Understanding the functionality of Boolean networks is crucial for processes such as functional equivalence checking, logic synthesis, and malicious logic identification. With the proliferation of deep learning in electronic design automation (EDA), graph neural networks (GNNs) are widely used to embed and-inverter graphs (AIGs)—a standard form of Boolean networks—into vectorized representations. A key challenge in applying GNNs for Boolean representation is that although GNNs can effectively encapsulate the structural properties of AIGs, they struggle to efficiently capture Boolean logic functionality. In this work, we focus on breaking this bottleneck by enhancing the functional representation capability of GNNs, proposing PolarGate, an efficient solution that not only aligns message passing with AIG logical functionality but also effectively integrates global information. Leveraging the intrinsic ambipolar states (0 and 1) of AIG nodes, PolarGate maps gate behavior into an ambipolar state space, customizes differentiable logical operators, and designs a functionality-aware message passing strategy. To further capture global circuit information, PolarGate integrates a structure-aware preprocessing module and a global linear attention module, transcending the locality constraint of message passing. Experimental results on two functionality-related basic tasks (signal probability prediction and truth-table distance prediction) and a downstream task (logic equivalence prediction) show that PolarGate outperform state-of-the-art GNN-based methods.

Digital evidence has become a cornerstone of modern litigation in Indonesia; however, its admissibility remains complex because of the varying standards of proof across legal regimes. This study analyzes the construction of digital evidence admissibility following the enactment of Law No. 20 of 2025 (The New Criminal Procedure Code) and its harmonization with Law No. 11 of 2008 (UU ITE). Methodologically, this research employs a doctrinal legal analysis with a conceptual and statutory approach, utilizing court judgments as doctrinal illustrations to identify judicial inconsistencies in handling electronic data. The findings reveal that while Article 177 paragraph (1) letter f of Law No. 20/2025 now explicitly recognizes electronic information as independent evidence, its validity is strictly contingent upon Chain of Custody (CoC) compliance. In criminal proceedings, CoC lapses, such as failure in hashing or unauthorized access, frequently lead to the exclusion of evidence beyond a reasonable doubt. Conversely, in civil cases, procedural defects typically result in a reduction in probative value rather than total inadmissibility, governed by the principle of functional equivalence. To mitigate judicial disparity, this study proposes a Criminal–Civil Admissibility Matrix and a Minimum CoC Checklist comprising five technical indicators: lawful acquisition, hashing, forensic imaging, documented transfer, and expert certification. These frameworks serve as normative guides to ensure the integrity, authenticity, and reliability of digital proof in the Indonesian judiciary.

Against the background of global ecological governance and cross-border environmental cooperation, the international dissemination of Chinese academic achievements in environmental governance has grown increasingly important. Environmental governance academic texts are characterized by dense technical terms, complex long sentences, strict logical reasoning, and interdisciplinary integration, all of which pose prominent challenges in Chinese-English translation. Based on the practical translation of Chapters 13–14 of Research on the Overall Collaborative Governance Mechanism and Model of Cross-Domain Atmospheric Ecological Environment, this study focuses on the linguistic features, core difficulties, and targeted strategies of such texts. Guided by Nida’s functional equivalence theory, this paper summarizes four major translation difficulties: terminology consistency, long-sentence restructuring, logical explicitation, and discourse coherence. On this basis, four practical strategies are proposed: standardized terminology management, syntactic restructuring, logical supplementation, and academic discourse normalization. Through case analysis of terms, sentences, and paragraphs, this study verifies the effectiveness of the strategies and further discusses translation principles for interdisciplinary academic texts. The findings show that the combination of theoretical guidance and practical operation can significantly improve the accuracy, fluency, and academic normativity of translated texts. This study not only enriches empirical research on environmental governance translation but also provides referential methods and perspectives for postgraduates, translators, and scholars engaged in related fields.

