Full Price Research Articles

A practical methodology for distributed energy resources (DER) valuation in distribution networks

Under most NEM policies, DER customers sell excess electricity at full retail price. Although this structure helped the widespread growth of DER, it is argued to subsidize DER at the expense of non-DER customers. In that regard, value-based compensation emerged, and as of 2022, at least 12 states have conducted studies to investigate alternative NEM compensation methods to inform new policy decisions. DER can provide various benefits to the distribution system, including energy, reliability, resilience, environmental, societal, and investment deferral. Each benefit has an individual value, and calculating these values is challenging. This paper presents a practical methodology to calculate the DER location value. The proposed approach utilizes established utility planning and reliability criteria. It analyzes the distribution system's current status, capturing any planning or reliability criteria violations, and determines the utility upgrade investment costs to remediate them. The proposed approach then determines the size, locational, and temporal profile of the DER that can be added to the distribution network and defer any of the utility upgrade investment costs, thus obtaining the value to the system and assigning a monetary value. The results provide a nodal distribution value of DER to the distribution system.

Periodicity, Elliott waves, and fractals in the NFT market

Non-fungible tokens (NFTs) are unique digital assets that exist on a blockchain and have provided new revenue streams for creators. This research investigates NFT market inefficiencies to identify claimed cyclic behavior and cryptocurrency influences on NFT prices. The research found that while linear models are not useful in modeling NFT price series, models that extract periodic behavior can provide explanations and predictions of price behavior. The investigation of autocycles in cryptocurrency and NFT markets did not support the existence of Elliott Wave behavior in any of these blockchain enabled assets. Rather NFT price behavior is strongly tied to the underlying asset and its community of fans. These fans commit to periodic bouts of idiosyncratic trading which cools for a while, and then restarts. The research found no evidence supporting whole market effects across the full price series of individual NFTs. The research strongly supports prior findings that the offsetting movements significantly influence NFT prices and trading volume in Bitcoin and Ether. The research found NFT markets exhibit characteristics resembling a social media platform rather than more traditional asset markets like stock exchanges. It found that traditional linear econometric models cannot predict or explain NFT price series, only that NFT price and volume were weakly correlated. Fractal models consistent with Elliott wave theory do explain some of NFT price behavior, but are not consistent or stable over time. This research confirmed prior research findings that Bitcoin and Ether price movements are correlated with general NFT price and volume series in periods of between 24 and 48 h, with significant numbers of trades into and out of cryptocurrencies at 2 and 8 h.

Advance selling strategy and pricing decisions with online reviews

AbstractMotivated by marketing practices in advance selling, this paper studies the optimal pricing decisions and advance selling strategy with online reviews. The firm may charge a full or partial price in advance selling and then determine whether to continue selling products in the spot market. We characterize the equilibrium pricing decisions, selling scheme, and advance selling strategy in the monopoly market. We find that no matter what kind of advance selling strategy is implemented, the firm should choose the two‐period selling scheme instead of the one‐period one to market the product. Notably, when the two‐period selling scheme is chosen, either the skimming pricing or the penetration pricing may be optimal for the firm. Specifically, when the review valence is significantly lower, the skimming pricing is always favored by the firm; otherwise, the penetration pricing is more profitable. Moreover, the disclosure quality and review valence jointly affect the choice of firm's optimal advance selling strategy. In detail, advance selling with a full‐price strategy is always dominant if the disclosure quality is high; otherwise, the firm's optimal advance selling strategy is determined by the review valence. Meanwhile, we also analyze several extensions to explore meaningful insights and provide decision‐making support for the firm facing a complex marketing environment.

Nutritional, environmental and economic implications of children plate waste at school: a comparison between two Italian case studies.

