmented using United Imaging software and classified based on anatomical location: juxtaventricular WMH (juxWMH), periventricular WMH (pWMH), juxtacortical WMH (jcWMH), and deep WMH (dWMH). Correlations among regional WMH volumes, plasma biomarkers, and cognitive domains were analyzed with multiple comparisons. Path analysis was used to assess potential mediation effects. Mediation analyses using bootstrapping were conducted separately in cognitively unimpaired and cognitively impaired groups to assess WMH-mediated pathways between biomarkers and cognition. Compared with HC, SCD, and MCI groups, the AD group showed significantly increased log-transformed (lg) juxWMH volumes (all P < 0.05, Bonferroni corrected). The AD group showed significantly larger lgpWMH and lgjcWMH volumes than HC, SCD and AD groups (all P < 0.05). Lower plasma Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio was associated with higher lgjuxWMH, lgpWMH, and lgjcWMH volumes. Higher lgjuxWMH volume was associated with worse memory (r = -0.16, P = 0.006), language (r = -0.34, P < 0.001), and executive function (r = 0.18, P = 0.003). Similar trends were found for lgpWMH and lgjcWMH volumes. Mediation analysis revealed that in cognitively unimpaired individuals, juxWMH and pWMH primarily mediated amyloid-cognitive associations, while in cognitively impaired patients, mediation expanded to include neuroinflammatory and neurodegeneration pathways across multiple location-specific WMH. Location-specific WMH demonstrate stage-dependent mediation patterns in AD pathophysiology, evolving from amyloid-driven changes to multi-factorial processes. These findings provide insights for developing targeted therapeutic strategies at different disease stages.

Cognitive decline represents one of the most common clinical manifestations of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs), substantially affecting the quality of life of both patients and their families. Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are major NDs characterized by a progressive degeneration of the central nervous system, with functional impairments extending beyond motor symptoms to multiple cognitive domains, including memory, attention, language, and executive functions. Increasing evidence highlights misfolded protein accumulation as a key driver of neuronal dysfunction and cognitive deterioration. This narrative review examines the major cognitive deficits associated with these disorders, focusing on the underlying molecular mechanisms, particularly protein aggregation, as well as clinical manifestations and their effects on daily life. Furthermore, current diagnostic tools and emerging therapeutic options for mitigating cognitive decline will be further discussed.

This study explores how passivization and negation function as ideological positioning markers of gendered ideology in Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale (1985). The study has three interrelated objectives: first, to investigate how the grammatical structures of passivization and negation linguistically encode and reinforce gendered subordination and power asymmetries in The Handmaid’s Tale; second, to analyze the ways in which the employment of passivization and negation reflect and sustain patriarchal ideology in the discourse of the novel; and third, to explore how Atwood’s strategic use of passivization and negation provides discursive spaces for resistance and identity reassertion within the female narrative voice. The study draws on two analytical strands, critical discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar, to examine selected extracts from the novel. A qualitative textual analysis method is employed, focusing on patterns of passive constructions and negation in the discourse of the selected novel. This study has analytical and theoretical findings. Analytically, it reveals that passivization operates as a grammatical mechanism of control, concealing male or institutional agency and naturalizing female subjugation, and that negation constructs ideological boundaries by defining women’s identities through prohibition and absence. This, in turn, indicates that the use of passivization and negation in the selected novel contributes effectively to sustaining gendered ideology. Theoretically, this study contributes to the field of feminist linguistics by linking literary and discourse-analytic approaches to decipher the function of language as a tool of control and empowerment in gender-related contexts.

This study investigates the integration of three linguistic frameworks, Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), Second Language Acquisition (SLA), and Sociocultural Theory (SCT), into English for Medical Purposes (EMP) teaching in military medical institutions. It explored how lecturers understand and enact these frameworks and which strategies may bridge the theory–practice gap. Data included a survey of 30 lecturers, semi-structured interviews with 15, and analysis of key EMP resources. Awareness was moderate but uneven (SFL 73%, SLA 67%, SCT 60%), with only 60% reporting integration of all three. Corrective feedback, especially prompts and clarification requests, was common (~80%). Main barriers were rigid curricula (87%), limited contextualised materials (80%), and heavy student workload (~67%). Despite these constraints, lecturers expressed strong support for theory-informed approaches, requesting targeted training and adapted materials. Findings show integration is both necessary and feasible if institutions provide curricular flexibility, professional development, and contextualized resources.