This study examines the juridical status and evidentiary strength of electronic documents as written evidence in breach of contract disputes within the Indonesian legal system through a normative legal research approach. The analysis employs statute and conceptual approaches to assess the coherence between conventional civil procedural law and contemporary electronic transaction regulations, particularly focusing on the Indonesian Civil Code, HIR/RBg, and the Law on Electronic Information and Transactions along with its implementing regulations. The findings indicate that electronic documents have obtained formal legal recognition as valid evidence; however, their evidentiary weight remains contingent upon authentication, integrity, and reliability standards embedded in electronic systems. The study further identifies normative inconsistencies and interpretative disparities in judicial practice, which create legal uncertainty in evaluating electronic evidence. By applying systematic and teleological interpretation, this research proposes a harmonized legal framework grounded in the principle of functional equivalence to bridge the gap between traditional and digital evidentiary regimes. The study contributes to the development of modern evidentiary law by offering a prescriptive model that integrates legal norms and technological validation mechanisms to ensure legal certainty, fairness, and procedural efficiency

Digital twin (DT) technology is a key element of Industry 4.0. Despite its rapid development, current research is mainly focused on industrial optimisation and machine-level monitoring. However, its implementation in the educational process lags significantly behind practice. Moreover, existing DT implementations in education often emphasise visualisation or simulation, while neglecting synchronisation and verification of functional equivalence between the physical and virtual systems. This study presents the design, development and experimental verification of a digital twin of a laboratory material handling system. The virtual model created in Tecnomatix Plant Simulation is connected to the physical system controlled by a Siemens PLC SIMATIC S7-1200 and equipped with industrial sensors and an HMI interface. Real-time bidirectional communication is established via the OPC UA protocol using KEPServerEX, ensuring synchronisation between the physical and virtual systems. Experiments confirmed the functional synchronisation of both systems. Additionally, the study presents that DT technology can be adapted for educational purposes and implemented in engineering education.

Development and biomechanical validation of a 3D-printed Schepens scleral depressor.

Real-world evidence for wearable noninvasive glucose monitoring (NIGM) remains limited. To evaluate the functional equivalence of a wearable NIGM device and explore its utility for T2DM and prediabetes screening. In this multicenter study, 12-h daytime glucose profiles obtained by a flexible reverse iontophoresis-based electrochemical sensor were compared with capillary glucose using functional equivalence. Subgroup analyses were conducted. Screening models of T2DM and prediabetes were developed using elastic net and Logistic regression. A total of 135 participants (mean age 35.3 years; 60.0% female) were included, and no serious device-related adverse events were reported. Compared to the capillary measurements, functional equivalence was confirmed (T = -6.537 < threshold = -2.081) in the general population but not in older adults or T2DM patients. The T2DM noninvasive screening model demonstrated discrimination and reclassification performance comparable to those of the capillary-based model (AUC: 0.906 vs. 0.850, NRI: 0.044, IDI: -0.078, p > 0.05). Functional principal component scores facilitated the identification of prediabetes (AUC = 0.760). The device demonstrated acceptable accuracy and functional equivalence with reference methods. Its capability to detect T2DM and early glycemic anomalies supports its feasibility as a wearable, interpretative adjunct tool for large-scale screening in free-living populations.

This study selects excerpts from Chapters 10–14 of the English novel The Little Bookshop by the Sea as the research corpus, focusing on translation strategies for healing narratives. Guided primarily by Nida's Functional Equivalence Theory and supplemented by Newmark's Communicative Translation Theory, the study identifies three core challenges: the nuanced rendering of emotional euphemisms, the cross-cultural transfer of idioms and metaphors, and the adaptation of culture-specific expressions. By comparing literal and free translation examples, the paper proposes targeted translation methods, including domestication-oriented adaptation for the target language culture, imagery reconstruction, pragmatic logic adjustment, and contextual restoration, and attempts to examine the feasibility of these strategies in conveying the emotional resonance of healing narratives.

