Full Price Research Articles

Factors influencing use and perceptions of teledermatology: A mixed-methods study of 942 participants

BackgroundThe protracted COVID-19 pandemic highlights the need for a sustainable telemedicine practice.ObjectiveTo understand patient perceptions toward teledermatology.MethodsConvergent parallel mixed-methods study of 942 dermatology patients or their caregivers between June 2020 and April 2021.ResultsMultivariate regression found that youth, increased computer use, willingness to show body areas over photo/video, perceived quality of teledermatology, demand for social distancing and to reduce commute were associated with willingness to use teledermatology. The willingness to use teledermatology declined with the easing of COVID-19 movement restrictions, and 48.5% reported a poorer experience with teledermatology than with in-person consultations. Qualitative data from 26 interviews showed that willingness to use is influenced by pragmatic considerations, emotional factors, and data privacy concerns. These were moderated by the patient's perception of disease severity and need for an accurate diagnosis.LimitationsLack of data prior to the pandemic and during the initial lockdown period.ConclusionThe willingness to use teledermatology is influenced by circumstantial factors, technology literacy, views toward teledermatology, and factors driving the purpose of consultation. The declining willingness to use teledermatology with the easing pandemic, lower willingness to pay full in-clinic prices, and poorer experience compared with in-person consultations highlights the need to optimize this mode of delivery.

Is Full Price the Full Story When Consumers Have Time and Budget Constraints?

Is Full Price the Full Story When Consumers Have Time and Budget Constraints?

فقہ اسلامی میں بیع سلم کاتصور اورمروجہ اسلامی مالیاتی نظام میں بیع سلم کے استعمال سے متعلق اشکالات:ایک فقہی مطالعہ

The sharī‘ah invalidates the sale of non-existing items, but salam sale was exceptionally permitted to avoid interest-based financing in commercial as well as non-commercial transactions. Salam sale is an Islamic forward sale contract, which authorizes selling something that is not present during the time of the contract. Salam is a sale agreement whereby the seller receives full price in advance and goods are delivered at a future date. Moreover, it is free from uncertainties and exploitation that is usually involved in interest-based financing. Besides the agriculture sector, currently, this instrument is also being used in the manufacturing sector where the manufacturer would need financing to produce products and/or to buy raw materials. Modern financial innovations introduced different uses of salam sale such as parallel salam, currency salam, salam sukūk etc. There are different fiqh issues related to such uses of salam in modern financial sectors. This article elaborates on the economic importance and conditions that are necessary and sufficient to makethe contract valid from the perspective of the sharī‘ahand also appraises some of the key issues related to modern practices regarding salam.

Reforming Energy Subsidy in Kuwait: Maximizing Net Benefits and Equity Complying

The net benefits and public acceptance for a proposed reform to the current subsidization of energy in the State of Kuwait was investigated in this study. The proposed subsidization suggests that the government pays the consumers the subsidization cost in advance and in exchange for raising the subsidized tariffs to full price. The consumption will likely be reduced by a rate equals the over consumption due to the current subsidized tariffs in relative to the income. The net benefits is expected to be maximized and shifted to a pseudo-equilibrium point where both the governments and the consumers will be better off financially. The public acceptance toward the proposed strategy was examined using 274 voluntarily one-to-one interviews for gasoline and 121 for electricity and water. Also, a utilities meters reading program was conducted on 90 houses out of the 121 interviews for utilities. The interviews for gasoline and utilities indicated 57% and 66% of the respondents see no equity in the current subsidization, 55% and 80% admitted to overuse, and 11% and 21% averages of the over consumptions, and 67% and 66% of the respondents were willing to adopt the new strategy. The consumer is expected to save 912 USD/year from gasoline, and 8,198 USD/year from utilities. The estimated net benefits is 5,841 million USD annually with 62% attributed to utilities benefits and 38% to gasoline benefits.