This study aims at comparing two Italian case studies in relation to schoolchildren's plate waste and its implications, in terms of nutritional loss, economic cost and carbon footprint. Plate waste was collected through an aggregate selective weighting method for 39 d. Children from the first to the fifth grade from four primary schools, two in each case study (Parma and Lucca), were involved. With respect to the served food, in Parma, the plate waste percentage was lower than in Lucca (P < 0·001). Fruit and side dishes were highly wasted, mostly in Lucca (>50 %). The energy loss of the lunch meals accounted for 26 % (Parma) and 36 % (Lucca). Among nutrients, dietary fibre, folate and vitamin C, Ca and K were lost at most (26-45 %). Overall, after adjusting for plate waste data, most of the lunch menus fell below the national recommendations for energy (50 %, Parma; 79 %, Lucca) and nutrients, particularly for fat (85 %, Parma; 89 %, Lucca). Plate waste was responsible for 19 % (Parma) and 28 % (Lucca) of the carbon footprint associated with the food supplied by the catering service, with starchy food being the most important contributor (52 %, Parma; 47 %, Lucca). Overall, the average cost of plate waste was 1·8 €/kg (Parma) and 2·7 €/kg (Lucca), accounting respectively for 4 % and 10 % of the meal full price. A re-planning of the school meals service organisation and priorities is needed to decrease the inefficiency of the current system and reduce food waste and its negative consequences.

Assessment of the Prescribing Pharmacist's Role in Supporting Access to Prescription-Only Medicines-Metadata Analysis in Poland.

In 2020, pharmacists in Poland received additional authority to prescribe drugs. In this study, we analyzed prescribing after the implementation of this new responsibility. We assessed how the new regulation works in practice and what it means for the healthcare system in the area of access to prescription-only medicines. Data analysis included information on the prescriptions written, the type of substance according to the ATC classification, and data on the prescribing pharmacists. The study used over 2.994 million e-prescriptions written by pharmacists in Poland, which were made available by the e-Health Center. The largest group of drugs prescribed were drugs used in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, accounting for 25% of all prescribed medications during the time of the analysis. The next prescription groups were for drugs used in gastrointestinal diseases and metabolic disorders, and those acting on the central nervous system, the respiratory system, and the musculoskeletal system. Among pharmaceutical prescriptions, 73% were pharmaceutical prescriptions issued in pharmacies at full price to the patient. The results indicate that pharmacists are eager to use their permission to prescribe drugs in authority situations. Almost three million records showed improved patient access to medicines in the healthcare system (approximately 5% of repeat prescriptions for all patients during the study period). These data confirm the possibility of cooperation between physicians and pharmacists in strengthening the efficiency of the patient healthcare system. An important conclusion from this work is the need to create the possibility for the pharmacist to access the information resources of the implemented Internet Patient Account system, including therapeutic indications for the drugs used.

Financial leasing in Palestine “Prospects &amp; Obstacle”

The study aims to test the impact of financial leasing on the financial performance of financial leasing institutions in Palestine during the period between 2015 and 2021, the study examines the prospects and obstacles of financial leasing in Palestine. in an attempt to show the regulations of financial leasing in enhancing financial performance indicators represented by the rate of return on deposits, rate of return on ownership, rate of return on investment and rate of return on available assets. Financial leasing is a contract finance agreement that allows companies to sell goods, such as medical equipment, vehicles, and machinery, without having to pay the full price of the purchased goods. These regulations form Capital Market Authority (CAM) in Palestine that provides access to goods and services that maybe it is expensive to purchase. However, there are several obstacles to the growth of financial leasing in Palestine, including the lack of roles and regulations, the limited of supplying leasing products, and the lack of access to finance the contracts. The study concludes that while financial leasing can provide businesses in Palestine with the necessary financing to obtain the required goods and services, the current lack of a regulatory environment and the limited access to financing and leasing products are major obstacles to its growth. The purpose of the study is to find out the obstacles of financial leasing in Palestine, to understand the potential for this type of financing, and to the challenges that must be overcome for it to become more widely available. The paper begins by providing an overview of financial leasing and its benefits in Palestine. It then discusses the major obstacles to the growth of financial leasing in Palestine, including the lack of regulations and laws, the limited supply of leasing products, and the lack of access to financing. Finally, the paper outlines potential solutions for overcoming these obstacles and promoting the growth of financial leasing in Palestine. The study intends to analyze the influence of financial leasing on the financial performance of Palestinian financial leasing institutions between 2015 and 2021. It also examines the opportunities and challenges of financial leasing in Palestine. to demonstrate the regulations of financial leasing in improving financial performance measures such as the rate of return on deposits, rate of return on ownership, rate of return on investment, and rate of return on available assets. Financial leasing is a type of contract finance agreement that allows businesses to sell things like medical equipment, automobiles, and machinery without having to pay the full purchase price. In Palestine, these regulations create the Capital Market Authority (CAM) [1], which gives access to goods.

