Function Of Energy Level Research Articles

In vivo determination of domestic quail (Coturnix japonica) muscle development by ultrasonography as a function of energy levels

The aim was to evaluate the growth and meat production and some meat quality characteristics of domestic quail (Coturnix japonica) as a function of metabolizable energy (ME) levels in the diet and to adjust predicting equations in ratio to area pectoralis major muscle of the carcass through the ultrasound. Two hundred and seventy mixed sex quail from 7 to 49 days old were distributed in three treatments (7 to 21 days old, diets with 2700; 2900 and 3100 kcal ME/kg; from 21 to 49 days, diets with 2900, 3050 and 3200 kcal of ME/kg), with five replications per treatment. Ultrasonography was performed at 21; 35 and 49 days of age in the pectoralis major muscle to determine prediction equations through multiple linear regression. Feed intake (FI) and feed efficiency (FE) were linearly influenced (P < 0.05) by energy levels in both phases evaluated. Regarding sensory analysis, there was no interference of ME levels on sensory attributes. The equation for predicting breast area was Y = 0.00271*ME + 0.25411*Age-9.58002, R2 = 74.25%. It is concluded that increasing the energy level of the feed from 2700 to 3100 kcal ME/kg reduces FI and improves the FE of quail. The increase in carcass fat from 35 days of age does not harm the physical and sensory characteristics of the meat. The ultrasonography in vivo of the M. pectoralis major, considering the age and energy level of the diet, made it possible to predict the pectoral muscle are a with higher reliability.

Sustainable Allocation Model of Construction Workforce for Work Resumption during COVID-19

COVID-19 has posed challenges for the construction industry, such as precise pandemic control, sustainable labor relations, and loss minimization. In response to these challenges, this study has developed a decision model that optimizes workforce allocation for projects to achieve sustainable workforce management, a tradeoff between pandemic prevention and work resumption. The priority of project resumption was evaluated using basic characteristics, the long- and short-term strategies, and the regional pandemic situation. The energy level of skilled workers was graded according to construction team size, skill level, and experience. Sustainable allocation principles and paths were explored to target four different types of work resumption plans. We used the cellular automaton (CA) technique to simulate the sustainable allocation model. We also analyzed the similarity function of energy levels and the time-cost function of allocation. The case study of the SGJ Construction demonstrates that this allocation model can accurately simulate work resumption and provide a sustainable allocation decisions and tools under pandemic. Also, it implies balanced interests and concerns between construction companies and the society for work resumption during COVID-19.

Fano-Kondo resonance versus Kondo plateau in an Aharonov-Bohm ring with an embedded quantum dot

We theoretically examine the transport through an Aharonov-Bohm ring with an embedded quantum dot (QD), the so-called QD interferometer, to address two controversial issues regarding the shape of the Coulomb peaks and measurement of the transmission phase shift through a QD. We extend a previous model [B. R. Bulka and P. Stefanski, Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 5128 (2001); W. Hofstetter, J. Konig, and H. Schoeller, ibid. 87, 156803 (2001)] to consider multiple conduction channels in two external leads, L and R. We introduce a parameter p_{\alpha} (|p_{\alpha}| \le 1) to characterize a connection between the two arms of the ring through lead \alpha (=L, R), which is the overlap integral between the conduction modes coupled to the two arms. First, we study the shape of a conductance peak as a function of energy level in the QD, in the absence of electron-electron interaction U. We show an asymmetric Fano resonance for |p_{L,R}| = 1 in the case of single conduction channel in the leads and an almost symmetric Breit-Wigner resonance for |p_{L,R}| < 0.5 in the case of multiple channels. Second, the Kondo effect is taken into account by the Bethe ansatz exact solution in the presence of U. We precisely evaluate the conductance at temperature T=0 and show a crossover from an asymmetric Fano-Kondo resonance to the Kondo plateau with changing p_{L,R}. Our model is also applicable to the multi-terminal geometry of the QD interferometer. We discuss the measurement of the transmission phase shift through the QD in a three-terminal geometry by a "double-slit experiment." We derive an analytical expression for the relation between the measured value and the intrinsic value of the phase shift.