Current status of recycled water for agricultural irrigation in Australia, potential opportunities and areas of emerging concern

Three per cent of Australian agricultural irrigation comes from recycled water. The 1990s establishment of states' Environment Protection Authorities and their regulatory standards and effluent disposal charges led to effluents from Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTPs) being used for agricultural irrigation. Adelaide and Melbourne, with agricultural land close to plants, expanded intensive vegetable industries. Sydney has limited land available and discharges 90% of its sewage through deep ocean outfalls after primary treatment. Brisbane with more distant farms, found pumping effluent hard to justify economically. Some larger regional cities/towns purchased farms to manage discharges as commercial businesses. Others market recycled water to nearby growers. Uses depend on treatment standards. Water with secondary treatment and pathogen reduction is suitable for processed crops, grazed or cut pastures, sugar cane, cotton and wine grapes, and is widely used for amenity horticulture, but requires careful salinity management. Water with tertiary treatment meeting log reduction pathogen standards may be used on food crops eaten raw (e.g. lettuce). Commonwealth government subsidies during the millennium drought (2001–2009) supported WWTP upgrades and irrigation infrastructure expansion. However, seasonal water demand and unwillingness of growers to pay full cost recovery prices led to some recycled waters still being discharged to water bodies. Some schemes over-estimated likely irrigation demand. Currently, there is scope for further developing recycled water agricultural irrigation by submitting business cases for subsidies from the new National Water Grid Authority. But there is increasing interest in the potential use of recycled water for drinking water augmentation, for which Australia has had guidelines since 2008. Perth has capacity for 28 hm3/yr recycled water to replenish its groundwater drinking sources while Brisbane has three plants totalling 84 hm3/yr for indirect potable supply, but not yet operating. Recycled water for critical human needs could eventually out-compete agricultural irrigation.

Relationship Between Inflation and Unemployment: Testing Philips Curve Hypotheses and Investigating the Causes of Inflation and Unemployment in Nigeria

The attainment of full employment and price stability are one of the most widely used measures of economic health. Inflation and unemployment are an integral part of an economy; however, there is a need to balance both such that neither inflation nor unemployment is too high. The persistent rise in inflation and unemployment rates has called for the need to investigate the relevance of Philip’s postulation of a trade-off between inflation and unemployment in Nigeria. In addition to the interdependency or independence of these variables, there is also a need to access factors that may contribute to the increasing inflation and unemployment rates in Nigeria. These will enable policymakers to formulate policies that affect inflation and unemployment and pay attention to other variables that may directly or indirectly affect inflation and unemployment. Therefore, the study aims to test the validity of Philip’s curve hypotheses and examine possible causes of inflation and unemployment in Nigeria. The study used secondary data sourced from the Central Bank of Nigeria and the World Bank. Vector Autoregressive and Error Correction methods were adopted for the analysis. The study revealed that there is no significant relationship between inflation and unemployment in Nigeria. Inefficiencies from the government’s side and insufficient domestic investment were observed to be the possible causes of unemployment, whereas; exchange rate depreciation and money supply are blamed for the rising price levels in Nigeria. The study concludes that the problems of inflation and unemployment arise from inefficiencies in both monetary and fiscal policies. Efficient use of fiscal and monetary policies was recommended to raise employment and output in all sectors to meet the steaming local demand and export. Also, the full implementation of economic diversification policies is recommended. Furthermore, the study recommends increasing government spending on social infrastructure and incentives to firms to promote investment in Nigeria. These will have an overall effect of increasing output, reducing unemployment and achieving non-inflationary growth in Nigeria.

The Legal Strength of the Deed of Power to Sell as the Basis for Transfer of Land Rights