Human serum albumin (HSA) constitutes the most significant fraction of proteins in human blood plasma. It remains one of the most widely used therapeutic biomolecules in modern medicine, with global demand exceeding 500 t annually. Limitations in plasma-derived HSA (pHSA), including supply shortages and the risk of pathogen transmission, have accelerated the pursuit of recombinant production strategies. This study demonstrates the first successful expression of structurally and functionally validated rHSA in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii through Agrobacterium -mediated nuclear transformation, highlighting the platform's novelty. Molecular analyses validated stable integration and transcriptional activity of the transgene, while expression levels reached up to 0.5% of total soluble protein. Structural and functional assessments confirmed that algal-derived rHSA closely resembles native pHSA, and cytotoxicity assays (MTT) verified its safety in human cell cultures. Taken together, the results highlight C. reinhardtii as an economically viable and scalable platform for sustainable biomanufacturing of high-value therapeutic proteins, making it an attractive alternative to traditional production sources. • Recombinant human serum albumin (rHSA) was successfully expressed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii . • Transformation was achieved via Agrobacterium -mediated nuclear integration of the HSA gene. • Molecular analyses confirmed stable transgene integration and transcriptional activity. • rHSA expression reached ~0.5% of total soluble protein in algal cells. • Purified rHSA exhibited structural and functional equivalence to plasma-derived HSA. • Demonstrates C. reinhardtii as a safe , cost-effective, and scalable platform for therapeutic protein production.

Although radical perineal prostatectomy is performed less frequently, it represents a minimally invasive open approach that avoids the retropubic space and extensive pelvic dissection. Its longterm oncologic and functional equivalence to standard retropubic prostatectomy has not been adequately evaluated in randomized cohorts. To compare perioperative outcomes, short and long-term oncologic, and patient-reported outcomes of RPP and RRP, with or without PLND. Men with cT1-T2N0M0 prostate cancer and a predicted lymph-node invasion risk <5% were prospectively randomized to RPP, RRP, or RRP with PLND (40 patients per group). Data from 103 patients including 38 treated with RPP, 31 with RRP, and 34 with RRP with PLND were included in the analysis. Biochemical recurrence-free survival (BCRFS) was estimated using Kaplan-Meier analysis. Urinary, sexual, and satisfaction outcomes were assessed using selected items from the 'Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite' (EPIC) at baseline, 1 month, 1 year, and at long-term follow-up (10 years). Baseline characteristics were comparable across groups. Operative time was longest in the RRP+PLND group, while estimated blood loss was lowest with RPP (p=0.004). Early complications were mostly minor; prolonged drainage and wound infection were more frequent after RPP without long-term sequelae. At 1 and 10 years, BCRFS rates were 82% and 71.2% for RPP, 89% and 79.6% for RRP, and 87% and 79.8% for RRP+PLND (p=0.157 and p=0.679). ISUP grade >2, positive surgical margins, and pT3b stage independently predicted recurrence. Continence improved over time (p<0.001), reaching similar 10-year rates across groups (68-73%). Erectile function recovery remained limited (19-28%) and comparable. Patient satisfaction remained high. The perineal approach is associated with lower blood loss but may entail more wound-related complications. At both 1 and 10 years, RPP and RRP provide comparable oncologic, functional, and patient-reported outcomes.

The Balia healing tradition remains a significant cultural and spiritual practice among the Kaili people of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, including within Christian communities. More than a form of traditional medicine, Balia functions as an integrated cultural system that interprets illness as moral and relational disruption, mobilises communal participation and operates within a spiritually populated cosmology. This article employs a qualitative, literature-based theological approach informed by contextual theology to examine Balia and its implications for Christian faith. The analysis identifies three key findings: Balia shapes moral reasoning and communal responses to suffering; the authority of the balian represents a competing structure of spiritual mediation, and the persistence of Balia among Christians reflects deeper challenges in theological formation and pastoral presence rather than conscious doctrinal rejection. Contribution: Through biblical-theological evaluation, the study argues that the central issue posed by Balia lies in its attribution of spiritual agency and authority, not in its holistic concern for healing. By moving beyond functional equivalence, the article proposes a contextually sensitive yet theologically discerning pastoral response, contributing to broader discussions on Christianity and indigenous healing practices.