Analysis of omni-channel implementations that are preferred by consumers in clothing sector

Abstract The omni-channel strategy, which presents a continuous purchasing experience to consumers and which provides the full integration of different channels, promises the consumers an effortless, simple, and issueless buying process. In this context, this study aimed to analyze the consumer-preferred omni-channel implementations in clothing sector. At the same time, it also aimed to make suggestions, which are based on consumer desires, to clothing producers and marketers in the light of the obtained findings. An online survey is conducted to volunteer Turkish citizens, who are at the age of 18 or elder and who are the residents of Türkiye, in order to be able to obtain the data, which are used within the scope of this study. The relationships between omni-channel implementations are analyzed using statistical methods, such as exploratory factor analysis, t-test, and analysis of variance, on the basis of clothing sector. According to the obtained study results, Turkish consumers give great importance to omni-channel strategy and its elements. More specifically, they give great importance to the integration between physical and online channels, and they prefer a full information, customer services, and price integration between channels. The study results indicate that the consumers are aware of the advantages of omni-channel strategy and they demand these factors from enterprises, brands, and retailers. The study is detailed and comprehensive on the basis of both scope and used methods. All studies are designed on the basis of clothing sector, and all analyses and evaluations are actualized on this basis. In this context, this study differs and individuates from the other studies in the literature due to these aspects. This study both contributes to the deficiencies in sector’s marketing and retailing areas and to the fulfillment of gap within the literature.

Optimal Monetary Policy with Government-Provided Unemployment Benefits

Abstract This paper considers a standard New Keynesian model with matching frictions and explores the impact of modeling the opportunity cost of employment as government unemployment transfers. The findings reveal that under such circumstances, maintaining full price stability at all times ceases to be optimal. This outcome persists even when production subsidies are introduced to address inefficiencies caused by imperfect competition in product and factor markets, and when wages are fully flexible and the Hosios condition holds. For a realistic calibration of the opportunity cost, the Ramsey-optimal policy necessitates a positive inflation rate with high volatility. The degree of inflation volatility required increases with the magnitude of unemployment transfers. Consequently, committing to an inflation targeting regime proves to be highly costly in this context. Additionally, the study demonstrates that the optimal inflation variability decreases with workers’ bargaining power. This is because higher workers’ bargaining power leads to reduced labor market fluctuations, thereby lowering the need for large inflation adjustments.

Determination of Consumer Color and Discoloration Thresholds for Purchase of Representative Retail Ground Beef

The objective of this study was to identify the threshold for color and discoloration for consumers to purchase ground beef and to determine the best objective measurement to predict consumer purchase intent. This study was designed in 2 phases, with Phase 1 requiring consumers to evaluate ground beef samples of multiple days of display simultaneously, and Phase 2 having consumers evaluate samples of only a single day of display. Ground beef packages (80% lean) were evaluated for overall appearance liking and purchase intent (yes/no) by consumers (n=216 and 318). Additionally, packages were evaluated for L*, a*, b*, calculated percentage of metmyoglobin, oxymyoglobin, chroma, hue angle, and trained sensory panel redness and discoloration scores. Models showed that each of the objective measures evaluated were predictors (P&amp;lt;0.05) of consumer purchasing intent. All logistic regression equations (P&amp;lt;0.01) had high R2 values of 0.48 to 0.86 (Phase 1) and 0.26 to 0.65 (Phase 2) and correctly classified 78.1% to 90.1% (Phase 1) and 70.5% to 84.0% (Phase 2) of samples as would/would not purchase. Linear regression equations predicting consumer overall appearance ratings with objective measures also resulted in significant (P&amp;lt;0.01) models, with R2 values of 0.57 to 0.93 and 0.35 to 0.54. The a* values of 21.6, 24.6, 28.3, and 30.5 (Phase 1) and 20.7, 26.2, 31.7, and 35.4 (Phase 2) correspond with consumers being 50%, 75%, 90%, and 95% likely to purchase the product at full price. However, if the product was discounted, the a* values were reduced to 17.9, 21.4, 25.0, and 27.4 (Phase 1) and 17.7, 22.7, 27.7, and 31.1 (Phase 2). The models generated from this study provide the ability to predict consumer willingness to purchase ground beef and provide ground beef processors an indication of potential consumer purchasing behaviors based upon objective values that are easy to measure.