In practice, the granting of a power of attorney to sell as above has caused the power to sell to be used as the basis for the process of making an AJB behind the name and at the same time being used as a registration tool for the transfer of land rights at the Land Office where the land is located. Meanwhile, the power of attorney to sell is accompanied by a statement from a notary that explains that the deed of power of attorney to sell is not an absolute power of attorney prohibited by law or that land and buildings as objects in the deed of power of attorney to sell have been paid in full. The procedure used to collect data in this study is in the form of documentation, namely the guidelines used in the form of notes or quotes, searching for legal literature, books and others related to the identification of problems in this study both offline and online. Analysis of legal materials is carried out using the content analysis method which is carried out by describing the material of legal events or legal products in detail in order to facilitate interpretation in the discussion. The granting of power of attorney is specifically regulated in Chapter XVI, book III of the Civil Code where Article 1792 states: "The grant of power of attorney is an agreement that contains the granting of power to another person who accepts it to carry out something on behalf of the person giving the power of attorney". Furthermore, Article 1793 of the Civil Code states: "Power can be given and received by a general deed, by a letter under the hand even by a letter or by word of mouth. The acceptance of a power of attorney can also occur secretly and is concluded from the exercise of that power by the authorized person. The process of transferring land rights based on the Selling Power of Attorney has a strong legal basis because there are no legal rules that are violated as argued and proven above. So it is correct to say that the Deed of Authorization to Sell has transitional power as well as in the process of transferring land rights through the Deed of Sale and Purchase, as long as no rules are violated in the transition process. The legal protection provided by PPJB is paid off and the power to sell to the buyer if the seller dies is very strong and perfect because of the evidentiary nature of PPJB and the power to sell made before a public official in this case a notary. This is a form of guarantee of legal certainty and as a form of legal protection for buyers who have paid the full price they have paid but have not been able to make AJB and reverse registration because one way or another there are conditions that have not been fulfilled

Recent Studies in the Nineteenth Century

Abstract: An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the Nineteenth Century and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of works received by SEL for consideration follow. Prices are those listed at the time books were received by SEL for review.

Willingness to pay for domestic biogas plants and distributing carbon revenues to influence their purchase: A case study in Nepal

Despite the potential benefits to human health and greenhouse gas mitigation, the uptake of biogas plants in Nepal and other developing countries has been less than optimal. We investigate the potential to stimulate the market for biogas plants through the distribution of environmental income generated from carbon credits. While previously identified in the literature, this has received limited experimental testing in the context of rural households in developing countries. We first use contingent valuation to assess willingness to pay for domestic biogas plants. Using Heckman selection models, we then examine how the provision of carbon revenue earnings influences household willingness to purchase in the absence of a subsidy. We find that households are willing to pay on average US $361.54 for a biogas digester, which is less than full market price of US $433.79, but higher than the current market price net of government subsidy. Household willingness to purchase is influenced by access to environmental income for those not initially in the market, but has no effect on those initially willing to purchase a biogas plant. Our findings suggest that the provision of environmental income has the potential to lead to more rapid and widespread adoption of biogas plants.

Rents, Experiments, and the Perpetual Presence of Concessionary Weather Insurance

Geographers have interpreted the rise of weather insurance for small agricultural producers as emblematic of financialization’s inexorable march to capitalize the countryside. Yet this market has proved far less successful than advocates hoped or critics feared. Rather than a speculative tool for surplus extraction from smallholders or a mechanism for their financial subjectification, this article reinterprets weather insurance as an infrastructure of concessionary transfers from the development sector to make market-mediated mechanisms work. These transfers are emblematic of the new distributional terms struck between donors, states, and insurance capital as financial risk transfer is articulated with the extension of fragmentary safety nets. Economic field experiments with insurance have proliferated as venues in which the value of insurance is tested by both economists and experimenting subjects. Just as data from these trials have suggested some positive welfare impacts, they have also indicated target clients are unwilling or unable to pay full market price, thus performing a new justification for the perpetual presence of subsidies. Such transfers present opportunities for reinsurers to command rents through their control of large pools of capital and their interpretive authority over techniques for pricing risk under uncertainty. In a changing climate, reinsurers are poised to collect larger rents from donors’ and governments’ premium subsidies meant to decrease insurance costs for the vulnerable. These dynamics of rent cycling underscore the urgency of building more equitable, systematic risk-sharing infrastructures to replace the current fragmentary archipelagos of weather insurance.