Analysis of fast and slow responses in AC conductance curves for p-type SiC MOS capacitors

We used a conductance method to investigate the interface characteristics of a SiO2/p-type 4H-SiC MOS structure fabricated by dry oxidation. It was found that the measured equivalent parallel conductance–frequency (Gp/ω–f) curves were not symmetric, showing that there existed both high- and low-frequency signals. We attributed high-frequency responses to fast interface states and low-frequency responses to near-interface oxide traps. To analyze the fast interface states, Nicollian’s standard conductance method was applied in the high-frequency range. By extracting the high-frequency responses from the measured Gp/ω–f curves, the characteristics of the low-frequency responses were reproduced by Cooper’s model, which considers the effect of near-interface traps on the Gp/ω–f curves. The corresponding density distribution of slow traps as a function of energy level was estimated.

A role of oxygen vacancy on annealed ZnO film in the hydrogen atmosphere

RF-sputtered ZnO films were annealed in the ambient atmospheres of Ar or hydrogen gas. Hydrogen effects on oxygen vacancies of ZnO films were studied through the characterizations of physical and electrical properties after annealing at 300 °C. The carrier concentration was increased to ∼1017 cm−3 in both annealing ambient atmospheres. On the other hand, the mobility was distinctly decreased when the films were annealed in the ambient atmosphere of Ar gas. Even though the physical structure undergoes small changes regardless of annealing ambient atmospheres, the increase of oxygen vacancies was remarkably suppressed in the annealing ambient atmosphere of hydrogen gas. Two distinct band edge states, generated by oxygen vacancies, are correlated to the changes in carrier concentration and mobility as a function of energy level below the conduction band.

Nonequilibrium transport through coupled quantum dots with electron–phonon interaction

We theoretically study transport properties of coupled quantum dots in parallel in the presence of electron–phonon (e–ph) interaction. Nonequilibrium transport under finite bias is calculated using the Keldysh Green function method. Firstly, we examine a double-dot interferometer with a penetrating magnetic flux (Aharonov–Bohm phase φ) between the two quantum dots. The differential conductance shows a sharp dip between double resonant peaks, as a function of energy levels in the quantum dots, when the two dots are equivalently coupled to external leads and 0 < φ < π. The e–ph interaction significantly decreases the dip, reflecting an emission of phonons from one of the quantum dots. This dephasing effect is more prominent under larger bias voltage. Secondly, we study a T-shaped double-dot system in which one of the dots is connected to the external leads (dot 1) and the other is disconnected (dot 2). The differential conductance shows a dip between two resonant peaks, as in the double-dot interferometer. The dip is weakly reduced by an emission of phonons from dot 2. Phonon emission from dot 1 does not result in dephasing and hence does not influence the dip. Therefore the dip of the conductance is more robust against the e–ph interaction in the T-shaped double-dot system than in the double-dot interferometer.

Ablation of composite resins using Er:YAG laser—comparison with enamel and dentin

The purpose of this work is to investigate comparative ablation rate between composite resins and dental hard tissues (enamel and dentin) after Er:YAG laser irradiation to verify possible development of an ultra-conservative dentistry to with minimum effect for the teeth tissue. We have used 11 extracted or exfoliated primary anterior and posterior teeth and six extracted permanent molar teeth. Three different types of composite resin were chosen (microfiller, hybrid, and condensable) in terms of chemical and structural composition. Composite tablets and the teeth were irradiated with a Er:YAG laser at different laser beam energy level per pulse (100, 200, 300, and 400 mJ). Diameter and depth of each resulted microcavity were measured and the material removed volumes were calculated. The resulted values were plotted and fitted to allow a comparative observation of the material removed as a function of energy level per pulse. While the idea of ultra-conservative dentistry seems to apply well for enamel of primary and permanent teeth, at the present stage it does not apply well for primary or permanent dentin. For dentin, the composition and content of water makes the Er:YAG laser ablation equal or superior in rate compared with the three used resins. This work presents of a comparative study of Er:YAG laser ablation, allowing to analyze the possible selective ablation between composite resin placed and cured and dental hard tissues, with the goal to propose a new clinical technique: differential ablation for composite resin restorations using Er:YAG laser.