Slavery Represented in Bactrian Documents

ABSTRACT This article addresses the idea and practice of slavery reflected in Bactrian documents. Bactrian documents are found in various parts of modern-day northern Afghanistan, a region broadly corresponding to late antique Bactria. The article discusses the definition of slavery and the slave's social status reflected in these documents. It shows that slavery was a practice that was authorized within the Bactrian legal system, where two types of slavery were recognized. The first type was that of the slave who was born in the owner's possession (χοβο νιζαδαγο μαρηγο), while the second was that of the slave who was purchased for money (δδραχμο χιρσιγο). In both cases, the slaves were regarded as personal property, with their owners having total authority over them. The Bactrian legal system allowed a slave to purchase his freedom by paying his full price and also permitted families to sell their children into slavery in times of difficulty. The legal documents were produced in the court of law, where some officials witnessed and sealed them, providing evidence that slavery was widely practised in late antique Bactria.

15-OR: The Impact of Insulin Out-of-Pocket Caps among Commercially Insured Diabetes Patients

In January 2021, 8 states capped insulin out-of-pocket (OOP) costs at $25-$100 per 30-day supply. We examined the impact of these state policies on insulin OOP costs and use among commercially insured members with diabetes. Given that members in high-deductible health plans with health savings accounts (HSA) pay the full price of insulin before reaching their annual deductible, we hypothesized that these members would be the most impacted by the policies. We took advantage of a natural experiment created by state variation in policy to employ a robust quasi-experimental design. We used a pre-post with control group study design, with unadjusted difference-in-differences analysis, to evaluate changes in outcomes from 2020 (pre-policy) to 2021 (post-policy) in the 8 intervention states compared to contemporaneous changes in outcomes in 40 control states. We measured (1) insulin OOP cost per insulin user per year and (2) 30-day insulin fills per diabetes patient per year, and stratified results by HSA vs. non-HSA plans. We included 450,351 commercially insured members diagnosed with diabetes enrolled in a large, national health plan (19% were in an HSA plan). For the OOP cost analyses, we included 70,904 members with non-zero insulin costs. Among members with diabetes in HSA plans, state insulin OOP caps were associated with a $178 (95% CI: -$239, -$116) absolute and 18% (95% CI: -24%, -12%) relative reduction in annual OOP insulin costs. However, insulin fills among members with diabetes in HSA plans were unchanged (0.01 fills [95%: -0.05, 0.08]). The state policies also had no impact on annual OOP insulin costs or insulin fills for members with diabetes in non-HSA plans. State policies that capped insulin OOP costs were effective in reducing financial burden among HSA members but did not increase insulin use. Furthermore, the policies had little impact among members in plan types with lower baseline cost-sharing. These findings shed light on the potential impact of Medicare’s insulin copayment cap policy. Disclosure L.F.Garabedian: None. D.Ross-degnan: None. R.Costa: None. S.Argetsinger: None. F.Zhang: Other Relationship; GlaxoSmithKline plc., Pfizer Inc. J.Wharam: None. Funding Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (U18DP006527)

Partitioned Pricing and Collusion on Surcharges

Abstract Partitioned pricing is a pricing practice that divides the price of a product into a base price and one or more mandatory surcharges. This paper develops a theory of partitioned pricing using a duopoly model where the owner of each firm determines the surcharge, but delegates the setting of the base price to a manager. In equilibrium, both firms choose partitioned pricing over the conventional all-inclusive pricing. Moreover, partitioned pricing leads to higher full prices and larger profits than all-inclusive pricing. Most surprisingly, collusion on surcharges without any coordination on base prices is as profitable as collusion on all-inclusive prices.

Cost of Unemployment Affecting Full Employment and Price Stability in Saudi Arabia: An Endogenous Monetary Approach

Cost of Unemployment Affecting Full Employment and Price Stability in Saudi Arabia: An Endogenous Monetary Approach

Influenza vaccine uptake among children and older adults in China: a secondary analysis of a quasi-experimental study