Towards the Implementation of Monetary Management in Islamic Economic System Based on Recent Developments

Monetary management is an essential part of the objectives of Shari’ah under the umbrella of the preservation of wealth (Ma’al). Our primary sources: Qur’an and Sunn’ah, provide divine legislation on the prohibition of Riba to manage bases of monetary transaction. Further, the juristic tools facilitate scholars to propose solutions to meet the emerging issues on diversified aspects of society. Muslim scholars have always adapted and contributed to the Islamic finance system and regulation, theoretically and practically. In recent decades, Islamic banking and finance has seen strong momentum with double digit growth, fulfilling the monetary requirement of depositors on the liability side along with industry on the asset side. We seek to review the theoretical and empirical literature on Islamic monetary mangement. Monetary management in the Islamic economic context is still an area that needs more research. This paper examines how literature has been developed over time up until modern Islamic economic and banking practices. The findings suggest that Islamic monetary management has been gradually developed in recent years and such development is remarkable steps forward in pursuing Islamic monetary policy independently. In addition, Islamic monetary policy is proved to be relatively more effective compared to interest based conventional monetary policy. The implications of such findings have established new milestones for the central banks of all the countries, including the muslim majority countries for pursuing interest free Islamic monetary policy with full confidence. Furthermore, there are four major views on Islamic monetary policy and the central banks of the world should choose one of the best methods and views for the greater effectiveness of monetary policy because conventional monetary policy has been less effective in bringing full employment and price stability in recent years and financial crisis has crippled the interest based conventional economic systems quite badly.

Inventory and pricing decisions when dealing with strategic consumers: A comprehensive analysis

This work focuses on firms that sell perishable products to risk-averse strategic consumers over two periods: the full-price period and the clearance period. The risk-aversion level of strategic consumers affects their expected utility in both periods, which will determine their purchasing behaviour. Typically, firms implement either quantity commitment (QC), price commitment (PC) or rational-expectation equilibrium (REE) policies to plan for risk-averse strategic consumers’ purchasing behaviour. In this study, we develop and analyze a novel model on the sales policy, full price, and the initial inventory decisions in the above setting. Results show that the risk-aversion level of strategic consumers has structural implications on optimal policies. First, firms should implement QC when the risk-aversion level is higher than a critical threshold; otherwise, PC is better. Second, the critical threshold of risk aversion increases as the unit cost of a product and clearance price decrease and as the consumer valuation increases. This can affect the optimal policy (QC, PC or REE). Finally, PC is always optimal when strategic consumers are risk seeking. We also conclude that the optimal policy is significantly affected by the proportion of strategic consumers when we consider different kinds of consumers (e.g. myopic consumers).

Regional premiums in nonferrous metals markets

AbstractPeculiarities of the LME contract structure give the impression that exchange spot prices measure transaction prices paid by consumers and received by producers. This impression can be misleading. Transaction prices also include a regional premium that can account for a substantial component of the full price. In well‐supplied markets, premiums measure the cost of intermediating exchange warehouses and consumers. In periods of tight demand they reflect the urgency of consumer requirements. I use a Markov‐switching model to analyze the regional and temporal variation in aluminum and zinc premiums.

The effects of price information and communication in markets with capacity constraints: An experiment

AbstractLimited price information and miscoordination reduce buyer surplus in markets with capacity‐constrained sellers. In an experiment, I study the effects of facilitating buyer coordination through communication and increasing the availability of price information. Improved coordination leads to an increase in trade and, under full price information, in prices. Whereas sellers benefit, buyers suffer more from the increase in prices than they benefit from the increase in trade. The impact of better price information depends on the presence of communication: with communication, an additional informed buyer induces sellers to raise their prices, yet without communication, one additional informed buyer provokes a price decrease.