Theoretical study of deep-trap-assisted anomalous currents in worst-bit cells of dynamic random-access memories (DRAM's)

High-level leakage (anomalous) currents in worst-bit cells of dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) devices, i.e., in the tail region of the cumulative probability of the data retention time distribution, are analyzed by utilizing device simulation. Deep-traps are assumed to be located near the metallurgical junction, and the anomalous current is evaluated as a function of the number of traps as well as a function of energy level (E/sub t/) and capture cross-section (/spl sigma/). Calculated leakage currents are compared with measured data. It is found that: (1) acceptor-type deep-traps located in an n-region, as well as donor-type deep-traps in a p-region, can generate the high-level current flowing through pn junctions; (2) heavy-metal contamination of the order of 10/sup 3/ atoms/cell can generate the high-level current when E/sub t/ is situated near the center in the energy gap and /spl sigma/ is around 10/sup -15/ cm/sup 2/; and (3) current induced by point defects is two to six orders of magnitude lower than that induced by the heavy-metal contamination. Several sets of material constants are examined for obtaining the best fit between the calculated current and measured data. This examination theoretically predicts Zn and Au atoms (of the order of 10/sup 3/ per unit cell) as the origins of the anomalous current in worst-bit cells.

Validity of energy distribution derived from heat of adsorption in an ammonia/cation-exchanged Y zeolite system

The validity ofe-Θ functions (energy level functions) which were derived from experimentalq-Θ functions (heat functions) was examined in an ammonia/cation-exchanged Y zeolite system. Thee-Θ functions of Na-Y zeolite and Cs-Na-Y zeolite were respectively calculated from theirq- Θ functions measured by ammonia adsorption at 373 K. The heat of adsorption of ammonia was also measured on a mixture of these two zeolites at a certain mixing ratio at 373 K. Thee-Θ function of the mixture was likewise calculated on the basis of this measurement. Thee-Θ function thus calculated was in good agreement with the synthesizede-Θ function derived by linearly combining twoe-Θ functions of each zeolite mentioned above. Thee-Θ function derived from experimentale-Θ function thus proved to be valid in an actual adsorption system.

Evaluation of energy distribution on a heterogeneous surface from heat of adsorption and its application to the ammonia/Na-Y zeolite system

Thee—θ function (energy level function) which represents surface heterogeneity was derived from theq—θ function (experimental heat function) in the case of reversible adsorption. The Langmuir equation was extended and applied to the procedure of calculations. An iterative calculation led to the most probablee—θ function by setting theq—θ function and adsorption temperature. As an example for actual cases, thee—θ function of Na-Y zeolite was calculated from theq—θ function obtained by the measurement of heats of adsorption of ammonia at 373 K. Thee—θ function thus derived seemed to be consistent with the positional distribution of sodium ions.

Estimation of heat of adsorption from energy distribution on heterogeneous surfaces by a theoretical analysis of adsorption process

An attempt was made to calculate theq—θ function (experimental heat function) from thee—θ function (energy level function) of a heterogeneous surface. In order to obtain the heat of adsorption, adsorption was assumed to take place on each energy level of thee—θ function. In reversible adsorption, Langmuir's monolayer model was extended to determine the occupation of energy levels by molecules. On this basis, the heat of adsorption could be calculated. Irreversible adsorption was also examined on the basis of chemical kinetics. Molecules were supposed to be held on sites to which they first collided. These calculations were useful for estimating the extent of deviation of theq—θ function from thee—θ function.