This study presents a DNA-compatible synthesis of diverse N-fused imidazopyridines via a catalyst-free Ugi-type multicomponent reaction using TMSCN as a functional isonitrile equivalent. The desilylation activation occurs efficiently in water without additional catalysts. The method exhibits a broad substrate scope for aldehydes and heterocyclic amidines and excellent chemoselectivity, underscoring its utility for constructing privileged heteroaromatic scaffolds in DNA-encoded library technology.

Philosophical concepts are an essential component of cultural communication, serving as carriers of a nation’s worldview and intellectual tradition. This study aims to explore the effectiveness of Eugene Nida’s Functional Equivalence Theory in the Chinese-English translation of philosophical concepts. Taking Key Concepts in Chinese Thought and Culture: Philosophy as the case study, this research adopts a qualitative analytical method to examine how lexical and syntactic equivalence are realized in translation practice. The analysis reveals that, at the lexical level, strategies such as word class adjustment, isomorphic substitution, and explanatory translation help overcome cultural and semantic gaps. At the syntactic level, the use of kernel sentence restructuring and function-oriented translation effectively clarifies implicit logical relations in Chinese source texts. These approaches enable target readers to achieve a similar understanding and response as source readers. The study concludes that Functional Equivalence Theory provides a practical and effective framework for translating Chinese philosophical concepts, particularly in enhancing clarity, readability, and cultural transmission. However, limitations remain due to the complexity and interpretive openness of philosophical terms.

FKBP51 is a multifunctional immunophilin that regulates key cellular pathways, including NF-κB signaling, AKT activation, and steroid receptor trafficking. Alternative splicing of the FKBP5 gene generates a shorter isoform, FKBP51s, lacking the C-terminal TPR domain mediating protein‒protein interactions. Previous studies support the hypothesis that splicing of the FKBP5 gene underpins the mechanisms crucial for establishing control over T lymphocyte expansion and that the balance between the canonical and spliced isoforms could be pivotal in the immune system's capacity to finely tune the intensity and span of the immune response.To investigate the impact of FKBP51 splicing, we generated a knock-in mouse model (huFKBP5) expressing only the full-length human FKBP51 isoform, thereby ablating all splice variants. While the heterozygous animals were viable and fertile, the homozygous huFKBP5+/+ mice presented a sub-Mendelian frequency, infertility, and widespread lymphoid infiltrates, suggesting impaired immune homeostasis. In a syngeneic melanoma model, huFKBP5+/- mice presented a potent antitumor response characterized by reduced tumor growth, increased lymphocyte infiltration, elevated levels of cytotoxic markers (perforin, Bax, cleaved caspase-3 and -7, gasderminE), and the upregulation of CCR7 and CXCR5 on tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. By employing synthetic mRNAs, we demonstrated that FKBP51 retains functional equivalence across species in driving lymphocyte activation. The FKBP51s isoform functions as a dominant-negative regulator of murine lymphocyte effector functions. These findings support the conclusion that inhibiting FKBP51 splicing preserves lymphocyte effector activity and prevents their transition toward resting or exhausted states. In the tumor context, this translates into a heightened antitumor immune response and a reduction in tumor tolerance.