The language used by foreign language teachers in the classroom serves a dual role: as a means of communication and as a source of rich, meaningful input for learners. From a Conversation Analysis (CA) perspective, EFL teachers’ classroom language actively shapes interaction with learners, as it can either facilitate or hinder their oral performance and may discourage or encourage their initiation to use the language. This study explores the classroom language functions of English for Specific Purposes (ESP) teachers in Vietnamese universities. Sixteen hours of classroom time, drawn from English for Transportation and English for Tourism and Hospitality courses taught by eight ESP teachers, were recorded, transcribed and analyzed using CA approach. The data analysis showed three main functions of teachers’ classroom language: classroom management, pedagogical function, and feedback provision. Quantitative results indicated that classroom management accounted for only a small proportion of classroom discourse, while pedagogical function and feedback provision were almost equally dominant. Qualitative findings further highlighted specific sub-functions within each category. For classroom management, ESP teachers primarily used discourse to monitor time and regulate learning pace. Within pedagogical function, delivering instructions emerged as the most common sub-function, whereas providing corrective feedback was most frequent in the feedback provision category. The analysis also revealed how teachers integrated different sub-functions and functions of their discourse to facilitate students’ speaking. These findings underscore the crucial role of ESP teachers’ classroom language and point to the need for training in classroom discourse for both EFL and ESP teachers.

Maximizing extent of resection (EOR) for language-eloquent high-grade glioma (HGG) must be balanced against the risk of neurological deficit. Predictors of postoperative decline in language remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to evaluate intraoperative predictors of postoperative language decline, along with predictors of subsequent temporal recovery. The authors conducted a single-center study of patients undergoing awake craniotomy for the resection of language-eloquent HGG utilizing diffusion tractography, 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA), and subcortical stimulation (SCS) with intraoperative language testing. Cases were reviewed between January 2017 and November 2024. Data assessing intraoperative language function, SCS parameters, EOR, along with language deficit at the 48-hour, 2-week, and 3-month follow-ups were collected. Receiver operating characteristic curves and Youden's Index were used to identify optimal subcortical stimulatory thresholds predicative of postoperative deficit in respective language domains for individual fiber tracts, including the inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus (IFOF), arcuate fasciculus (AF) and superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF). A total of 130 patients (78 male, 52 female; mean age 57.1 years) were included. Postoperatively, a new or worsened language deficit was observed in 69 patients (53.1%). This was permanent (> 3 months) in 12 cases (9.2%). Clinical deterioration during awake language testing was a significant predictor of short-term (< 3 months) decline in language domains including semantic processing (IFOF) (RR 3.47, p = 0.0002), reading (ILF) (RR 21.4, p = 0.0025), and auditory naming/repetition (AF/SLF) (RR 6.98, p = 0.001). Factors associated with permanent postoperative language decline were the presence of preoperative speech deficit (RR 2.65, p = 0.020), intraoperative deterioration in ILF-related reading function (RR 8.92, p = 0.0407), and positive SCS of multiple white matter language tracts. Individual stimulation thresholds predictive of functional decline are presented for IFOF, AF, and ILF. This study evaluated multimodal resection of language-eloquent HGGs using awake mapping, 5-ALA, and tractography. It highlights the significant risk of transient decline in language function following eloquent tumor resection, particularly if a patient has an existing language deficit. The posterior ILF with its associated reading function appears to be most sensitive to decline and shows the least propensity for functional recovery. Deficits correlated with specific white matter tract involvement, especially when multiple tracts were affected. Proposed stimulation thresholds offer a novel guide for safer resections, supporting a multimodal strategy to balance maximal tumor removal with language preservation.