BackgroundInfluenza vaccination is the key to prevent influenza-related disease, especially among high-risk populations. However, influenza vaccine uptake in China is low. This secondary analysis of a quasi-experimental trial aimed to understand factors associated with influenza vaccine uptake among children and older people stratified by funding context.MethodsA total of 225 children (aged 0.5-8 years) and 225 older people (aged 60 years or above) were recruited from three clinics (rural, suburban and urban) in Guangdong Province. Participants were allocated into two groups based on funding contexts: a self-paid group (N = 150, 75 children and 75 older adults) in which participants paid full price for their vaccination; and a subsidized group (N = 300, 150 children and 150 older adults) in which varying levels of financial support was provided. Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions were conducted stratified by funding contexts.ResultsOverall, 75.0% (225/300) of participants in the subsidized group and 36.7% (55/150) in the self-paid group got vaccinated. Older adults had lower vaccination rates than children in both funding groups, while both age groups showed much higher uptake in the subsidized group than in the self-paid group (aOR = 5.96, 95% CI: 3.77–9.42, p = 0.001). In the self-paid group, having prior influenza vaccination history of children (aOR:2.61, 95%CI: 1.06–6.42) or older people (aOR:4.76, 95%CI: 1.08–20.90) was associated with increased influenza vaccine uptake compared to those who had no prior vaccination experiences in the family. While in the subsidized group, participants who got married or lived with partners (aOR = 0.32, 0.10–0.98) had lower vaccination uptake than single ones. Trust in providers’ advice (aOR = 4.95, 95%CI:1.99, 12.43), perceived effectiveness of the vaccine (aOR: 12.18, 95%CI: 5.21–28.50), and experienced influenza-like illnesses in the family in the past year (aOR = 46.52, 4.10, 533.78) were associated with higher vaccine uptake.ConclusionsOlder people had suboptimal vaccine uptake compared to children in both contexts and need more attention to enhance influenza vaccination. Tailoring interventions to different vaccine funding contexts may help improve influenza vaccination: In self-paid context, motivating people to accept their first ever influenza vaccination may be a promising strategy. In subsidized context, improving public confidence in vaccine effectiveness and providers’ advice would be useful.

Price authority and information sharing with competing supply chains

We characterize the degree of price discretion that two competing manufacturers grant their retailers in a framework where demand is uncertain and privately observed by the retailers, while manufacturers only learn it probabilistically. In contrast with the consolidated vertical contracting literature, we assume that manufacturers cannot use monetary incentives to align the retailers’ incentives to pass on their unverifiable distribution costs to consumers. Our objective is to study how, in this context, an information-sharing agreement according to which manufacturers share their demand information affects prices, profits and consumer surplus. While equilibria with full price delegation never exist, regardless of whether manufacturers share information, partial delegation equilibria may exist with and without the exchange of information. These equilibria feature binding price caps (list prices) that prevent retailers from passing on their distribution costs to consumers, and are more likely to occur when manufacturers exchange demand information than when they do not share this information. Manufacturers profit from exchanging demand information when products are sufficiently differentiated, and retailers’ distribution costs are high enough. Yet, expected prices are unambiguously lower when manufacturers exchange demand information than when they don’t, making the information exchange beneficial to consumers.

The Negative Impact of Electrical Energy Subsidies on the Energy Consumption—Case Study from Jordan

Many developing countries subsidise energy (petroleum fuel products, natural gas and electricity), which was reflected in an extra pressure on the national budget, and this will support inefficient use of energy. In this study, the effects of electrical energy subsidies on the total electrical energy consumption in the residential sector were examined. Data on more than 260,000 Jordanian ordinary customers were collected, and the energy consumption of more than 1000 energy-extra subsidised Irbid District Electricity Distribution Company (IDECO) staff members was recorded over a 2-year period (2017 and 2018). These two groups were compared to examine the consequences of subsidising energy on the energy consumption and the consumption behaviour in the residential sector. The analysis revealed that ordinary householders consume around 296 kWh/month, while for the subsidised group 615 kWh/month was noted. Energy consumption increased during the summer and winter months, especially in the subsidised group, due to the heavy reliance on mechanical systems for cooling and heating. Electricity full price (without any subsidies) can be a very effective way to control the demand profile. It can be structured to encourage customers (generally those that have significant electricity demand) to reduce their total usage as well as peak demand (thus reducing the pressure on the grid and the power plant) by charging them full electricity prices.