Machine Psychology is an emerging interdisciplinary framework that integrates principles from learning psychology with a cognitive AI architecture to advance Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) research. This article provides a focused review of Machine Psychology, tracing the progression from basic operant learning to advanced symbolic reasoning within the Non-Axiomatic Reasoning System (NARS). We first outline the theoretical foundations in operant conditioning and Relational Frame Theory, highlighting how adaptive behavior and arbitrarily applicable relational responding (AARR) serve as cornerstones of human cognition. We then describe the architecture and capabilities of NARS and its variant OpenNARS for Applications (ONA), which enable real-time sensorimotor reasoning under conditions of uncertain knowledge. Four successive experimental studies are reviewed in detail: (1) Operant conditioning tasks demonstrate that NARS can learn from reinforcing consequences to modify its behavior, achieving 100% correct responses and adapting when contingencies change. (2) In generalized identity matching, NARS abstracts an identity relation that successfully generalizes to novel stimuli after minimal training. (3) A functional equivalence study shows NARS grouping stimuli by shared consequences, such that new learning transfers spontaneously between equivalent stimuli. (4) Finally, NARS is extended to model AARR, exhibiting derived symmetric and transitive relations and context-sensitive relational reasoning (e.g. same-opposite relations) with associated transformations of stimulus functions. We discuss how specific NARS mechanisms (e.g. temporal inference, variable term introduction, relational implication) map onto psychological processes underlying learning and cognition. Machine Psychology is presented as a developmental roadmap toward human-like AGI, incrementally building cognitive skills from basic adaptation to complex symbolic reasoning. We critically evaluate the strengths and limitations of this approach and outline open research directions toward achieving flexible, theory-of-mind-capable intelligence.

In recent years, rewilding theories and initiatives have gained momentum as a credible solution to the loss of ecological diversity and stability. However, rewilding remains a controversial theory that draws our attention to the multiple links between intervention, history, and the value of nonhuman capacity for self-organization. Tracing the history of practices and theoretical frameworks of some emblematic projects and proposals in this field, we focus on the shortcomings and theoretical challenges of functional approaches, including notions of functional equivalence, and the difficulties posed by counterfactual reference points. At the heart of this analysis are the contradictions that some of these approaches pose with the crucial goal of rewilding, which is, in principle, to preserve immanence and spontaneous organization. By way of conclusion, the recommendation to deepen reflection on the past for a genuine and ethically sound incorporation of the feral into everyday life is presented.

The global prevalence of diabetes highlights the urgent need for efficient and scalable insulin manufacturing. Insulin icodec, the first once-weekly basal insulin analog approved for clinical use, offers significant therapeutic benefits but presents manufacturing challenges due to its structural complexity. In this study, an integrated process was developed to produce insulin icodec in Pichia pastoris. A high-expression GS115 strain was engineered and cultivated under high-cell-density fermentation, yielding 7.53 g/L proinsulin in the supernatant (5.04 g/L in whole broth). The downstream process combined cation-exchange chromatography capture, enzymatic conversion to the desB30 insulin analog using lysyl endopeptidase, and optimization of fatty acid acylation through response surface methodology (RSM). Final purification by a sequential two-step reversed-phase chromatography polishing achieved a purity of 99.90%. The structural and functional equivalence to commercial insulin icodec was verified by RP-HPLC, HR-LC-MS, peptide mapping, and cell-based proliferation assays. Collectively, this study establishes a comprehensive and high-yield platform for insulin icodec biosimilar production and provides a generalizable framework for the manufacturing of other long-acting or structurally complex insulin analogs.