MMT’s policy prescriptions in Small and Open Economies: Addressing some Controversies

According to Modern Monetary Theory, a country that issues its own floating currency -and has no foreign exchange denominated debt- can simultaneously achieve both full employment and price stability through an Employer of Last Resort. The ELR is a policy option in which the government offers a job to anyone willing and able to work at the program's wage. Along with a zero interest rate policy, these prescriptions constitute MMT’s base case for analysis. Unfortunately, they are seldom considered as a whole by critics. Most criticisms of MMT emphasize the inflationary consequences of full employment policy. The author argues that, ultimately, it is the definition of full employment that seems to be the key when discussing the feasibility and desirability of an ELR program. Implementing an ELR program could result in an increase of the price level as measured by some index. Arguing that, as a consequence, full employment should not be pursued is tantamount to keep using unemployment to control the price level.

옴니채널환경에서 제품구색통합 및 가격통합이 쇼핑혜택에 미치는 영향: 웹루밍 vs 쇼루밍

With the advent of digital era and mobile channel, a number of retailers have expanded omni-channel for product distribution. The shopping trends of consumers have been more complicated as well. The consumers have participated in decision making processes to purchase shopping items across on and offline channel under the omni-channel environment. Recently this kind of consumer behavior has been called as showrooming or webrooming. Retailers have evolved into omni-channel that has various forms of product assortment and price integration to provide consumers with seamless shopping experience and consistent brand association. Since both webroomers and showroomers have different shopping motivations and decision making processes in omni-channel environment, it is necessary to study what type of omni-channel form is preferred by webroomers and showroomers and how consumers feel their shopping benefits. This study simultaneously examined the impact of product assortment integration(such as full integration and asymmetrical integration) and price integration(such as full integration and asymmetrical integration) on consumer’s shopping benefits moderated by shopping behaviors like webrooming and showrooming. Specifically, it examined the differences of omni-channel shopping behaviors such as webrooming and showrooming to generate shopping benefits and retailer loyalty with the combination of assortment and price integration. This study also investigated the differences how to perceive shopping benefits and retailer loyalty by consumer segments such as extreme webroomers and extreme showroomers who show heavy cherry picking shopping tendency. The eight shopping scenarios were made to illustrate how to purchase a printer through webrooming or showrooming at electronics store that is operating in both online and offline. In addition, each shopping scenarios was made as a video clip to help respondents understand. Respondents were randomly assigned to eight shopping scenarios. In webrooming(or showrooming) videos, they had shopping experiences from online search(or offline search) to offline purchase(or online purchase). After watching the video for about a minute, they were asked to respond to the shopping benefits they experienced. To obtain the data needed for this study, eight branches of leading electronics retailer in Korea were selected. A total of 812 questionnaires were collected by conducting self-report surveys from consumers who visited the store. Figure 1 The Research Model We first analyzed the characteristics of samples through descriptive statistics. Then, factor analysis and reliability analysis were performed to validate the scales. We conducted three-way ANOVA to verify proposed hypotheses and t-test to compare the means between groups. In addition, cluster analysis was employed to identify unique omni-channel groups based on shopper’s cherry-picking tendencies. That was turned out to be extreme cherry-pickers, called as extreme webroomers and extreme showroomers. The results of this study were summarized as follows. First, under the omni-channel environment, the impacts of channel integration such as product assortment integration and price integration on shopping benefits were shown to vary according to shopping behaviors. In both webrooming and showrooming situations, omni-channel condition like product assortment full integration, which means the same product assortment on the on/offline channel significantly influenced perceived shopping benefits. Therefore, offering more product assortment to one-side on the omni-channel rather reduces the possibility of consumer choices. In terms of price integration, however, webrooming and showrooming indicated conflicting empirical results. In webrooming, the omni-channel which has the same price on the on/offline channel(that is, full price integration), highly percieved shopping benefits.On the other hand, in showrooming, the omni-channel which has a lower price on the online channel(that is, asymmetric price integration), highly perceived shopping benefits. Table 1 Results of the impact of channel integration on shopping benefits by shopping behavior Shopping Benefits Hypothesis Channel Integration Verification of Levene

Internalizing externalities through net ecosystem service analysis–A case study of greenhouse vegetable farms in Beijing