Modern İktisat Okulları Açışından Makroekonomik Dengeye Ulaşmada Beklentilerin Rolü

New Classicals have developed “Rational Expectations Hypothesis”. This means all economic agents are rational, optimizing and maximizing; they all have access to full information for the decisions they will take, and they will predict future prices correctly, hence make correct maximizing decisions.&#x0D; Friedman and Monetarists came up with “Adaptive Expectations Hypothesis” assuming that the workers, when there is an inflation will err in the first period and keep their wages the same; but in the next period they will realize the exact magnitude of the price rise and the fall in their real wage, hence will raise their wages correspondingly. Thus, the effects of monetary policy in reducing unemployment below natural rate of unemployment point will live only for one period; the economy will return to natural rate of unemployment and money supply increase will have only raised prices and wages; with the value of real parameters the same as one period ago.&#x0D; New Keynesians have also accepted Rational Expectations Hypothesis, which is obviously contrary to the Keynesian assumptions in this regard, namely, systematic under-estimation of future prices on the part of workers, as well as uncertainty and non-ergodicity.&#x0D; Post-Keynesians presented their assumptions in “Heterogeneous Expectations Hypothesis”. According to Post-Keynesians, entrepreneurs are in a better position than workers to obtain full information and estimate future prices correctly. The workers are less knowledgeable and generally end up under-estimating future prices.

KONSTITUTSIYADA MULK HUQUQINING IFODALANISHI

The Constitution is the main law of our country. The constitution must reflect the right to property and guarantee the inviolability of the property of a person and a citizen. These guarantees, in turn, should be clearly valid and enforceable, and should not be subject to varying interpretations by the implementers. It is these guarantees that increase the trust of a person and citizens in the constitution, laws, and the state. Property rights must be guaranteed by law. In the ongoing constitutional reforms in Uzbekistan, one of the priority tasks is the improvement of constitutional norms relating to the right to property and its provision. In this regard, it seems appropriate to study the scientific and practical aspects of enshrining the norm in the constitution that the inviolability of property can only be violated by alienation by the owner with the preliminary payment of a full and fair price by a court decision. In addition, it is important to express in the constitution the provisions that a thing belonging to a citizen imposes on him not only rights but also certain duties, under which the owner must perform all actions for the benefit of the society using the property. It is also necessary to strengthen the protection of private property, while it is necessary to establish rules regarding the protection and guarantee of private property by law and not by the state.

The Impact of Globalisation on Economic Growth of Pakistan

Globalisation has diverse definitions and concepts.1 Globalisation has many facets and has a variety of social, political and economic implications. This term introduced in early 1980, which never precisely defined, is a frequently used word in the political economy. It simply means growing integration of the national economies, openness to trade, financial flows, foreign direct investment and the increasing interaction of people in all facets of their lives. Globalisation also implies internationalisation of production, distribution and marketing of goods and services. International integration implies the adoption of common policies by the individual countries. Between 1870 and 1914, the world was integrated into a single word economy dominated by one power: Great Britain. The government functions were limited and faced many constraints like gold standard and lack of freedom to pursue easy monetary policy. Later governments were burdened by performing many functions like achievement of macroeconomic goals—full employment, economic growth and price stability. Freedom of using macroeconomic policies resulted in greater integration of national economies but at the same time they led to international disintegration and interdependence. Streeten (1998) argues that today global market forces can lead to conflict between states, contributing to international disintegration and weakened governance. Before 1914, the world was more integrated than it is today but it did not prevent the First World War.

Shall firms withhold exact waiting time information from their customers? A transport example

Apps which allow customers to check waiting times in real time on their smartphones become increasingly popular across many industries. Waiting time information is ambiguous in the sense that it is good news for some customers and bad news for other customers depending on whether they get to know that they have to wait short or long times, respectively. This paper studies the strategic choice of information strategies by considering a transport company that charges a uniform price to passengers. Waiting times are determined by headways which are given by the time difference between vehicle departures. The sum of the price and waiting time costs (determined by the waiting times and time valuations) represent the full price of traveling which vary among passengers depending on arrival times at the station. Passengers respond to variations in the full price by adjusting their demand rates in the sense that passengers may use an alternative mode of transport or refuse to travel if they have to wait or expect to wait for too long for the next departure. Two types of information strategies are considered. The company can advertise the exact schedule or advertise only the average lengths of interdeparture times (headways). The analysis shows that the curvature of the demand-rate function in the waiting time is crucial for the choice of information strategies in both the case of profit-maximizing companies and the case of welfare-maximizing companies where welfare is calculated by the sum of profit and consumer surplus. Numerical examples further indicate the crucial role of demand rate curvatures for headway and price choices.