Against the backdrop of the coordinated advancement of the “Healthy China” and “Digital China” initiatives, enhancing the utilization efficiency of healthcare resources has become a core issue in achieving universal health coverage. Currently, provinces across China face significant challenges in allocating medical resources. Conducting in-depth research into the current state of resource utilization efficiency and its underlying mechanisms holds critical practical significance for optimizing resource allocation and driving high-quality development of the healthcare system. This study employs a data envelopment analysis model to measure the efficiency of healthcare resource utilization at the provincial level in China. Utilizing a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis method, it systematically examines the synergistic effects of different antecedent conditions to reveal the diverse pathways driving high resource utilization efficiency. Data analysis reveals a complex picture of healthcare resource utilization efficiency in China: (1) In 2021, China’s average comprehensive healthcare resource utilization efficiency stood at 0.918. However, only 35.5% of provinces achieved DEA efficiency, indicating that nearly two-thirds of provinces still face resource misallocation issues. (2) Among these, 14 provinces exhibited increasing returns to scale (under-investment in resources), while 6 provinces showed decreasing returns to scale (over-investment in resources), reflecting structural imbalances between resource allocation and actual demand. (3) fsQCA configuration analysis identified five efficient driving pathways: H1(Digital-Economic-Spatial Constraint Type) reflects cumulative disadvantages across multiple dimensions; H2 (Economy-Digital Synergy) and H4 (Urbanization-Driven) demonstrate how different factor combinations achieve functional equivalence through divergent pathways; H3 (Comprehensive Factor Balance) and H5 (Full Factor Empowerment) collectively outline the evolutionary path from “factor-driven” to “innovation-driven” development. Achieving high-level efficiency in healthcare resource utilization does not rely on a single optimization approach, but rather results from the coordinated allocation of economic capital, digital technology, and spatial structures. Research reveals the existence of a “multiple concurrent” equivalent driving model, offering diverse pathways for regions with varying developmental conditions. Policy formulation should abandon a one-size-fits-all approach and instead adopt differentiated strategies aligned with local resource endowments and developmental stages. This systematic thinking will drive comprehensive improvements in healthcare resource utilization efficiency. Not applicable.

Access to hands-on PLC training is often limited by the cost and complexity of physical automation laboratories, while existing simulation tools typically lack alignment with real hardware configurations, reducing their effectiveness for education. To address this, we present a modular PLC simulation method that enables accurate virtual replication of a cost-effective, scalable industrial automation laboratory used for traffic light control, elevator operation, and automated filling systems. Built in Unity, the method integrates a custom ladder logic execution engine with interactive 3D models that mirror the exact input/output structure and operational behavior of the physical laboratory. Users can program, test, and debug logic in a realistic environment and receive immediate visual feedback—without requiring hardware. The method was validated by comparing its outputs against the physical system across 4 representative automation tasks; in every case, the virtual and physical setups produced I/O sequences matching within ±10ms and control outcomes, confirming functional equivalence.•Introduces a modular simulation framework that faithfully replicates the application scope of a physical low-cost PLC training laboratory.•Combines a custom ladder logic interpreter with real-time 3D visualization in Unity to enable program testing and debugging.•Validates functional equivalence through direct behavioral comparison with physical hardware across 4 standard automation tasks.

Abstract With energy system decarbonization, embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions increasingly drive construction-sector climate impacts, spurring research on wood substitution. At the sectoral scale, substitution impacts have typically been assessed using two substitution modeling approaches: (i) component-level substitution, which traces wood flows from forests to intermediate construction products, while ignoring functional equivalence at the level of downstream building assemblies; and (ii) building-level substitution, which assesses the environmental consequences of changes in wood use at the level of end-use functions, while paying less emphasis on upstream wood flows. This study advances the building-level approach by allowing to link building-level substitution impacts to specific upstream wood flows (i.e., an integrated building-level approach), demonstrated through a European Union (EU) case study. The results show that the substitution impacts (GHG emissions avoided) are 70–84% lower under both the conventional and integrated building-level approaches than under the component-level approach. This is mostly because the building-level substitution attributes substitution impact only to the additional wood used in wood-frame buildings relative to reference concrete buildings (which also contain some wood), while the substitution impact estimated based on component-level substitution covers all wood use (compared to a hypothetical non-wood reference). By explicitly tracing multiple wood flows and linking them to substitution impacts, the integrated building-level approach further indicates that increased wood supply does not necessarily ensure greater fossil emission avoidance, as outcomes depend on both the magnitude of additional wood supply and the efficiency of wood use.