One of the causes for market failure is that product externalities are not internalized into product prices. A method was put forward to internalize the externalities into the prices of agro-products, both positive (ecosystem services (ESs)) and negative (ecosystem disservices (EDSs)) externalities generated from agroecosystems were integrated into the calculation of net ecosystem service (NES) through monetary analysis. The case study of greenhouse vegetable production was carried out in conventional (CON), organic (ORG), and community-supported agriculture (CSA) farms in Beijing suburbs. The total ESs value (124 thousand USD ha−1 yr−1) of CSA farms was the highest. The total EDSs value (28.1 thousand USD ha−1 yr−1) of CON farms was the highest, and was 21 and 35 times of ORG and CSA farms, respectively. Pesticides contributed to 76% EDS value of CON farms. The NES values (without provisional ES) of CON, ORG and CSA farms were −25.4, 2.69, and 8.35 thousand USD ha−1 yr−1, respectively. The full prices of ORG (3.45 USD kg−1) and CSA (4.65 USD kg−1) vegetables were higher than those of CON (1.50 USD kg−1) vegetables. The market price of CON vegetables did not cover their value of net-negative externalities. The methodology of NES can be applied to comprehensively evaluate environmental sustainability, set fair prices for eco-friendly products, and provide a reference for eco-compensation. Further studies should be conducted, sampling more farms of different agroecosystems in different regions to test its applicability and practicality to provide substantial data for its broader application.

Mengelola Pendapatan Kamar Hotel yang Optimum (Yield Management)


 
 
 The market is always changing and increasing competition. In this condition, the hotel needs to improve responsiveness to the environment to service. Hotels should be able to establish a policy with the best results. Yield management offers a concept for each hotel is able to put himself in the best position in the changing environment. Revenues need to be managed well for a more popular method is called yield management or revenue management Currently, yield management, has become a very important innovation in the hospitality industry. The main objective of yield management is to maximize the occupancy room and at the same price achieved average room rate is high. The rooms are the same product, but have different market segments, both used by the guest or guest tours individual. Each market segment may be subject to different prices for the same period. Demand for each segment in the future, have a fairly high level of uncertainty in thiscase, management does not know how much and when the individual guest is coming. Individual guest room reservations typically do on arrival or a few days prior to say, while guest tour groups generally pay full price and keep the rooms are not already sold to the tourist gueist at cheap prices or discounts. Profit oriented hotel management and have broad freedom of action to increase revenue at the optimum level of demand for rooms is very high. This is to compensate low income or cover losses in the period of very Iow occupancy rates, where rooms are sold at discount in nearly all segments. Room sales management to achieve optimum opinions need to plan how many rooms are sold at a discount and how many rooms were sold at full price. In addition . to avoid loss of revenue due to cancellation of booking rooms during periode of high demand for rooms, management needs to accept room reservations exceeds the number of rooms available for sale
 
 

Recent Studies in the Restoration and Eighteenth Century

Abstract: An assessment of recent scholarly work treating the literature of the Restoration and Eighteenth Century and some general observations on the state of the profession. A full bibliography and price list of works received by SEL for consideration follow. Prices are those listed at the time books were received by SEL for review.

Displacement from piracy in the American comic book market

Much like the music and movies industries before, the comic book industry has entered the digital markets and faces the unfair competition of unauthorized sources. I conduct a survey of comic book readers to analyse the relationship between the pirate channels and the sales of comic books from the top American publishers. My data allows me to construct a time panel of comics readers and calculate the substitution rate between the paid and unpaid channels of comics acquisition. I find that piracy is negatively related to comics sales though mainly those of limited series. Moreover, for digital comics the relationship is observable only for a smaller group of readers with high valuations of digital formats. I also show that the digital comics – both paid and unpaid – are typically considered as inferior by the readers. With the price of digitally released new comics set at the same level as their print versions, this suggests that readers who do not want to pay the full price for print copies are more likely to use pirate sources than to switch to legal digital channels. Still, both paid and unpaid readership is associated with higher interest in other types of comics-based media such as movies or video games. This suggests that comics piracy might carry some indirect positive effects. As this aspect could improve the negotiating position of comic book authors it should be studied further.